RESUMO

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. There is no simple treatment to alleviate ischemic brain injury, as thrombolytic therapy is applicable within a narrow time window. During the last years, the ketogenic diet (KD) and the exogenous administration of the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) have been proposed as therapeutic tools for acute neurological disorders and both can reduce ischemic brain injury. However, the mechanisms involved are not completely clear. We have previously shown that the D enantiomer of BHB stimulates the autophagic flux in cultured neurons exposed to glucose deprivation (GD) and in the brain of hypoglycemic rats. Here, we have investigated the effect of the systemic administration of D-BHB, followed by its continuous infusion after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), on the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Results show for the first time that the protective effect of BHB against MCAO injury is enantiomer selective as only D-BHB, the physiologic enantiomer of BHB, significantly reduced brain injury. D-BHB treatment prevented the cleavage of the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2 and stimulated the autophagic flux in the ischemic core and the penumbra. In addition, D-BHB notably reduced the activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway of the UPR and inhibited IRE1α phosphorylation. L-BHB showed no significant effect relative to ischemic animals. In cortical cultures under GD, D-BHB prevented LAMP2 cleavage and decreased lysosomal number. It also abated the activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway, partially sustained protein synthesis, and reduced pIRE1α. In contrast, L-BHB showed no significant effects. Results suggest that protection elicited by D-BHB treatment post-ischemia prevents lysosomal rupture allowing functional autophagy, preventing the loss of proteostasis and UPR activation.

Assuntos

Lesões Encefálicas , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Ratos , Animais , Corpos Cetônicos/farmacologia , Corpos Cetônicos/metabolismo , Endorribonucleases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Autofagia , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média , Modelos Teóricos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico

RESUMO

Mitochondrial activity and quality control are essential for neuronal homeostasis as neurons rely on glucose oxidative metabolism. The ketone body, D-ß-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB), is metabolized to acetyl-CoA in brain mitochondria and used as an energy fuel alternative to glucose. We have previously reported that D-BHB sustains ATP production and stimulates the autophagic flux under glucose deprivation in neurons; however, the effects of D-BHB on mitochondrial turnover under physiological conditions are still unknown. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+-activated protein deacetylases involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy through the activation of transcription factors FOXO1, FOXO3a, TFEB and PGC1α coactivator. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of D-BHB on mitochondrial turnover in cultured neurons and the mechanisms involved. Results show that D-BHB increased mitochondrial membrane potential and regulated the NAD+/NADH ratio. D-BHB enhanced FOXO1, FOXO3a and PGC1α nuclear levels in an SIRT2-dependent manner and stimulated autophagy, mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects increased neuronal resistance to energy stress. D-BHB also stimulated the autophagic-lysosomal pathway through AMPK activation and TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis. Upregulation of SIRT2, FOXOs, PGC1α and TFEB was confirmed in the brain of ketogenic diet (KD)-treated mice. Altogether, the results identify SIRT2, for the first time, as a target of D-BHB in neurons, which is involved in the regulation of autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial quality control.

Assuntos

NAD , Sirtuína 2 , Animais , Camundongos , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/metabolismo , Autofagia , Glucose/metabolismo , Corpos Cetônicos/metabolismo , Corpos Cetônicos/farmacologia , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , NAD/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Sirtuína 2/metabolismo

RESUMO

The decline in brain function during aging is one of the most critical health problems nowadays. Although senescent astrocytes have been found in old-age brains and neurodegenerative diseases, their impact on the function of other cerebral cell types is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of senescent astrocytes on the mitochondrial function of a neuron. In order to evaluate neuronal susceptibility to a long and constant senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) exposure, we developed a model by using cellular cocultures in transwell plates. Rat primary cortical astrocytes were seeded in transwell inserts and induced to premature senescence with hydrogen peroxide [stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS)]. Independently, primary rat cortical neurons were seeded at the bottom of transwells. After neuronal 6 days in vitro (DIV), the inserts with SIPS-astrocytes were placed in the chamber and cocultured with neurons for 6 more days. The neuronal viability, the redox state [reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG)], the mitochondrial morphology, and the proteins and membrane potential were determined. Our results showed that the neuronal mitochondria functionality was altered after being cocultured with senescent astrocytes. In vivo, we found that old animals had diminished mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins, redox state, and senescence markers as compared to young rats, suggesting effects of the senescent astrocytes similar to the ones we observed in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that the microenvironment generated by senescent astrocytes can affect neuronal mitochondria and physiology.

