RESUMO
The present article offers the facial approximation of the mummy of the ancient Egyptian adolescent named Minirdis (ca. 2300 years BP) by means of anatomical analysis of video-images and through a facial approximation protocol implemented on more historical personages. An evaluation of the mummy's endocast is also offered. A potential diagnosis of Sotos syndrome is cautiously considered but its inherent limitations are detailed. Finally, the methodology is presented as a valuable tool both for bio-historical research and for further studies on normal and pathologic morphologies of the cranio-facial district.
Assuntos
Face , Imageamento Tridimensional , Múmias , Humanos , Múmias/história , Face/anatomia & histologia , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Antigo Egito , História Antiga , Adolescente , EgitoRESUMO
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) regulates various physiological pathways and has a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis. The objective of this study was to verify the association of a haplotype constituted by two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2268894 and rs6741949) in the DPP4 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and fasting glycemia-related variables in a sample of Brazilian older adults, taking serum levels and enzymatic activity of DPP4 into account. Clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric characteristics as well as DPP4 serum levels and enzymatic activity were determined in 800 elderly (≥60 years old) individuals. Assessment of polymorphic sites was performed by real-time PCR whereas haplotypes were inferred from genotypic frequencies. Statistical analyses compared measures and proportions according to T2DM diagnosis and DPP4 haplotypic groups. The most common haplotype consisted of the T-rs2268894/G-rs6741949 string, which was 20% more frequent among non-diabetics. Considering non-diabetic patients alone, carriers of the T/G haplotype had significantly lower levels of blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index, and DPP4 activity. Among diabetic patients, the T/G haplotype was associated with lower DPP4 levels whereas glycemic scores were not affected by allelic variants. Our results suggested that the genetic architecture of DPP4 affects the glycemic profile and DPP4 serum levels and activity among elderly individuals according to the presence or absence of T2DM, with a possible implication of the T/G haplotype to the risk of T2DM onset.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/genética , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Glicemia/genética , Brasil , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Haplótipos , Humanos , Insulina , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has significant implications in patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease (CVD) because they are the population at the greatest risk of death. The treatment of such patients and complications may represent a new challenge for the fields of cardiology and pharmacology. Thus, understanding the involvement of this viral infection in CVD might help to reduce the aggressiveness of SARS-CoV-2 in causing multiorgan infection and damage. SARS-CoV-2 disturbs the host epigenome and several epigenetic processes involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 that can directly affect the function and structure of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Hence, it would be relevant to identify epigenetic alterations that directly impact CVS physiology after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This could contribute to the view of this virus-induced CVS injury and direct forthcoming tackles for COVID-19 treatment to reduce mortality in patients with CVD. Targeting epigenetic marks could offer strong evidence for the development of novel antiviral therapies, especially in the context of COVID-19-related CVS damage. In this review, we address some of the main signaling pathways that are currently known as being involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology and the importance of this glint on epigenetics and some of its modifiers (epidrugs) to control the unregulated epitope activity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19, and underlying CVD.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) regulates various physiological pathways and has a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis. The objective of this study was to verify the association of a haplotype constituted by two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2268894 and rs6741949) in the DPP4 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and fasting glycemia-related variables in a sample of Brazilian older adults, taking serum levels and enzymatic activity of DPP4 into account. Clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric characteristics as well as DPP4 serum levels and enzymatic activity were determined in 800 elderly (≥60 years old) individuals. Assessment of polymorphic sites was performed by real-time PCR whereas haplotypes were inferred from genotypic frequencies. Statistical analyses compared measures and proportions according to T2DM diagnosis and DPP4 haplotypic groups. The most common haplotype consisted of the T-rs2268894/G-rs6741949 string, which was 20% more frequent among non-diabetics. Considering non-diabetic patients alone, carriers of the T/G haplotype had significantly lower levels of blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index, and DPP4 activity. Among diabetic patients, the T/G haplotype was associated with lower DPP4 levels whereas glycemic scores were not affected by allelic variants. Our results suggested that the genetic architecture of DPP4 affects the glycemic profile and DPP4 serum levels and activity among elderly individuals according to the presence or absence of T2DM, with a possible implication of the T/G haplotype to the risk of T2DM onset.
