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Antifouling coatings containing biocidal agents can be used to prevent the accumulation of biotic deposits on submerged surfaces; however, several commercial biocides can negatively affect the ecosystem. In this study, various formulations of a potential biocide product comprising copper nanoparticles and capsaicin supported on zeolite ZSM-5 were analyzed to determine the influence of the concentration of each component. The incorporation of copper was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Similarly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that capsaicin was supported on the zeolite surface. The presence of capsaicin on the external zeolite surface significantly reduced the surface area of the zeolite. Finally, bacterial growth inhibition analysis showed that copper nanoparticles inhibited the growth of strains Idiomarina loihiensis UCO25, Pseudoalteromonas sp. UCO92, and Halomonas boliviensis UCO24 while the organic component acted as a reinforcing biocide.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have aroused great interest for applications as fungicides in agriculture. This study reports the synthesis of AgNPs by green chemistry using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the precursor agent and a coriander leaf extract as the reducing agent and surfactant. The evaluation of their antifungal properties was carried out when placed in contact with Fusarium solani and Rhizopus stolonifer phytopathogens. The extract and AgNP characterizations were performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The evaluation of antifungal properties was carried out by exposing the phytopathogens to different concentrations of AgNPs in PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). It was found that it was possible to identify the presence of flavones and flavonoids in the extract, compounds that were also involved in the synthesis process of AgNPs. In addition, the UV-Vis analysis of the obtained AgNPs by green chemistry showed resonance peaks at around 428 nm. Furthermore, a high distribution of AgNP sizes, with high concentrations of below 100 nm, was identified, according to DLS measurements. Using SEM images, the information provided by DLS was confirmed, and a crystallite size of 29.24 nm was determined with the help of XRD measurements. Finally, when exposing the phytopathogens to the action of AgNPs, it was concluded that, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL AgNPs, their growth was totally inhibited.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimulación cerebral profunda (DBS) se ha propuesto como una alternativa terapéutica para el manejo de la depresión resistente al tratamiento (DRT). Sin embargo, existen múltiples blancos para neuroestimulación y se desconoce el punto neuroanatómico óptimo en esta patología. Como parte del circuito de recompensa, el núcleo accumbens (NAc) ha sido estudiado en modelos de depresión y anhedonia. El objetivo de este artículo fue describir la experiencia clínica de la implantación de electrodos bilaterales de DBS en el NAc. REPORTE DE CASOS: Se describe la experiencia en cuatro mujeres entre los 17 a 41 años con DRT. Los casos presentaban antecedente de múltiples hospitalizaciones e intentos de suicidio serios, a pesar de haber sido tratadas previamente con terapia farmacológica, psicoterapia y TECAR (Terapia electroconvulsiva con anestesia y relajación). A los 6 meses del inicio del DBS, se observó una mejoría de los síntomas depresivos en la escala de Hamilton y un incremento en la escala de funcionalidad global. La anhedonia y la abulia persistieron luego de la cirugía, aunque con menor intensidad. CONCLUSIÓN: La DBS del NAc puede ser una estrategia efectiva en el tratamiento de pacientes con DRT, impactando en la funcionalidad y en la disminución del riesgo suicida.

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative for Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. However, there are multiple targets for neurostimulation and the optimal neuroanatomical landmark for this pathology is unknown. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a crucial part of the reward circuit and has been studied extensively in models of depression and anhedonia. The objective of this study was to describe our clinical experience with DBS of the NAc patients with TRD. CASE SERIES: It described the experience in four females between 17 and 41 years of age. All cases presented with a history of multiple hospitalizations and serious suicide attempts, despite having been treated with optimal pharmacological regimes, psychotherapy and ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy). Six months after the initiation of DBS, an improvement in the Hamilton Depression Scale and in the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale was observed. Anhedonia and abulia persisted after the surgery, although less severe. CONCLUSION: DBS of NAc seems to offer favorable surgical outcomes in patients with TRD, impacting functionality and suicidal risk.