RESUMO

Glucose supply from blood is mandatory for brain functioning and its interruption during acute hypoglycemia or cerebral ischemia leads to brain injury. Alternative substrates to glucose such as the ketone bodies (KB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), can be used as energy fuels in the brain during hypoglycemia and prevent neuronal death, but the mechanisms involved are still not well understood. During glucose deprivation adaptive cell responses can be activated such as autophagy, a lysosomal-dependent degradation process, to support cell survival. However, impaired or excessive autophagy can lead to cell dysfunction. We have previously shown that impaired autophagy contributes to neuronal death induced by glucose deprivation in cortical neurons and that D isomer of BHB (D-BHB) reestablishes the autophagic flux increasing viability. Here, we aimed to investigate autophagy dynamics in the brain of rats subjected to severe hypoglycemia (SH) without glucose infusion (GI), severe hypoglycemia followed by GI (SH + GI), and a brief period of hypoglycemic coma followed by GI (Coma). The effect of D-BHB administration after the coma was also tested (Coma + BHB). The transformation of LC3-I to LC3-II and the abundance of autophagy proteins, Beclin 1 (BECN1), ATG7, and ATG12-ATG5 conjugate, were analyzed as an index of autophagosome formation, and the levels of sequestrosome1/p62 (SQSTM1/p62) were determined as a hallmark of autophagic degradation. Data suggest that autophagosomes accumulate in the cortex and the hippocampus of rats after SH, likely due to impaired autophagic degradation. In the cortex, autophagosome accumulation persisted at 6 h after GI in animals exposed to SH but recovered basal levels at 24 h, while in the hippocampus no significant effect was observed. In animals subjected to coma, autophagosome accumulation was observed at 24 h after GI in both regions. D-BHB treatment reduced LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 content and reduced ULK1 phosphorylation by AMPK, suggesting it stimulates the autophagic flux and decreases AMPK activity reducing autophagy initiation. D-BHB also reduced the number of degenerating cells. Together, data suggest different autophagy dynamics after GI in rats subjected to SH or the hypoglycemic coma and support that D-BHB treatment can modulate autophagy dynamics favoring the autophagic flux.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The ketone bodies (KB), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate, have been proposed for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders, however, the molecular mechanisms involved in KB protection are not well understood. KB can substitute for glucose and support mitochondrial metabolism increasing cell survival. We have reported that the D-isomer of BHB (D-BHB) stimulates autophagic degradation during glucose deprivation in cultured neurons increasing cell viability. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process of damaged proteins and organelles activated during nutrient deprivation to obtain building blocks and energy. However, impaired or excessive autophagy can contribute to neuronal death. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to test whether D-BHB can preserve autophagic function in an in vivo model of excitotoxic damage induced by the administration of the glutamate receptor agonist, N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA), in the rat striatum. METHODS: D-BHB was administered through an intravenous injection followed by either an intraperitoneal injection (i.v+i.p) or a continuous epidural infusion (i.v+pump), or through a continuous infusion of D-BHB alone. Changes in the autophagy proteins ATG7, ATG5, BECLIN 1 (BECN1), LC3, Sequestrosome1/p62 (SQSTM1/ p62) and the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2, were evaluated by immunoblot. The lesion volume was measured in cresyl violet-stained brain sections. RESULTS: Autophagy is activated early after NMDA injection but autophagic degradation is impaired due to the cleavage of LAMP2. Twenty-four h after NMDA intrastriatal injection, the autophagic flux is re-established, but LAMP2 cleavage is still observed. The administration of D-BHB through the i.v+pump protocol reduced the content of autophagic proteins and the cleavage of LAMP2, suggesting decreased autophagosome formation and lysosomal membrane preservation, improving autophagic degradation. D-BHB also reduced brain injury. The i.v+i.p administration protocol and the infusion of D-BHB alone showed no effect on autophagy activation or degradation.

