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Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and has a profound impact on various aspects of life, including physical activity. The relationship between schizophrenia and physical activity is an area of growing interest in medical and health research from a physical, mental, and psychosocial health perspective. Physical activity and structured exercise have been identified as promising interventions to improve physical and psychological health outcomes of people living with schizophrenia. This chapter provides a brief overview that explores various aspects of the relationship between physical activity, exercise, and schizophrenia. The impact of schizophrenia on human movement is discussed, along with an overview of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness levels in adults with schizophrenia. Additionally, the influence of exercise interventions on physical and psychological outcomes will be discussed, along with current physical activity recommendations for those living with schizophrenia.
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Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous pest of several crops of economic importance. Nowadays, the insect is broadly distributed in America and, recently, in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The species has diverged into corn and rice strains. The role of the gut microbiota in insect physiology is relevant due to its participation in crucial functions. However, knowledge of seasonal variations that alter the gut microbiome in pests is limited. Gut microbiome composition between the dry and rainy seasons was analyzed with cultured and uncultured approaches in S. frugiperda corn strain larvae collected at Northwest Colombia, as seasonal microbiome changes might fluctuate due to environmental changes. On the basis of culture-dependent methods, results show well-defined microbiota with bacterial isolates belonging to Enterococcus, Klebsiella (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), Enterobacter (Enterobacterales: Enterobacteriaceae), and Bacillus (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) genera. The community composition displayed a low bacterial diversity across all samples. The core community detected with uncultured methods was composed of Enterococcus, Erysipelatoclostridium (Erysipelotrichales: Erysipelotrichaceae), Rasltonia (Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae), and Rhizobium (Hyphomicrobiales: Rhizobiaceae) genera, and Enterobacteriaceae family members. Significant differences in microbiome diversity were observed between the two seasons. The relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium was high in the dry season, while in the phylotype ZOR0006 (Erysipelotrichales: Erysipelotrichaceae) and Tyzzerella (Lachnospirales: Lachnospiraceae) genus, the relative abundance was high in the rainy season. The overall low gut bacterial diversity observed in the S. frugiperda corn strain suggests a strong presence of antagonist activity as a selection factor possibly arising from the host, the dominant bacterial types, or the material ingested. Targeting the stability and predominance of this core microbiome could be an additional alternative to pest control strategies, particularly in this moth.
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Enterococcus , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Estações do Ano , Spodoptera/microbiologia , Animais , Colômbia , Larva , Zea maysRESUMO
ABSTRACT During the most recent decades, advances have been made to reduce the environmental impact by anthropogenic activities that constantly release toxic components into the environment, generating instability and damage to the health of biological communities. Among the different pollutants, heavy metals are important by virtue of their properties, which hinder their degradation or transformation into other less toxic compounds. Chromium is one of the metals of greatest global interest due to its use in multiple industries. Conventional methods using chromed materials in their processes, not only throw considerable amounts of waste into the environment, but also give little account of the fraction of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) present in certain ecosystems. Bioremediation has been proposed as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable alternative. This work aimed to evaluate the chromium reduction capacity by bacteria isolated from a biosolids matrix obtained at the San Fernando Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), located in Medellín (Colombia). Biosolids samples were grown in a nutrient agar enriched with different concentrations of Cr6+. The strains presenting the greater tolerance to chromium were isolated to perform reduction tests by triplicate, monitoring the concentration of the metal over time. Seven different bacterial species were obtained, among which Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Ochrobactrum anthropic, and Bacillus cereus showed the greatest ability to reduce Cr6+ (29.0%, 61.1 and 100%, at 96 h) respectively.