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The control of Anastrepha obliqua includes the sterilization of mass-reared insects grown in isolation in a constantly controlled environment. Through time, laboratory mass-reared colonies may produce flies with lower field performance. To recover the genetic variation and aptitude of mass-reared populations, wild insects are introduced into mass-reared colonies. Our aim in this study was to determine whether the host species from two localities influence the life history traits of A. obliqua. We collected flies as larvae from infested fruits of Spondias purpurea, S. mombin, Mangifera indica cv. 'piña', and M. indica cv. 'coche' from two localities in Chiapas, Mexico. There were significant differences in the mating competitiveness of males collected from mango cv. 'coche' compared with mass-reared males. There were no differences in the mating propensity between flies from the two localities, even in the number of matings, when weight was considered as a covariable. The mass-reared strain showed the earliest age at first oviposition. The locality affected the longevity and oviposition period, and these influenced the birth rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of population increase, mean generation time, and doubling time. According to the demographic parameters, the population of S. mombin would allow artificial colonization in less time, considering that it has a high reproduction rate starting at an early age. Even in the propensity test, it had the highest number of matings. However, males with greater sexual competitiveness and longevity for colonization corresponded to those collected from S. purpurea.

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White spot disease (WSD), caused by the white spot syndrome virus, is currently one of the primary causes of mortality and economic losses in the shrimp farming industry worldwide. In Mexico, shrimp production is one of the most important primary activities generating an annual income of USD 711 million. However, WSD introduction in 1999 had a devastating impact for the Mexican shrimp industry. The aim of this study was to characterize the WSD spatio-temporal patterns and to identify the primary risk factors contributing to WSD occurrence from 2005 to 2011 in Sinaloa, Mexico. We used data collected by the 'Comité Estatal de Sanidad Acuícola de Sinaloa' from 2005 to 2011 regarding WSD outbreaks as well as environmental, production and husbandry factors at farm level. The spatio-temporal patterns of WSD were described using space-time scan statistics. The effect of 52 variables on the time to WSD outbreak occurrence was assessed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results reveal that WSD risk and survival time were not homogeneously distributed as suggested by the significant clusters obtained using the space-time permutation model and the space-time exponential model, respectively. The Cox model revealed that the first production cycle [hazard ratio (HR) = 11.31], changes from 1 to 1.4°C of temperature oscillation caused by 'El Niño'/'La Niña' events (HR = 1.44) and high average daily growths (HR = 1.26) were significantly associated with lower survival (i.e. shorter time to WSD outbreak) on farm. Conversely, shrimp weight at the moment of the outbreak (HR = 0.159), changes from -0.9 to -0.5°C of temperature oscillation caused by 'El Niño'/'La Niña' events (HR = 0.540), high superficial water temperature during the pound stocking (HR = 0.823) and high (>100) number of days of culture (HR = 0.830) were factors associated with higher survival. Results are expected to inform the design of risk-based, intervention strategies to minimize the impact of WSD in Mexico.

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Population fluctuations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were evaluated over a period of 12 mo in four altitudinal strata (400-750, 750-1,100, 1,100-1,450, and 1,450-1,800 meters above sea level, masl) in Eastern Guatemala. Within each altitudinal range, sampling plots were established in coffee plantations and adjacent areas, in which Jackson traps were set and baited with Trimedlure. Coffee berries and other host fruits were collected. Population density was lowest at the 400-750 masl stratum and highest at 1,450-1,800 masl. At every altitudinal range, the fluctuations of the pest were associated mainly with the availability of ripe coffee berries as a primary host. From 750-1,450 masl, the pest was also associated with the availability of sweet orange and mandarins in commercial and backyard orchards. The highest densities of the pest were recorded in the dry season. Citrus were the main alternate host where ripe coffee berries were not available. This knowledge on population dynamics of C. capitata will contribute to develop more effective area-wide pest management strategies including the use of sterile insects, natural enemies, and bait sprays.