RESUMO
The objective of the present study was to Standardize a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol for the authentication of bovine and buffalo milk, and to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. For this, the target DNA was extracted, mixed, and subjected to a PCR assay. Milk samples were defrauded and experimentally contaminated with microorganisms to assess the detection of target DNA at different times of cultivation, bacterial titers, and concentration of genetic material. In addition, the protocol was tested with DNA extracted directly from food, without a pre-enrichment step. The proposed quadruplex PCR showed good accuracy in identifying target DNA sequences. It was possible to simultaneously identify all DNA sequences at the time of inoculation (0h), when the samples were contaminated with 2 CFU/250mL and with 6h of culture when the initial inoculum was 1 CFU/250mL. It was also possible to directly detect DNA sequences from the food when it was inoculated with 3 CFU/mL bacteria. Thus, the proposed methodology showed satisfactory performance, optimization of the analysis time, and a potential for the detection of microorganisms at low titers, which can be used for the detection of fraud and contamination.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para a autenticação de leite bovino e bubalino e a detecção da presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Para isso, o DNA-alvo foi extraído, misturado e submetido ao ensaio de PCR. Amostras de leite foram fraudadas e contaminadas experimentalmente com os micro-organismos, para se avaliar a detecção do DNA-alvo em diferentes tempos de cultivo, os títulos bacterianos e a concentração de material genético. Além disso, o protocolo foi testado com DNA extraído diretamente do alimento, sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento. A PCR quadriplex proposta mostrou boa precisão na identificação de sequências de DNA-alvo. Foi possível identificar simultaneamente todas as sequências de DNA no momento da inoculação (0h), quando as amostras estavam contaminadas com 2 UFC/250mL, e com seis horas de cultura, quando o inóculo inicial foi de 1 UFC/250mL. Também foi possível detectar diretamente as sequências de DNA do alimento quando este foi inoculado com 3 UFC/mL de bactérias. Dessa forma, a metodologia proposta apresentou desempenho satisfatório, otimização do tempo de análise e potencial para detecção de micro-organismos em baixos títulos, podendo ser utilizada para detecção de fraude e contaminação.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Búfalos , Leite/microbiologia , Fraude/prevenção & controle , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/veterináriaRESUMO
Existem poucos estudos sobre doenças infecciosas em animais silvestres. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar DNA de Leptospira spp. em sangue de tartarugas mantidas em cativeiro, pertencentes ao Bosque Rodrigues Alves (Jardim Zoobotânico da Amazônia). O DNA foi isolado das amostras de sangue coletadas de 148 tartarugas pertencentes a seis espécies diferentes. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi realizada utilizando-se iniciadores específicos para DNA de Leptospira spp. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou resultado positivo para Leptospira spp.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Tartarugas/microbiologia , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Animais SelvagensRESUMO
The apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene contains several polymorphic sites described as risk modifiers for cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to verify the association of the classic APOB Xba I polymorphism (rs693) with atherosclerotic risk factors in a segment of the Brazilian elderly population considering their usual dietary intake. Clinical and biochemical characteristics as well as total caloric and fat intake data were determined from 644 elderly individuals. Polymorphism analysis was performed by conventional polymerase chain reaction followed by enzyme restriction. Statistical analyses compared measures and proportions according to different APOB genotypic combinations. Statistically significant association was found between Xba I polymorphism and serum LDL, total cholesterol, and total lipid levels, with important elevations among T homozygotes compared to the other genotypes. There was homogeneity in all other parameters analyzed (including intake pattern), with a tendency for reduced levels of circulating apolipoprotein B among TT individuals. Our results pointed out that genetic variation in APOB affected the lipemic profile of elderly individuals in a context not biased by diet, generating a pattern suggestive of secretory disorder of lipoprotein particles, with possible implication in atherosclerotic risk.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Aterosclerose/genética , Comportamento Alimentar , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Lipídeos/sangue , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aterosclerose/sangue , Brasil , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A adoção de práticas fraudulentas é comum na cadeia produtiva do mel e está associada à popularidade desse alimento e a dificuldade de detecção da adulteração do produto a olho nu ou por degustação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se práticas fraudulentas são adotadas em méis comercializados no estado do Pará. Para a realização da pesquisa, 14 amostras comerciais de méis provenientes de 06 (seis) municípios, no estado do Pará foram submetidas às análises Lund, Fiehe, Lugol e melissopalinologia. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que 57,14% das amostras apresentaram alteração do precipitado para reação de Lund, indicando alteração no teor proteico. A coloração o azul intenso na reação de Lugol foi observada em 64,28% das amostras, indicando possível adição de amido. Ainda, 85,71% das amostras analisadas apresentaram mudança de coloração para a reação de Fiehe, indicando alteração no teor de hidroximetilfurfural. O conteúdo polínico foi observado em somente 35,71% das amostras e apenas 2,42% do total das amostras analisadas foram consideradas autenticas mediante as análises realizadas. Concluímos que os testes de autenticidade, quando aplicados em conjunto, foram capazes de detectar fraudes nas mostras de mel comercializadas no estado do Pará e que adulterações nos méis comercialmente disponíveis na região alvo do estudo são uma realidade.
RESUMO
A adoção de práticas fraudulentas é comum na cadeia produtiva do mel e está associada à popularidade desse alimento e a dificuldade de detecção da adulteração do produto a olho nu ou por degustação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se práticas fraudulentas são adotadas em méis comercializados no estado do Pará. Para a realização da pesquisa, 14 amostras comerciais de méis provenientes de 06 (seis) municípios, no estado do Pará foram submetidas às análises Lund, Fiehe, Lugol e melissopalinologia. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que 57,14% das amostras apresentaram alteração do precipitado para reação de Lund, indicando alteração no teor proteico. A coloração o azul intenso na reação de Lugol foi observada em 64,28% das amostras, indicando possível adição de amido. Ainda, 85,71% das amostras analisadas apresentaram mudança de coloração para a reação de Fiehe, indicando alteração no teor de hidroximetilfurfural. O conteúdo polínico foi observado em somente 35,71% das amostras e apenas 2,42% do total das amostras analisadas foram consideradas autenticas mediante as análises realizadas. Concluímos que os testes de autenticidade, quando aplicados em conjunto, foram capazes de detectar fraudes nas mostras de mel comercializadas no estado do Pará e que adulterações nos méis comercialmente disponíveis na região alvo do estudo são uma realidade.(AU)
The adoption of fraudulents practices is common in the honey production chain and is associated with the popularity of this food and the difficulty of detecting adulteration of the honey with the naked eye or by tasting. The objective of this work was to verify if fraudulent practices are adopted in honeys sold in the state of Pará. To carry out the research, 14 commercial samples of honeys from 06 (six) municipalities, in the state of Pará, were submitted to Lund, Fiehe, Lugol and melissopalinology. The results obtained showed 57.14% of the samples showed a change in the precipitate for Lund's reaction, indicating a change in protein content. The intense blue staining in the Lugol reaction was observed in 64.28% of the samples, indicating a possible addition of starch. In addition, 85.71% of the samples showed a color change for the Fiehe reaction, indicating a change in the hydroxymethylfurfural content. Pollen content was observed in only 35.71% of the samples and only 21.42% of the total samples analyzed were considered authentic through the analyzes performe. We conclude that the authenticity tests, when applied together, were able to detect fraud in honey samples marketed in the state of Pará and that adulterations in the honey commercially available in the target region of the study are a reality.(AU)
Assuntos
Mel , Contaminação de Alimentos , FraudeRESUMO
A adoção de práticas fraudulentas é comum na cadeia produtiva do mel e está associada à popularidade desse alimento e a dificuldade de detecção da adulteração do produto a olho nu ou por degustação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se práticas fraudulentas são adotadas em méis comercializados no estado do Pará. Para a realização da pesquisa, 14 amostras comerciais de méis provenientes de 06 (seis) municípios, no estado do Pará foram submetidas às análises Lund, Fiehe, Lugol e melissopalinologia. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que 57,14% das amostras apresentaram alteração do precipitado para reação de Lund, indicando alteração no teor proteico. A coloração o azul intenso na reação de Lugol foi observada em 64,28% das amostras, indicando possível adição de amido. Ainda, 85,71% das amostras analisadas apresentaram mudança de coloração para a reação de Fiehe, indicando alteração no teor de hidroximetilfurfural. O conteúdo polínico foi observado em somente 35,71% das amostras e apenas 2,42% do total das amostras analisadas foram consideradas autenticas mediante as análises realizadas. Concluímos que os testes de autenticidade, quando aplicados em conjunto, foram capazes de detectar fraudes nas mostras de mel comercializadas no estado do Pará e que adulterações nos méis comercialmente disponíveis na região alvo do estudo são uma realidade.