RESUMEN En las últimas décadas se ha trabajado activamente para reducir el impacto ambiental generado por las actividades antrópicas que constantemente liberan componentes tóxicos al ambiente generando inestabilidad y daños en la salud de las comunidades biológicas. Entre los diferentes contaminantes, los metales pesados revisten importancia en virtud de sus propiedades, que dificultan su degradación o transformación en otros compuestos menos tóxicos. El cromo es uno de los metales de mayor interés a nivel global por su uso en múltiples industrias. Los métodos convencionales que utilizan materiales cromados en sus procesos, no sólo arrojan cantidades considerables de residuos al ambiente, sino que dan poca cuenta de la fracción de Cr6+ presente en determinados ecosistemas. La biorremediación se ha propuesto como una alternativa económicamente viable y ambientalmente sostenible. El propósito del presente trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de reducción de cromo por bacterias, aisladas de una matriz de biosólidos de la Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) San Fernando en la ciudad de Medellín-Colombia. Muestras de biosólidos se cultivaron en Agar Nutritivo enriquecido con diferentes concentraciones de Cr6+. Las cepas que presentaron mayor tolerancia al cromo fueron aisladas para realizar ensayos de reducción por triplicado, monitoreando la concentración del metal en el tiempo. Se obtuvieron siete especies bacterianas diferentes dentro de las cuales se destacaron Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Ochrobactrum anthropi y Bacillus cereus por la capacidad de reducir Cr6+ a 96 h con eficiencias de 29.0%, 61.1% y 100%, respectivamente.
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This paper proposes an efficient and practical implementation of the Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter via a Modified Cholesky decomposition (MLEF-MC). The method works as follows: via an ensemble of model realizations, a well-conditioned and full-rank square-root approximation of the background error covariance matrix is obtained. This square-root approximation serves as a control space onto which analysis increments can be computed. These are calculated via Line-Search (LS) optimization. We theoretically prove the convergence of the MLEF-MC. Experimental simulations were performed using an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AT-GCM) and a highly nonlinear observation operator. The results reveal that the proposed method can obtain posterior error estimates within reasonable accuracies in terms of â - 2 error norms. Furthermore, our analysis estimates are similar to those of the MLEF with large ensemble sizes and full observational networks.
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Background: Functional Foods are considered nowadays by consumers as the range of foods of major interest. Objectives: The aim of the present work was the evaluation of color, texture and sensorial properties of fresh Cape Gooseberry (FG) and vacuum impregnated Cape Gooseberry (IG) with calcium and vitamins B9, C, D and E during storage at 4ºC. Methods: Entire cape gooseberries were vacuum impregnated (VI) with tocopherol and cholecalciferol emulsified in aqueous phase with sucrose, ascorbic acid, folic acid, calcium chloride, calcium fumarate, low methoxyl pectin, isolated soy protein, tensoactives and preservatives. The texture was determined from puncture assays, and the color from the CIE Lab coordinates. The sensorial profile was determined with the aid of trained panelists, through a multidimensional approach of characteristic descriptors of general appearance, odor, taste and texture. Results: The instrumental values of color and texture for IG were significantly different from the FG, because are being softer, more elastic, darker, brighter and of less color saturation. The samples of FG and IG presented intense sensorial characteristics in the descriptors orange color, brightness, spherical uniformity, smooth surface, fresh appearance, odor, cape gooseberry characteristic taste and frutal, fleshy texture, juicy, firmness and turgidity. By the effect of VI process the most relevant significant differences were the descriptors orange color, superficial stains, fresh appearance, sweet taste and cape gooseberry characteristic taste, soft texture, firmness and juicy; whereas for the effect of storage time were fresh appearance, dehydrated appearance, peduncle cicatrization, aromatic odor, overripe, cape gooseberry characteristic taste, frutal taste, soft texture, juicy, firmness and turgidity. Conclusions: The VI significantly affects the objective assessment of color and texture, finding correspondence with the sensorial evaluation...
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Cor , FrutasRESUMO
This paper shows the general design conditions about ergonomics and safety for control centers in the petrochemical process industry. Some of the topics include guidelines for the optimized workstation design, control room layout, building layout, and lighting, acoustical and environmental design. Also takes into account the safety parameters in the control rooms and centers design. The conditions and parameters shown in this paper come from the standards and global advances on this topic on the most recent publications. And also the work was supplemented by field visits of our team to the control center operations in a petrochemical company, and technical literature search efforts. This guideline will be useful to increase the productivity and improve the working conditions at the control rooms.
