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The surfgrass Phyllospadix scouleri grows in highly productive meadows along the Pacific coast of North America. This region has experienced increasingly severe marine heatwaves (MHWs) in recent years. Our study evaluated the impact of consecutive MHWs, simulated in mesocosms, on essential ecophysiological features of P. scouleri. Overall, our findings show that the plants' overall physiological status has been progressively declining. Interestingly, the indicators of physiological stress in photosynthesis only showed up once the initial heat exposure stopped (i.e., during the recovery period). The warming caused increased oxidative damage and a decrease in nitrate uptake rates. However, the levels of non-structural carbohydrates and relative growth rates were not affected. Our findings emphasize the significance of incorporating recovery periods in this type of study as they expose delayed stress responses. Furthermore, experiencing consecutive intense MHWs can harm surfgrasses over time, compromising the health of their meadows and the services they offer to the ecosystem.

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Kelp communities are experiencing exacerbated heat-related impacts from more intense, frequent, and deeper marine heatwaves (MHWs), imperiling the long-term survival of kelp forests in the climate change scenario. The occurrence of deep thermal anomalies is of critical importance, as elevated temperatures can impact kelp populations across their entire bathymetric range. This study evaluates the impact of MHWs on mature sporophytes of Pterygophora californica (walking kelp) from the bathymetric extremes (8-10 vs. 25-27 m) of a population situated in Baja California (Mexico). The location is near the southernmost point of the species's broad distribution (from Alaska to Mexico). The study investigated the ecophysiological responses (e.g., photobiology, nitrate uptake, oxidative stress) and growth of adult sporophytes through a two-phase experiment: warming simulating a MHW and a post-MHW phase without warming. Generally, the effects of warming differed depending on the bathymetric origin of the sporophytes. The MHW facilitated essential metabolic functions of deep-water sporophytes, including photosynthesis, and promoted their growth. In contrast, shallow-water sporophytes displayed metabolic stress, reduced growth, and oxidative damage. Upon the cessation of warming, certain responses, such as a decline in nitrate uptake and net productivity, became evident in shallow-water sporophytes, implying a delay in heat-stress response. This indicates that variation in temperatures can result in more prominent effects than warming alone. The greater heat tolerance of sporophytes in deeper waters shows convincing evidence that deep portions of P. californica populations have the potential to serve as refuges from the harmful impacts of MHWs on shallow reefs.

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Intertidal seagrasses are subjected to desiccation and direct solar radiation during low tides. It is assumed that the canopy structure can self-protect the underlying shoots during these events, although there is no evidence on a physiological basis. The physiological responses of the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi were examined when emerged during low tide, on i) shoots overlaying the canopy, and ii) shoots sheltered within the canopy. Leaf water potential and water content decreased in external leaves after emersion, and the higher concentration of organic osmolytes reflected osmoregulation. Additionally, these shoots also exhibited a drastic reduction in carbohydrates after re-immersion, likely from cellular damage. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity increments were also detected, while photosynthetic efficiency strongly diminished from direct exposure to solar radiation. Conversely, the sheltered shoots did not dehydrate and solely accumulated some oxidative stress, likely resulting from the warming of the canopy. In conclusion, the leaf canopy structure buffers physiological stress in the sheltered shoots, thus acting as a self-protective mechanism to cope with emersion.

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Abstract Introduction: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs in adults have positively impacted morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Its effects on the pediatric population is recognized. Objective: To prepare a narrative review on the current evidence of the various strategies within the framework of enhancing recovery after pediatric surgery, in the context of major abdominal surgery. Methods: A search was conducted on the scientific evidence available in databases (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO), in order to prepare a narrative literature review. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the limited evidence on the practicality of the ERAS protocols in the pediatric population undergoing major abdominal surgery, better results could be accomplished if these strategies are adopted.

Resumen Introducción: Los programas de recuperación intensificada después de cirugía (ERAS, por sus siglas del inglés enhanced recovery after surgery) en adultos han impactado positivamente en morbilidad, mortalidad y costos en salud. Es conocido su efecto respecto a su efectividad en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Elaborar una revisión narrativa respecto a la evidencia actual de las diferentes estrategias en el marco de programas de recuperación intensificada en cirugía pediátrica (ERPS, por sus siglas del inglés enhancing recovery in pediatric surgery), en el contexto de cirugía abdominal mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sobre la evidencia científica disponible en bases de datos (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO) para elaborar una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Conclusiones: Aunque existe evidencia limitada sobre la utilidad de los protocolos ERAS en la población pediátrica sometida a cirugía abdominal mayor, podrían lograrse mejores resultados si se adoptan estas estrategias en pacientes pediátricos.