The adoption of fraudulents practices is common in the honey production chain and is associated with the popularity of this food and the difficulty of detecting adulteration of the honey with the naked eye or by tasting. The objective of this work was to verify if fraudulent practices are adopted in honeys sold in the state of Pará. To carry out the research, 14 commercial samples of honeys from 06 (six) municipalities, in the state of Pará, were submitted to Lund, Fiehe, Lugol and melissopalinology. The results obtained showed 57.14% of the samples showed a change in the precipitate for Lund's reaction, indicating a change in protein content. The intense blue staining in the Lugol reaction was observed in 64.28% of the samples, indicating a possible addition of starch. In addition, 85.71% of the samples showed a color change for the Fiehe reaction, indicating a change in the hydroxymethylfurfural content. Pollen content was observed in only 35.71% of the samples and only 21.42% of the total samples analyzed were considered authentic through the analyzes performe. We conclude that the authenticity tests, when applied together, were able to detect fraud in honey samples marketed in the state of Pará and that adulterations in the honey commercially available in the target region of the study are a reality.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Fraude , MelRESUMO
The apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene contains several polymorphic sites described as risk modifiers for cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to verify the association of the classic APOB Xba I polymorphism (rs693) with atherosclerotic risk factors in a segment of the Brazilian elderly population considering their usual dietary intake. Clinical and biochemical characteristics as well as total caloric and fat intake data were determined from 644 elderly individuals. Polymorphism analysis was performed by conventional polymerase chain reaction followed by enzyme restriction. Statistical analyses compared measures and proportions according to different APOB genotypic combinations. Statistically significant association was found between Xba I polymorphism and serum LDL, total cholesterol, and total lipid levels, with important elevations among T homozygotes compared to the other genotypes. There was homogeneity in all other parameters analyzed (including intake pattern), with a tendency for reduced levels of circulating apolipoprotein B among TT individuals. Our results pointed out that genetic variation in APOB affected the lipemic profile of elderly individuals in a context not biased by diet, generating a pattern suggestive of secretory disorder of lipoprotein particles, with possible implication in atherosclerotic risk.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Aterosclerose/genética , Comportamento Alimentar , Lipídeos/sangue , Brasil , Ingestão de Energia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Aterosclerose/sangue , Frequência do Gene , GenótipoRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar uma PCR para a detecção do Salmo salar, a qual possa ser usada na autenticação do salmão utilizado em pratos da culinária japonesa e do pescado comercializado in natura. Para isso, dois lotes de sushi foram produzidos experimentalmente. Além disso, foram visitados 38 estabelecimentos que comercializam comida japonesa e 10 peixarias na região metropolitana de Belém, visando à coleta do sushi, do temaki e do pescado pertencente à espécie Salmo salar. Os dados demonstraram que a técnica foi eficiente para a autenticação de Salmo salar, visto que a espécie foi detectada tanto nas amostras de sushis preparados experimentalmente quanto nas alíquotas de pescados isolados, utilizados para a preparação do sushi. Em contrapartida, a espécie Salmo trutta não foi detectada nas amostras de sushis preparados com esta espécie nem nas alíquotas de pescado isolado. Além disso, foi possível a confirmação da utilização da espécie Salmo salar no preparo das amostras de sushi, temaki e de pescado. Portanto, concluiu-se que a técnica foi capaz de amplificar o DNA da referida espécie e não gerou identificação inespecífica quando a espécie Salmo trutta foi analisada, podendo ser uma ferramenta adequada para a autenticação do Salmo salar.(AU)