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Indústria Química , Ergonomia , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário/normas , Segurança , Acústica , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Iluminação , Saúde OcupacionalRESUMO
Se han desarrollado dos métodos para la medición cuantitativa de la actividad proteasa basados en la prueba de la película fotográfica. Una prueba discontinua puede ser implementada mediante la cuantificación de la cantidad de pigmento remanente en la película con cualquier programa de edición de imágenes. La medición continua de la actividad proteasa se puede obtener a través del cambio de absorbancia generado por la liberación de las sales de plata unidas al negativo fotográfico si se cuenta con un espectrofotómetro equipado con una celda con agitación.
Two quantitative protease assays have been developed based on the classic photographic film test. A discontinuous assay can be performed by measuring the amount of pigment remaining in the film with any image editor software. A continuous assay can be implemented by the measuring the release of silver halide salts bonded in the film using a recording spectrophometer equipped with a Peltier Cell.
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The objective was to evaluate shelf-life extension of fresh beef meat applying crude extract of bacteriocines produced by a native strain of Lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10. Fillets of rib (longissimus dorsi) were stocked during 12 days at 3° C and analyzed by means of microbiology analysis, pH, texture, weight loss and sensorial. Significant differences were found among treatments for psychrotrophics and fecal coliforms, being better the treatment with crude bacteriocin extract that had germicide effect. Fecal coliforms were inhibited by the crude bacteriocin extract during most of the period. The mesophilic count didnt present difference among treatments. The pH changes and the weight loss present statistical variations among treatments and between days. Cutting force diminished during storage time in all treatments improving meat tenderness without presenting significant difference. The appearance, color and aroma diminished the acceptance value as the storage time advanced.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la extensión de la vida útil de carne refrigerada mediante la aplicación de extracto crudo de bacteriocinas producido por Lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10. Se utilizaron filetes de solomo redondo (longissimus dorsi) almacenados durante 12 días a 3º C y analizados por medio de análisis microbiológicos, pH, textura, pérdidas de peso y sensoriales. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para psicrotrófilos y coliformes totales, resultando mejor el tratamiento con extracto crudo de bacteriocinas que tuvo efecto bactericida. Los coliformes fecales también fueron inhibidos por el extracto crudo de bacteriocinas. Los cambios de pH y pérdida de peso presentan variaciones estadísticas entre tratamientos y entre días. La fuerza de corte disminuyó durante el tiempo de almacenamiento en todos los tratamientos mejorando la terneza de la carne sin presentar diferencia significativa. La apariencia, color y aroma disminuyeron el valor de aceptación a medida que avanzo el tiempo.
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Bactérias , Bacteriocinas/farmacologia , Carne/microbiologia , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiologia , Alimentos Resfriados , Coliformes/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Comportamento do Consumidor , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Las bacterias acidolácticas (BAL) son un grupo de microorganismos Gram positivos utilizados ampliamente en la preservación de alimentos debido a sus propiedades probióticas y su capacidad para producir bacteriocinas. Las bacteriocinas son compuestos antimicrobianos de naturaleza peptídica y han recibido gran atención por la industria de alimentos debido a su uso potencial como sustitutos de aditivos químicos.En este trabajo reportamos el aislamiento y caracterización de la cepa de Lactobacillus plantarum LPBM10.Esta bacteria fue aislada a partir de leche fermentada, presenta propiedades probióticas y es productora de bacteriocinas. El extracto libre de células de LPBM10 presenta actividad antimicrobiana frente a bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas. La bacteriocina LPBM10 es altamente termoestable, presenta mayor actividad a pH ácido y su actividad no se ve afectada por la presencia de proteinasa K, agentes quelantes y detergentes. El compuesto antibacteriano LPBM10 fue purificado mediante diálisis y cromatografía de exclusión. El análisis por espectroscopía ultravioleta e infrarroja sugiere que la bacteriocina LPBM10 es de naturaleza peptídica con presencia de tirosina y cisteína. Pruebas sobre el extracto crudo dializado mediante cromatografía de intercambio iónico indican la presencia de un compuesto aniónico antagonista del compuesto LPBM10.