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Cefuroxime pharmacokinetic profile was investigated in 6 Beagle dogs after single intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. Blood samples were withdrawn at predetermined times over a 12-h period. Cefuroxime plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. Data were analyzed by compartmental analysis. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax ), time-to-peak plasma concentration (Tmax ), and bioavailability for the intramuscular and subcutaneous administration were (mean ± SD) 22.99 ± 7.87 µg/mL, 0.43 ± 0.20 h, and 79.70 ± 14.43% and 15.37 ± 3.07 µg/mL, 0.99 ± 0.10 h, and 77.22 ± 21.41%, respectively. Elimination half-lives and mean residence time for the intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration were 1.12 ± 0.19 h and 1.49 ± 0.21 h; 1.13 ± 0.13 and 1.79 ± 0.24 h; and 1.04 ± 0.23 h and 2.21 ± 0.23 h, respectively. Significant differences were found between routes for Ka , MAT, Cmax , Tmax , t½(a) , and MRT. T > MIC = 50%, considering a MIC of 1 µg/mL, was 11 h for intravenous and intramuscular administration and 12 h for the subcutaneous route. When a MIC of 4 µg/mL is considered, T > MIC = 50% for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration was estimated in 8 h.

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The study of phenotypic and genetic variation of obligate parthenogenetic organisms contributes to an understanding of evolution in the absence of genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction. Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann undergoes obligate parthenogenesis in Mexico City, Mexico, due to the unavailability of the host plants required for sexual reproduction. We analysed the phenotypic and genetic variation of E. lanigerum in relation to the dry and wet season and plant phenology. Aphids were collected on two occasions per season on a secondary host plant, Pyracantha koidzumii, at five different sites in the southern area of Mexico City, Mexico. Thirteen morphological characteristics were measured from 147 to 276 individuals per site and per season. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test the effect of the season, site and their interaction on morphological traits. Morphological variation was summarised using a principal component analysis. Genetic variation was described using six enzymatic loci, four of which were polymorphic. Our study showed that the site and season has a significant effect on morphological trait variation. The largest aphids were recorded during cold temperatures with low relative humidity and when the plant was at the end of the fruiting period. The mean genetic diversity was low (mean H e = .161), and populations were genetically structured by season and site. Morphological and genetic variations appear to be associated with environmental factors that directly affect aphid development and/or indirectly by host plant phenology.

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OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to understand how cooperation and collaboration work in interagency arrangements using a case study of the public management of food security and nutrition in Bogotá, Colombia. STUDY DESIGN: This study explored the available scientific literature on Collaborative Governance within the Public Management body of knowledge and the literature on Cooperation from the Sociobiology field. Then, proposals were developed for testing on the ground through an action-research effort that was documented as a case study. Finally, observations were used to test the proposals and some analytical generalizations were developed. METHODS: To document the case study, several personal interviews, file reviews and normative reviews were conducted to generate a case study database. RESULTS: Collaboration and cooperation concepts within the framework of interagency public management can be understood as a shared desirable outcome that unites different agencies in committing efforts and resources to the accomplishment of a common goal for society, as seen in obtaining food and nutrition security for a specific territory. Collaboration emerges when the following conditions exist and decreases when they are absent: (1) a strong sponsorship that may come from a central government policy or from a distributed interagency consensus; (2) a clear definition of the participating agencies; (3) stability of the staff assigned to the coordination system; and (4) a fitness function for the staff, some mechanism to reward or punish the collaboration level of each individual in the interagency effort. CONCLUSIONS: As this research investigated only one case study, the findings must be taken with care and any generalization made from this study needs to be analytical in nature. Additionally, research must be done to accept these results universally. Food security and nutrition efforts are interagency in nature. For collaboration between agencies to emerge, a minimum set of characteristics that were established during the merging of the public management and sociobiology fields of knowledge and validated by means of a case study must be accomplished.