Assuntos

Autofagia , N-Metilaspartato , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Animais , Corpos Cetônicos/química , Neurônios/química , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ratos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: During excitotoxic damage, neuronal death results from the increase in intracellular calcium, the induction of oxidative stress, and a subsequent inflammatory response. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during excitotoxic damage. NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX-2) has been particularly related to neuronal damage and death, as well as to the resolution of the subsequent inflammatory response. As ROS are crucial components of the regulation of inflammatory response, in this work, we evaluated the role of NOX-2 in the progression of inflammation resulting from glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage of the striatum in an in vivo model. METHODS: The striata of wild-type C57BL/6 J and NOX-2 KO mice (gp91Cybbtm1Din/J) were stereotactically injected with monosodium glutamate either alone or in combination with IL-4 or IL-10. The damage was evaluated in histological sections stained with cresyl violet and Fluoro-Jade B. The enzymatic activity of caspase-3 and NOX were also measured. Additionally, the cytokine profile was identified by ELISA and motor activity was verified by the tests of the cylinder, the adhesive tape removal, and the inverted grid. RESULTS: Our results show a neuroprotective effect in mice with a genetic inhibition of NOX-2, which is partially due to a differential response to excitotoxic damage, characterized by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In NOX-2 KO animals, the excitotoxic condition increased the production of interleukin-4, which could contribute to the production of interleukin-10 that decreased neuronal apoptotic death and the magnitude of striatal injury. Treatment with interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 protected from excitotoxic damage in wild-type animals. CONCLUSIONS: The release of proinflammatory cytokines during the excitotoxic event promotes an additional apoptotic death of neurons that survived the initial damage. During the subsequent inflammatory response to excitotoxic damage, ROS generated by NOX-2 play a decisive role in the extension of the lesion and consequently in the severity of the functional compromise, probably by regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines production.

Assuntos

Corpo Estriado/enzimologia , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Inflamação/enzimologia , Inflamação/patologia , NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolismo , Animais , Corpo Estriado/imunologia , Progressão da Doença , Ácido Glutâmico/toxicidade , Inflamação/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout

RESUMO

Early life exposure to environmental pollutants and toxic chemicals has been linked to learning and behavioral alterations in children. iAs exposure is associated with different types neurological disorders such as memory and learning impairment. iAs is methylated in the brain by the arsenic III-methyltransferase in a process that requires glutathione (GSH). The xCT-antiporter cell membrane transporter participates in the influx of cystine for GSH synthesis in exchange for glutamate in a 1:1 ratio. In CD-1 mice gestationally exposed to 20 ppm of sodium arsenite in drinking water, we have previously observed up-regulation of xCT in the male mouse hippocampus which caused glutamatergic synapse alterations affecting learning and memory processes. Here, we used the same gestational iAs exposure model to investigate whether the up-regulation of xCT and down-regulation of GLT-1 transporters were associated with higher levels of extracellular glutamate and changes in the expression of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor, responsible for excitatory fast synaptic transmission. The induction of LTP in the perforant-dentate gyrus pathway (PP-DG) of the hippocampus was also studied, as well as learning and memory formation using the water maze test. Changes in GSH levels were also tested in the hippocampus of animals exposed to iAs. Results showed increased GSH synthesis (p < 0.05), associated with significantly higher extracellular glutamate levels in iAs exposed mice. Exposure was also significantly associated with AMPA subunits down-regulation, deficient LTP induction, and lower excitability of the PP-DG pathway. In addition, animals showed deficient learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze test.

Assuntos

Arsênio/toxicidade , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Animais , Giro Denteado/efeitos dos fármacos , Giro Denteado/metabolismo , Feminino , Glutationa/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Via Perfurante/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/metabolismo

RESUMO

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a variety of motor symptoms. The gene coding for the phospholipid phosphatase 3, PLPP3 (formerly PPAP2B or LPP3), maps within the PARK10 locus, a region that has been linked with increased risk to late-onset PD. PLPP3 modulates the levels of a range of bioactive lipids controlling fundamental cellular processes within the central nervous system. Here we show that PLPP3 is enriched in astroglial cells of the adult murine ventral midbrain. Conditional inactivation of Plpp3 using a Nestin::Cre driver results in reduced mesencephalic levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), a well-known mediator of pro-survival responses. Yet, adult PLPP3-deficient mice exhibited no alterations in the number of dopaminergic neurons or in the basal levels of striatal extracellular dopamine (DA). Potassium-evoked DA overflow in the striatum, however, was significantly decreased in mutant mice. Locomotor evaluation revealed that, although PLPP3-deficient mice exhibit motor impairment, this is not progressive or responsive to acute L-DOPA therapy. These findings suggest that disruption of Plpp3 during early neural development leads to dopaminergic transmission deficits in the absence of nigrostriatal degeneration, and without causing an age-related locomotor decline consistent with PD.