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Lactobacillus plantarum , Peptídeos Catiônicos AntimicrobianosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of opioids hydrocodone and tramadol in the relief of cancer pain. METHODS: One hundred and eighteen patients with chronic cancer pain participated in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Sixty-two patients received hydrocodone and 56 patients received tramadol. RESULTS: Hydrocodone/acetaminophen was effective in relieving pain in 56.5% of the patients at the starting dose of 25 mg/2500 mg/d. An additional 14.5% of the patients responded to a double dose, and the remaining 29% of patients did not experience any pain relief from hydrocodone administration. One dose of tramadol at 200 mg/d produced pain relief in 62% of the patients and alleviated pain in another 11% of patients at a dose of 400 mg/d, and remaining 27% of patients did not experience pain relief from tramadol. No significant statistical difference in the analgesic efficacy of tramadol clorhydrate and hydrocodone/acetaminophen was found. The groups differed significantly in the incidence of side effects like nausea (P=0.03; relative risk (RR), 1.69; confidence interval (IC) 95%, 1.03-2.77), vomiting (P=0.02; RR, 2.21; IC 95%, 1.14-4.32), dizziness (P=0.03; RR, 2.12; IC 95%, 1.17-3.86), loss of appetite (P=0.02; RR, 3.27; IC 95%, 1.12-9.55) and weakness (P=0.019; RR, 7.75; IC 95%, 0.98-61.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no superior analgesic efficacy with the administration of hydrocodone/acetaminophen when compared to patients receiving tramadol in the relief of cancer pain. Tramadol produced more mild side effects than hydrocodone.
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Acetaminofen/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Hidrocodona/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/complicações , Dor Intratável/tratamento farmacológico , Tramadol/uso terapêutico , Acetaminofen/administração & dosagem , Acetaminofen/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocodona/administração & dosagem , Hidrocodona/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição da Dor , Dor Intratável/etiologia , Comprimidos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The visualization of the anterior lens capsule is greatly enhanced by trypan blue staining facilitating the creation of a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. Trypan blue has been deemed safe in this setting. METHODS: We report the findings and management of a retrospective interventional case series comprising three eyes that developed non-infectious endophthalmitis following routine trypan blue staining of the anterior lens capsule with the same batch of Vission (0.6 mg/ml) during uncomplicated small incision phacoemulsification of 17 consecutive eyes. RESULTS: On post-op day 1, 18% had an increased cellular response in the anterior chamber and anterior vitreous precluding fundus visualization, 12% had a hypopyon. Initial visual acuity (VA) ranged from hand motions to light perception. Eyes were initially managed with topical and oral steroids. Two eyes underwent vitrectomy. Vitreous cultures were all negative. One eye had a repeat vitrectomy to remove an epiretinal membrane. Final VA achieved was 20/80, 20/20 and 20/20. CONCLUSION: Trypan blue may be associated with severe intraocular inflammation.
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Capsulorrexe , Corantes/efeitos adversos , Endoftalmite/induzido quimicamente , Facoemulsificação , Azul Tripano/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Endoftalmite/diagnóstico , Endoftalmite/terapia , Angiofluoresceinografia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
With the objective of comparing incidence of adverse events of the opioids codeine, hydrocodone, and tramadol in the relief of cancer pain, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in which patients with cancer were randomly assigned according to a computer-generated schedule to receive one of the three opioids. Of the 177 patients who participated, 62 patients received hydrocodone, 59 patients received codeine, and 56 patients received tramadol. The pain experienced by the participants originated most frequently from the stomach, breast, or prostate gland and was classified as either somatic (33%), visceral (52%), mixed (6%), or neuropathic (9%). At the first visit, 60% of the patients described their pain intensity as moderate (4-6/10), with the remaining 40% of the patients describing their pain as severe (7-10/10). The symptoms most associated with pain were weakness, insomnia. and anorexia. In 77% of the total number of cases, the patient was aware of his/her diagnosis prior to admittance to the palliative care unit. Of the total number of cases, 57% fell in the age range of 60-89 years old and 50% of the participants were female. No significant statistical difference in the analgesic efficacy of the three opioids was found (p: 0.69; chi(2): 0.73). Use of tramadol produced higher rates of adverse events than codeine and hydrocodone: vomiting, dizziness, loss of appetite, and weakness (p < 0.05).