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La enfermedad neurológica bovina genera altas pérdidas económicas en las ganaderías y algunos de sus agentes etiológicos son zoonóticos, hechos que hacen prioritario su estudio. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar antígenos del virus de la rabia y del herpes virus bovino-5 (BoHV-5) en muestras de encéfalos de bovinos archivados como casos de enfermedad neurológica con diagnóstico no conclusivo. Se seleccionaron 10 muestras del laboratorio del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario -ICA- de Montería. Los tejidos fueron analizados mediante histopatología e inmunohistoquímica; para esta última técnica fueron utilizados tres anticuerpos: dos contra antígenos del virus de la rabia a una dilución de 1:200 y uno contra BoHV-5 a una dilución de 1:100. Histológicamente en nueve casos se observaron lesiones que variaron de tipo y severidad; la identificación de antígenos del virus de la rabia se demostró en 20% (2/10) de los casos y en ningún caso se demostró la presencia BoHV-5. Se discute sobre los resultados histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímicos y se concluye la importancia de asociar los hallazgos de las dos técnicas para establecer la etiología de la enfermedad neurológica, especialmente en casos con diagnóstico inconcluso.

Bovine neurological disease generates high economic losses in herds and some of its etiological agents are zoonotic, situations that make priority their study. The aim of this study was to identify antigens rabies virus and bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5) in cattle brain samples archived as cases of neurological disease with no conclusive diagnosis. 10 samples were selected from laboratory of the Colombian Agricultural Institute -ICA- at Monteria. Tissues were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry techniques. For immunohistochemical analysis, three antibodies were used: two against antigens of rabies virus at a dilution of 1:200, and one against antigens of BoHV-5 at a dilution of 1:100. Histologically lesions i nine cases lesions that varied in type and severity were observed; antigens detection of rabies virus could be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in 20% (2/10) of cases and could not be demonstrated in any case the presence BoHV-5. We discuss on the histopathological and immunohistochemical finding, it is concluded on the importance of perform association of the two techniques to assist the establishing of the neurological disease etiology, especially in case without diagnostic.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue discutir sobre los hallazgos clínicos, los exámenes de patología clínica realizados y su utilidad como indicadores de pronóstico en un paciente equino hembra con hígado graso. Se describe el caso de una yegua de raza criollo colombiano que ingresó al servicio de consulta externa del Hospital Veterinario Diego Villegas Toro de la Universidad de Caldas con signos de tránsito intestinal lento y cólico. Previamente, el veterinario remitente inició un tratamiento con fluidos y aceite cristal oral sin resultados satisfactorios. Se realizó un examen físico completo y pruebas paraclínicas (creatinina, BUN, albúmina, fibrinógeno, fosfatasa alcalina [FA], gamma glutamiltransferasa [GGT], alanina aminotransferasa [ALT], aspartato aminotransferasa [AST] y análisis de orina) que sugirieron disfunción hepática y compactación del colon mayor. Se instauró un tratamiento dirigido a favorecer el peristaltismo y la eliminación fecal y se dispensó soporte para coadyuvar a la función hepática. Durante la hospitalización se observaron signos clínicos compatibles con falla hepática, encefalopatía e compactación grave; finalmente, el equino murió. Durante la necropsia se confirmó compactación del colon mayor a nivel de la flexura esternal y peritonitis. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue hígado graso y peritonitis. Se concluye que la falla hepática puede asociarse con compactación del colon.