Assuntos

Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Dopamina/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/patologia , Feminino , Loci Gênicos , Locomoção/fisiologia , Mesencéfalo/metabolismo , Mesencéfalo/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/deficiência , Proteínas de Transferência de Fosfolipídeos/genética , Pró-Proteína Convertases/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais

RESUMO

Glucose is the major energy substrate in brain, however, during ketogenesis induced by starvation or prolonged hypoglycemia, the ketone bodies (KB), acetoacetate and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can substitute for glucose. KB improve neuronal survival in diverse injury models, but the mechanisms by which KB prevent neuronal damage are still not well understood. In the present study we have investigated whether protection by the D isomer of BHB (D-BHB) against neuronal death induced by glucose deprivation (GD), is related to autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradation process activated during nutritional stress, which leads to the digestion of damaged proteins and organelles providing energy for cell survival. Results show that autophagy is activated in cortical cultured neurons during GD, as indicated by the increase in the levels of the lipidated form of the microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II), and the number of autophagic vesicles. At early phases of glucose reintroduction (GR), the levels of p62 declined suggesting that the degradation of the autophagolysosomal content takes place at this time. In cultures exposed to GD and GR in the presence of D-BHB, the levels of LC3-II and p62 rapidly declined and remained low during GR, suggesting that the KB stimulates the autophagic flux preventing autophagosome accumulation and improving neuronal survival.

Assuntos

Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/metabolismo , Autofagia , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/química , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Proteína Sequestossoma-1 , Estereoisomerismo

RESUMO

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria dysfunction contribute to insulin resistance generation during obesity and diabetes. ER and mitochondria interact through Mitofusin 2 (MTF2), which anchors in the outer mitochondrial and ER membranes regulating energy metabolism. Ablation of MTF2 leads to ER stress activation and insulin resistance. Here we determine whether lipotoxic insult induced by saturated lipids decreases MTF2 expression leading to ER stress response in hypothalamus and its effects on insulin sensitivity using in vitro and in vivo models. We found that lipotoxic stimulation induced by palmitic acid, but not the monounsaturated palmitoleic acid, decreases MTF2 protein levels in hypothalamic mHypoA-CLU192 cells. Also, palmitic acid incubation activates ER stress response evidenced by increase in the protein levels of GRP78/BIP marker at later stage than MTF2 downregulation. Additionally, we found that MTF2 alterations induced by palmitic, but not palmitoleic, stimulation exacerbate insulin resistance in hypothalamic cells. Insulin resistance induced by palmitic acid is prevented by pre-incubation of the anti-inflammatory and the ER stress release reagents, sodium salicylate and 4 phenylbutirate, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that lipotoxic insult induced by high fat feeding to mice decreases MTF2 proteins levels in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. Our data indicate that saturated lipids modulate MTF2 expression in hypothalamus coordinating the ER stress response and the susceptibility to insulin resistance.

Assuntos

Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hipotálamo/citologia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Palmítico/farmacologia , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismo , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

The aim of the present review is to offer a current perspective about the consequences of hypoglycemia and its impact on the diabetic disorder due to the increasing incidence of diabetes around the world. The main consequence of insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients is the occurrence of repetitive periods of hypoglycemia and even episodes of severe hypoglycemia leading to coma. In the latter, selective neuronal death is observed in brain vulnerable regions both in humans and animal models, such as the cortex and the hippocampus. Cognitive damage subsequent to hypoglycemic coma has been associated with neuronal death in the hippocampus. The mechanisms implicated in selective damage are not completely understood but many factors have been identified including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, zinc release, PARP-1 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, the diabetic condition aggravates neuronal damage and cognitive failure induced by hypoglycemia. In the absence of coma prolonged and severe hypoglycemia leads to increased oxidative stress and discrete neuronal death mainly in the cerebral cortex. The mechanisms responsible for cell damage in this condition are still unknown. Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia is far more common in diabetic patients than severe hypoglycemia and currently important efforts are being done in order to elucidate the relationship between cognitive deficits and recurrent hypoglycemia in diabetics. Human studies suggest impaired performance mainly in memory and attention tasks in healthy and diabetic individuals under the hypoglycemic condition. Only scarce neuronal death has been observed under moderate repetitive hypoglycemia but studies suggest that impaired hippocampal synaptic function might be one of the causes of cognitive failure. Recent studies have also implicated altered mitochondrial function and mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Assuntos

Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Hipoglicemia/complicações , Neurônios/patologia , Animais , Transtornos Cognitivos/patologia , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/patologia , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle