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Introducción: La Infertilidad ha mostrado un aumento progresivo de su prevalencia. Se estima que alcanza un 15 porciento de las parejas, con un 35 porciento a 40 porciento de componente masculino y un 20 a 30 porciento afectando a ambos miembros. El objetivo de este estudio es la descripción de las características de los hombres que consultan por infertilidad a nivel local así como los resultados de sus estudios iniciales.Material y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo en donde se revisaron fichas de 500 pacientes de sexo masculino que consultaron por infertilidad entre enero de 2006 y junio de 2016. De cada paciente se registró edad, paridad previa, frecuencia sexual, factores de riesgo como antecedentes de criptorquidea, varicocele, cáncer, entre otros. Además se registraron los resultados de estudios realizados. Los datos fueron analizados con el sistema estadístico STATA 13.0.Resultados. La mediana de edad fue de 34 años (15-68 años) con un 70,29 porciento de infertilidad primaria. Respecto al tiempo de exposición la mediana fue de 7 meses (3-31) y el promedio de frecuencia sexual fue de 2,5 veces por semana (0-7). En un 48,69 porciento se encontró un examen genital alterado, un 9,32 porciento tuvo un desarrollo puberal alterado, y el antecedente de criptorquidea y varicocele estuvo presente en un 15 porciento y 23,2 porciento respectivamente. El 18,4 porciento presentó alguna disfunción sexual, el 46 porciento era tabáquico y un 8,77 porciento consumía marihuana. Respecto al estudio se observaron 2 casos de microdeleciones del cromosoma Y, y 2 casos de cariogramas alterados. Se rescataron 254 espermiogramas con un 67,32 porciento de azospermicos, de los cuales un 14,62 porciento fueron obstructivos.Conclusión. El componente masculino en la infertilidad requiere de una evaluación anamnésica prolija debido a la variedad de factores de riesgo involucrados, siendo importante la pesquisa de condiciones que puedan intervenirse precozmente para así lograr mayores tasas de éxito en la recuperación de espermatozoides y posterior técnica de fertilidad. Existen escasos datos epidemiológicos de infertilidad en Chile, por lo que este trabajo nos permite conocer el perfil de pacientes que consultan por esta patología a nivel local.(AU)

Introduction: Infertility prevalence has shown a progressive increase. It is estimated that it reaches 15 pertcent of the couples, with 35 pertcent to 40 pertcent of male component and 20 to 30 pertcent affecting both members. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of men who consult for infertility in our center.Material y Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in which we reviewed the records of 500 male patients who consulted for infertility between January 2006 and June 2016. It registered of each patient, age, previous parity, sexual frequency, risk factors such as history of cryptorchid, varicocele, Cancer, among others. In addition, the results of studies performed were recorded. The data were analyzed using the statistical system STATA 13.0.Results. The median age was 34 years (15-68 years) with 70.29 pertcent of primary infertility. Regarding the exposure time the median was 7 months (3-31) and the average sexual frequency was 2.5 times per week (0-7). In 48.69 pertcent an altered genital examination was found, 9.32 pertcent had an altered pubertal development, and the antecedent of cryptoquidea and varicocele was present in 15 pertcent and 23.2 pertcent respectively. 18.4 pertcent had sexual dysfunction, 46 pertcent were smokers and 8.77 pertcent used marijuana. Regarding the exams, 2 cases of microdeletions of the Y chromosome were observed, and 2 cases of Klinefelter Syndrome. 254 spermiograms were rescued with 67.32 pertcent of azoospermia, of which 14.62 pertcent were obstructive.Conclusion. The male component in infertility requires a complete anamnestic evaluation due to the variety of risk factors involved, being important the research of conditions that can intervene early to achieve higher rates of success in sperm retrieval and subsequent fertility technique. There are few epidemiological data on infertility in Chile, so this work allows us to know the profile of patients who consult for this pathology at the local population.(AU)

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