The aim of this work was discuss on clinical findings, clinical pathology tests and their usefulness as prognostic indicators in a female equine patient with fatty liver. It is described a case in a native Colombian mare that entered the outpatient service at veterinary hospital Diego Villegas Toro of the University of Caldas with slow intestinal transit signs and mild colic. Previously the sender veterinarian began treatment with intravenous fluids and oral mineral oil oral without satisfactory results. It was performed a complete physical examination and paraclinical tests (creatinine, BUN, albumin, fibrinogen, alkaline phosphatase [AP], gamma glutamyl transferase [GGT], alanine suggestive of liver dysfunction and compaction of the large colon. It was established a treatment addressed to promote peristalsis, fecal elimination and support liver function. During the hospitalization of the patient, were observed different clinical signs consistent with liver failure, encephalopathy and severe compaction; the equine died. During the necropsy was confirmed the large colon compaction in the sternal flexure and peritonitis. The histopathological diagnosis was fatty liver and peritonitis. It is concluded that liver failure may be associated with compaction of the large colon. aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and urinalysis) that were suggestive of liver dysfunction and compaction of the large colon. It was established a treatment addressed to promote eristalsis, fecal elimination and support liver function. During the hospitalization of the patient, were observed different clinical signs consistent with liver failure, encephalopathy and severe compaction; the equine died. During the necropsy was confirmed the large colon compaction in the sternal flexure and peritonitis. The histopathological diagnosis was fatty liver and peritonitis. It is concluded that liver failure may be associated with compaction of the large colon.

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The pharmacokinetic properties and bone concentrations of lincomycin in cats after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg were investigated. Lincomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for some gram-positive strains isolated from clinical cases was determined. Serum lincomycin disposition was best-fitted to a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first-order elimination after intravenous and intramuscular dosing, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T(1/2(d)) = 0.22 ± 0.09 h) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution (V((d(ss)))) of 1.24 ± 0.08 L/kg. Plasma clearance was 0.28 ± 0.09 L/h · kg and elimination half-life (T(1/2)) 3.56 ± 0.62 h. Peak serum concentration (C(max)), T(max), and bioavailability for the intramuscular administration were 7.97 ± 2.31 µg/mL, 0.12 ± 0.05 h, and 82.55 ± 23.64%, respectively. Thirty to 45 min after intravenous administration, lincomycin bone concentrations were 9.31 ± 1.75 µg/mL. At the same time after intramuscular administration, bone concentrations were 3.53 ± 0.28 µg/mL. The corresponding bone/serum ratios were 0.77 ± 0.04 (intravenous) and 0.69 ± 0.18 (intramuscular). Lincomycin MIC for Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 0.25 to 16 µg/mL and for Streptococcus spp. from 0.25 to 8 µg/mL.

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The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacokinetic properties of different formulations of erythromycin in cats. Erythromycin was administered as lactobionate (4 mg/kg intravenously (IV)), base (10mg/kg, intramuscularly (IM)) and ethylsuccinate tablets or suspension (15 mg/kg orally (PO)). After IV administration, the major pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean ± SD): area under the curve (AUC)((0-∞)) 2.61 ± 1.52 microgh/mL; volume of distribution (V(z)) 2.34 ± 1.76L/kg; total body clearance (Cl(t)) 2.1 0 ± 1.37 L/hkg; elimination half-life (t(½)(λ)) 0.75 ± 0.09 h and mean residence time (MRT) 0.88 ± 0.13 h. After IM administration, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean ± DS): peak concentration (C(max)), 3.54 ± 2.16 microg/mL; time of peak (T(max)), 1.22 ± 0.67 h; t(½)(λ), 1.94 ± 0.21 h and MRT, 3.50 ± 0.82 h. The administration of erythromycin ethylsuccinate (tablets and suspension) did not result in measurable serum concentrations. After IM and IV administrations, erythromycin serum concentrations were above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)(90)=0.5 microg/mL for 7 and 1.5h, respectively. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously since tissue erythromycin concentrations have not been measured and can reach much higher concentrations than in blood, which may be associated with enhanced clinical efficacy.

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Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fleshy fungi are being monitored in a population of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana persisting in a montane cloud forest refuge on a volcano in a subtropical region of central Veracruz (eastern Mexico). The population of Fagus studied represents one of the 10 recognized forest fragments still housing this tree genus in Mexico. This is the first attempt to document EM fungi associated with this tree species in Mexico. We present evidence of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis for Lactarius badiopallescens and L. cinereus with this endemic tree. Species identification of Lactarius on Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana was based on the comparison of DNAsequences (ITS rDNA) of spatiotemporally co-occurring basidiomes and EM root tips. The host of the EM tips was identified by comparison of the large subunit of the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase gene (rbcL). The occurrence of Lactarius badiopallescens and L. cinereus populations in the area of study represent the southernmost record known to date of these two species in North America and are new for the Neotropical Lactarius mycota. Descriptions coupled with illustrations of macro- and micromorphological features of basidiomes as well as photographs of ectomycorrhizas are presented.