The objective of this work was to standardize a PCR for the detection of Salmo salar, which can be used in the authentication of salmon used in Japanese dishes and fish commercialized in natura. For this, two batches of sushi were produced experimentally. In addition, 38 establishments that sell Japanese food and 10 fishmongers in the metropolitan area of Belém were visited, aiming to collect sushi, temaki and fish belonging to the species Salmo salar. The data demonstrated that the technique was efficient for the authentication of Salmo salar, since the species was detected in both the experimentally prepared sushi samples and the isolated fish aliquots used for the preparation of sushi. In contrast, the species Salmo trutta was not detected in the sushi samples prepared with this species nor in the isolated fish aliquots. In addition, it was possible to confirm the use of the Salmo salar species in the preparation of sushi, temaki and fish samples. Therefore, it was concluded that the technique was able to amplify the DNA of this species and did not generate nonspecific identification when the species Salmo trutta was analyzed, being able to be a suitable tool for the authentication of Salmo salar.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Salmo salar/genética , Restaurantes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Alimentos de Origem AnimalRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar uma PCR para a detecção do Salmo salar, a qual possa ser usada na autenticação do salmão utilizado em pratos da culinária japonesa e do pescado comercializado in natura. Para isso, dois lotes de sushi foram produzidos experimentalmente. Além disso, foram visitados 38 estabelecimentos que comercializam comida japonesa e 10 peixarias na região metropolitana de Belém, visando à coleta do sushi, do temaki e do pescado pertencente à espécie Salmo salar. Os dados demonstraram que a técnica foi eficiente para a autenticação de Salmo salar, visto que a espécie foi detectada tanto nas amostras de sushis preparados experimentalmente quanto nas alíquotas de pescados isolados, utilizados para a preparação do sushi. Em contrapartida, a espécie Salmo trutta não foi detectada nas amostras de sushis preparados com esta espécie nem nas alíquotas de pescado isolado. Além disso, foi possível a confirmação da utilização da espécie Salmo salar no preparo das amostras de sushi, temaki e de pescado. Portanto, concluiu-se que a técnica foi capaz de amplificar o DNA da referida espécie e não gerou identificação inespecífica quando a espécie Salmo trutta foi analisada, podendo ser uma ferramenta adequada para a autenticação do Salmo salar.(AU)
The objective of this work was to standardize a PCR for the detection of Salmo salar, which can be used in the authentication of salmon used in Japanese dishes and fish commercialized in natura. For this, two batches of sushi were produced experimentally. In addition, 38 establishments that sell Japanese food and 10 fishmongers in the metropolitan area of Belém were visited, aiming to collect sushi, temaki and fish belonging to the species Salmo salar. The data demonstrated that the technique was efficient for the authentication of Salmo salar, since the species was detected in both the experimentally prepared sushi samples and the isolated fish aliquots used for the preparation of sushi. In contrast, the species Salmo trutta was not detected in the sushi samples prepared with this species nor in the isolated fish aliquots. In addition, it was possible to confirm the use of the Salmo salar species in the preparation of sushi, temaki and fish samples. Therefore, it was concluded that the technique was able to amplify the DNA of this species and did not generate nonspecific identification when the species Salmo trutta was analyzed, being able to be a suitable tool for the authentication of Salmo salar.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Salmo salar/genética , Restaurantes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Alimentos de Origem AnimalRESUMO
Gastrointestinal nematodes significantly affect the ovine industry, and Haemonchus contortus is considered the most pathogenic parasite in tropical regions. This situation is aggravated when the main strategy to control worms fails because of the genetic resistance that parasites acquire against anthelmintics. Aiming to anticipate the events involved in anthelmintic resistance, we induced monepantel resistance in H. contortus by in vivo subdosing of sheep hosts. Four successive passages of a monepantel-susceptible H. contortus isolate in Santa Ines or Ile de France sheep hosts resulted in three monepantel-resistant (efficacy varying from 0 to 58.5%) H. contortus isolates. Sheep hosts were treated from 0.075 mg/kg to the therapeutic dose of 2.5 mg/kg of monepantel in 19-26 rounds of selection for 112-133 weeks. Success in inducing H. contortus resistance to monepantel may have been affected by worm burden and by host-parasite interactions, including a possible effect of the breed of sheep hosts. We conclude that subdosing of sheep, although time-consuming, is an efficient in vivo strategy for the induction of monepantel resistance in H. contortus. The resistant parasites can be used in further studies to elucidate the genetic and biochemical events involved in the acquisition of anthelmintic resistance.