RESUMO

Excitotoxicity has been associated with the loss of medium spiny neurons (MSN) in Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously observed that the content of the glial glutamate transporters, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), diminishes in R6/2 mice at 14 weeks of age but not at 10 weeks, and that this change correlates with an increased vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate toxicity. We have also reported that inhibition of the glycolytic pathway decreases glutamate uptake and enhances glutamate neurotoxicity in the rat brain. We now show that at 10-weeks of age, glutamate excitotoxicity is precipitated in R6/2 mice, after the treatment with iodoacetate (IOA), an inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). IOA induces a larger inhibition of GAPDH in R6/2 mice, while it similarly reduces the levels of GLT-1 and GLAST in wild-type and transgenic animals. Results suggest that metabolic failure and altered glutamate uptake are involved in the vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity in HD.

Assuntos

Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/toxicidade , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenase (Fosforiladora)/antagonistas & inibidores , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenase (Fosforiladora)/metabolismo , Glicólise , Doença de Huntington/genética , Iodoacetatos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Transgênicos

RESUMO

Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, can cause the death of neurons by a mechanism known as excitotoxicity. This is a calcium-dependent process and activation of the NMDA receptor subtype contributes mainly to neuronal damage, due to its high permeability to calcium. Activation of calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, has been implicated in necrotic excitotoxic neuronal death. We have investigated the contribution of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic receptors to calpain activation and neuronal death induced by the acute administration of glutamate into the rat striatum. Calpain activity was assessed by the cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein, alpha-spectrin. Caspase-3 activity was also studied because glutamate can also lead to apoptosis. Results show no caspase-3 activity, but a strong calpain activation involving both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Although neuronal damage is mediated mainly by the NMDA receptor subtype, it can not be attributed solely to calpain activity.

Assuntos

Calpaína/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Animais , Calpaína/antagonistas & inibidores , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/citologia , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/metabolismo , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Maleato de Dizocilpina/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/metabolismo , Masculino , Neurônios/citologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/metabolismo , Quinoxalinas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espectrina/metabolismo

RESUMO

Excitotoxic neuronal death mediated by over-activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in ischemia, hypoglycemia and some neurodegenerative diseases. It involves oxidative stress and is highly facilitated during impairment of energy metabolism. We have shown previously that in vivo systemic glycolysis inhibition with iodoacetate (IOA), exacerbates glutamate excitotoxicity. We have now investigated whether this effect involves oxidative damage to membrane lipids, as evaluated by the presence of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. We have also tested whether the ketone body, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB), prevents lipoperoxidation and tissue damage. Results show that glutamate intrastriatal injection in control rats transiently enhances lipoperoxidation, while in IOA-treated animals increased lipoperoxidation is sustained. Treatment with D-BHB significantly reduces striatal lesions and lipoperoxidation. Vitamin E also reduced neuronal damage and lipoperoxidation. Results suggest that glycolysis impairment favors a pro-oxidant condition and situates oxidative damage as an important mediator of in vivo induced excitotoxicity. Results provide evidence for the neuroprotective effect of D-BHB against glutamate toxicity.

Assuntos

Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacologia , Ácido Glutâmico/fisiologia , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/patologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Alquilantes/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Iodoacetatos/farmacologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Neostriado/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Vitamina E/farmacologia

RESUMO

El síndrome de Abstinencia al GABA (SAG), es un nuevo modelo de epileptogénesis focal en el que la actividad paroxística se induce mediante la interrupción de infusiones intracorticales de GABA. En estudios preliminares hemos observado que esta actividad muestra una extraordinaria resistencia a los anticonvulsivantes clásicos. En ratas que mostraban un SAG inducido por la suspención de infusiones localizadas de GABA (50 µg ml por hora en 24 horas), se administró el nuevo anticonvulsivante HEPP (50 mg/kg ip) 60 minutos después del inicio del SAG. La HEPP produjo una disminución significativa de la frecuencia de descarga en 8 de 10 ratas, con efecto máximo aproximadamante a los 30 min después de la inyección y una duración del efecto de cerca de 90 min. Cuando la HEPP se administró a un nuevo grupo de ratas (n = 5) al segundo día del SAG, el compuesto no produjo efectos. A pesar de que se ignora aún el mecanismo de acción de la HEPP, el SAG representa un modelo útil para la evaluación de nuevos anticonvulsivantes

Assuntos

Ratos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Epilepsia/terapia , Estado Epiléptico/induzido quimicamente , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/fisiologia , Farmacocinética , Ratos Wistar/cirurgia , Receptores de GABA/fisiologia