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The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of different formulations of erythromycin in dogs. Erythromycin was administered as lactobionate (10 mg/kg, IV), estolate tablets (25 mg/kg p.o.) and ethylsuccinate tablets or suspension (20 mg/kg p.o.). After intravenous (i.v.) administration, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean +/- SD): AUC((0-infinity)) 4.20 +/- 1.66 microg x h/mL; C(max) 6.64 +/- 1.38 microg/mL; V(z) 4.80 +/- 0.91 L/kg; Cl(t) 2.64 +/- 0.84 L/h.kg; t((1/2)lambda) 1.35 +/- 0.40 h and MRT 1.50 +/- 0.47 h. After the administration of estolate tablets and ethylsuccinate suspension, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean +/- SD): C(max), 0.30 +/- 0.17 and 0.17 +/- 0.09 microg/mL; t(max), 1.75 +/- 0.76 and 0.69 +/- 0.30 h; t((1/2)lambda), 2.92 +/- 0.79 and 1.53 +/- 1.28 h and MRT, 5.10 +/- 1.12 and 2.56 +/- 1.77 h, respectively. The administration of erythromycin ethylsuccinate tablets did not produce measurable serum concentrations. Only the i.v. administration rendered serum concentrations above MIC(90) = 0.5 microg/mL for 2 h. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted as tissue erythromycin concentrations have not been measured in this study and, it is recognized that they can reach much higher concentrations than in blood, correlating better with clinical efficacy.

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This study describes and compares the pharmacokinetics of a single 7.5mg/kg dose of cephalexin monohydrate oil-based 20% suspension after its administrations to six cows by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, and to five calves by the i.m. route. Significantly (P<0.05) higher peak plasma concentrations (5.6+/-0.79microg/ml versus 3.93+/-1.24microg/ml) and lower half-life (1.81+/-0.56h versus 4.21+/-0.82h) and mean residence time (4.12+/-1.07h versus 6.63+/-0.85h) were obtained after i.m. administration when compared to the s.c. administration to cows. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for cows and calves. Cephalexin plasma concentrations remained above 0.5-0.75microg/ml for 11-14h and 8-9h after the s.c. and i.m. administrations, respectively. Thus, route of administration may be an important issue to be considered when calculating dosage schedules for successful treatments and safe withdrawal times for veterinary medicines.

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The objectives of this work were to compare the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin administered by the intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) routes between nonlactating and lactating goats and to determine the passage of the drug from blood into milk. Six nonpregnant, nonlactating and six lactating goats received erythromycin by the i.m. (15 mg/kg) and the i.v. (10 mg/kg) routes of administration. Milk and blood samples were collected at predetermined times. Erythromycin concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Results are reported as mean +/- SD. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles between nonlactating and lactating animals after i.v. administration indicated that significant differences were found in the mean body clearance (8.38 +/- 1.45 vs. 3.77 +/- 0.83 mL/kg x h respectively), mean residence time (0.96 +/- 0.20 vs. 3.18 +/- 1.32 h respectively), area under curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC(0-12)) (1.22 +/- 0.22 vs. 2.76 +/- 0.58 microg x h/mL respectively) and elimination half-life (1.41 +/- 1.20 vs. 3.32 +/- 1.34 h); however, only AUC(0-12) showed significant differences after the i.m. administration. Passage of erythromycin in milk was high (peak milk concentration/peak serum concentration, 2.06 +/- 0.36 and AUC(0-12milk)/AUC(0-12serum),6.9 +/- 1.05 and 2.37 +/- 0.61 after i.v. and i.m. administrations respectively). We, therefore, conclude that lactation affects erythromycin pharmacokinetics in goats.

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