Assuntos
Aminoacetonitrila/análogos & derivados , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Resistência a Medicamentos , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminoacetonitrila/administração & dosagem , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Haemonchus/genética , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Components present in the diet, L-carnitine, choline, and betaine are metabolized by gut microbiota to produce metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) that appear to promote cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation for 3 months on plasma TMAO levels in CKD patients on hemodialysis (HD). A randomized, double-blind trial was performed in 21 patients [54.8 ± 10.4 years, nine men, BMI 26.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2, dialysis vintage 68.5 (34.2-120.7) months]. Ten patients were randomly allocated to the placebo group and 11 to the probiotic group [three capsules, totaling 9 × 1013 colony-forming units per day of Streptococcus thermophilus (KB19), Lactobacillus acidophilus (KB27), and Bifidobacteria longum (KB31). Plasma TMAO, choline, and betaine levels were measured by LC-MS/MS at baseline and after 3 months. While TMAO did not change after probiotic supplementation, there was a significant increase in betaine plasma levels. In contrast, the placebo group showed a significant decrease in plasma choline levels. Short-term probiotic supplementation does not appear to influence plasma TMAO levels in HD patients. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether probiotics may affect TMAO production in CKD patients.
Assuntos
Metilaminas/sangue , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Diálise Renal , Adulto , Idoso , Bifidobacterium longum , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Masculino , Metilaminas/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Streptococcus thermophilusRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005145.].
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Introduction: Although the current Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic is a major public health concern, most reports have focused on congenital ZIKV syndrome, its most devastating manifestation. Severe ocular complications associated with ZIKV infections and possible pathogenetic factors are rarely described. Here, we describe three Venezuelan patients who developed severe ocular manifestations following ZIKV infections. We also analyse their serological response to ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV). Case presentation: One adult with bilateral optic neuritis, a child of 4 years of age with retrobulbar neuritis [corrected]. and a newborn with bilateral congenital glaucoma had a recent history of an acute exanthematous infection consistent with ZIKV infection. The results of ELISA tests indicated that all patients were seropositive for ZIKV and four DENV serotypes. Conclusion: Patients with ZIKV infection can develop severe ocular complications. Anti-DENV antibodies from previous infections could play a role in the pathogenesis of these complications. Well-designed epidemiological studies are urgently needed to measure the risk of ZIKV ocular complications and confirm whether they are associated with the presence of anti-flaviviral antibodies.
RESUMO
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in America. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of Leishmania infection in sand flies have been studied during the first gonotrophic cycle. There are few studies about these interactions during the second gonotrophic cycle mainly because of the difficulties maintaining sand flies through sequential feeds. Here we standardized conditions to perform the second blood feed efficiently, and our results show that oviposition is an essential factor for the success of multiple feeds. We evaluated the impact of the second blood meal on longevity, protein digestion, trypsin activity, and Leishmania mexicana development within L. longipalpis gut. Mortality of blood-fed females increases after second blood meal as compared to sugar-fed females. Trypsin activity was lower during the second gonotrophic cycle. However, no difference in protein intake was observed between blood meals. There was no difference in the population size of Leishmania in the gut after both blood meals. In this work, we presented an optimized protocol for obtaining sufficient numbers of sand fly females fed on a second blood meal, and we described some physiological and parasitological aspects of the second gonotrophic cycle which might influence the vectorial competence of sand flies.