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Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Codeína/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/fisiopatologia , Medição da Dor , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Tramadol/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Codeína/administração & dosagem , Codeína/uso terapêutico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocodona/administração & dosagem , Hidrocodona/efeitos adversos , Hidrocodona/uso terapêutico , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/etiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Tramadol/administração & dosagem , Tramadol/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La miotonía congénita es una enfermedad muscular hereditaria caracterizada por excitabilidad incrementada de la fibra muscular, que se refleja en miotonía clínica, además de rigidez e hipertrofia. Su herencia puede ser de forma autosómica dominante o recesiva, designadas como miotonía generalizada de Thomsen y Becker respectivamente. Se establece el diagnóstico clínico correcto de una familia costarricense previamente había sido diagnosticada con distrofia miotónica tipo 1, pero cuyo estudio a nivel molecular y clínico descartó una distrofia miotónica después de realizar exámenes físicos, electromiográficos, oculares y electrocardiograma de varios miembros de la familia. Los individuos poseían la fuerza normal pero presentaban el fenómeno mejor en los brazos, era más evidente en la musculatura proximal que en la distal, además de ser generalizada e iba desapareciendo conforme el paciente repetía varias veces el movimiento. Ahora bien, con los estudios moleculares es necesario confirmar el dignóstico clínico propuesto en este trabajo. Los pacientes presentan un cuadro clínico claramente diferente de la DM1, compatible con miotonía congénita, y que por su forma de herencia; autosómica dominante; debe clasificarse como enfermedad de Thomsen.
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Humanos , Miotonia Congênita/diagnóstico , Costa RicaRESUMO
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B (CMT 1B) is caused by mutations in the gene coding for peripheral myelin protein zero (MPZ, P0) that plays a fundamental role in adhesion and compaction of peripheral myelin. Here we report a Costa Rican family with a hereditary peripheral neuropathy due to a novel Tyr145Ser MPZ mutation. Four family members were heterozygously affected; two siblings of two heterozygous carriers were homozygous for this mutation. On neurological examination the heterozygous parents and their homozygous children both showed distal sensory deficits. The mother and the siblings displayed impaired deep tendon reflexes and mild sensory ataxia. The homozygous individuals were more severely affected with an earlier age of onset, distal motor weakness, and pupillary abnormalities. Electrophysiological studies revealed both signs of demyelination and axonal nerve degeneration. The sural nerve biopsy of one sibling showed thinly myelinated nerve fibers, onion bulb formation, and clusters of regenerating fibers. On electron microscopy axonal degeneration and decompaction of inner myelin layers were found. This Costa Rican family shows phenotypic variability depending on the homozygous or heterozygous state of the Tyr145Ser mutation carriers.
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Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth/genética , Proteína P0 da Mielina/genética , Mutação Puntual , Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth/patologia , Costa Rica , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Nervo Sural/patologiaRESUMO
Una cepa bacteriana nativa con capacidad de oxidar hierro ferroso y compuestos del azufre fue aislada a partir de efluentes y material de la mina de oro La Maruja, en el municipio de Marmato (Caldas), la cual fue identificada bioquímicamente como Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Esta cepa fue evaluada en su capacidad de oxidar concentrados de sulfuros metálicos a dos diferentes concentraciones de pulpa y dos tamaños de partícula. Después de 15 días de biooxidación de los sulfuros se observó que, efectivamente, la bacteria mostró acción catalizadora sobre el proce-so de disolución del mineral.