RESUMO
Health navigation is increasingly being used to support people living with HIV, but timely monitoring of navigation is challenging due to the burden of reporting a high volume of diverse activities. We designed a mobile application (app) for navigators to report their interactions with men who have sex with men living with HIV (n = 374), including: (1) mode of support; (2) content; and (3) duration. We assessed sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of the study sample and calculated monitoring system indicators. We also conducted qualitative interviews with navigators (n = 7) and used thematic analysis to assess app acceptability and usability. From January 2017 to June 2018, 95.3% of participants interacted with their navigator at least one time and 4281 reports were recorded by nine navigators. The median number of interactions per participant was 10 (range: 1-46). The majority of interactions (71.6%) occurred remotely. Most frequently covered topics included: appointment reminders (36.9%), employment (19.9%), and family (15.5%). Navigators indicated that the system was easy to use, but some did not use it in real time as intended. Timely access to navigator data enabled feedback and continuous training. These data can also facilitate analysis of intensity and content of interactions to improve tailoring and sustainability.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Aplicativos Móveis , Navegação de Pacientes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Navegação de Pacientes/organização & administração , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Apoio SocialRESUMO
We piloted a health navigation strategy to promote timely linkage to care among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) recently diagnosed with HIV in Guatemala City. We used a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative data collected during clinic visits and qualitative data from in-depth interviews, to characterize acceptability of navigation and time to linkage, defined as having the first clinical care visit. Out of 54 participants who enrolled in the pilot (n = 52 MSM; n = 2 TW), 50 (92.6%) accepted navigation and all were linked to care. Median time to linkage was 3 days (Interquartile Range 2-5 days). In qualitative interviews, participants expressed feeling scared and alone following their diagnosis and appreciated the support of a navigator, especially when they did not feel they could access their existing support networks. Future research and evaluation should continue to assess how to best use health navigation to support key populations recently diagnosed with HIV.
Assuntos
Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Navegação de Pacientes , Transexualidade/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologiaRESUMO
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV in Guatemala and may benefit from health navigation programs designed to support timely linkage to HIV care. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with MSM (n = 19) linked to care within days of their diagnosis with the support of a health navigator. We used narrative analysis and systematic coding to identify themes related to HIV diagnosis and experiences with navigators. Participants experienced strong feelings of fear upon receiving a positive HIV test result. This fear led to social isolation and limited reliance on family and friend networks for support. Health navigators developed strong relationships with participants by providing the emotional support they were lacking and supporting them to overcome their fear and other structural barriers to HIV care, including stigma. Findings support the important role of navigation for MSM in Guatemala and could be transferable to other settings in Latin America.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Navegação de Pacientes , Estigma Social , Adulto , Medo , Guatemala , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Isolamento SocialRESUMO
ABSTRACT This work presents the design, analysis and implementation of a mechatronic System focused on helping to improve Rehabilitation therapies to patients affected by some Radial Nerve Injuries (SYRR-NERI). The device was developed with the aim of finding simple solutions for the different subsystems that form the SYRR-NERI. The mechatronic system basically consists of two coupled four-bar mechanisms with a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in their respective drive motors to regulate the rotational velocity. In addition, each mechanism has touch sensors in order to limit its movement. The implementation of the control algorithm and the logic to perform the synchronized movements is performed by a microcontroller. The result is an affordable and functional prototype which needs to be tested in real situations with the help of physiotherapists and patients to obtain the necessary information to improve its performance.
RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta el diseño, análisis e implementación de un sistema mecatrónico enfocado en ayudar a mejorar las terapias de rehabilitación para pacientes afectados por algunas lesiones del nervio radial. El dispositivo fue desarrollado tratando de proponer soluciones sencillas para los diferentes subsistemas que integran el dispositivo. El sistema mecatrónico consiste básicamente en dos mecanismos acoplados de cuatro barras con un controlador Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo (PID) en sus respectivos motores impulsores para regular la velocidad angular. Además, cada mecanismo tiene sensores táctiles para limitar el movimiento. La implementación del algoritmo de control y de la lógica para realizar los movimientos sincronizados se lleva a cabo mediante un microcontrolador. El resultado es un dispositivo económicamente accesible y funcional que tiene por objetivo ser probado en situaciones reales y, con la ayuda de fisioterapeutas y pacientes, obtener la información necesaria para mejorar su desempeño.
RESUMO
El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es nativo de América del Sur y representa uno de los recursos «bioculturales¼ más significativos de Mesoamérica, ya que es una región donde se domesticó y tuvo relevancia como bebida ritual y como moneda en muchas culturas prehispánicas hasta la llegada de los españoles, quienes difundieron su uso en el mundo y lo convirtieron en una de las mercancías «commodity¼ más consumidas. Mediante este trabajo se propone una alternativa para atender la problemática de las plantaciones a través de la introducción de una diversidad amplia de cultivares de cacao en sistemas agroforestales tradicionales, en sinergia con la inoculación de bacterias edáficas fijadoras de nitrógeno y solubilizadoras de fósforo insoluble. En una parcela agroforestal tradicional se introdujeron plantas de cacao injertadas de cuatro cultivares y se dispusieron 3 tratamientos: aplicación de biofertilizante, aplicación de fertilizante químico y testigo. Se registraron la altura, el diámetro basal, el número de hojas y el número de ramas a los 2 y 12 meses, y se caracterizó la población de microorganismos asociada alrededor del tallo bajo la copa de las plantas. Los resultados de crecimiento muestran un buen potencial para los 4 cultivares estudiados y se observó que la biofertilización generó efectos significativos en algunos de los indicadores de crecimiento de las plantas de cacao. Así, las asociaciones vegetales en un sistema agroforestal podrían ser favorables para potenciar el desarrollo de frutos y resistencia a plagas y enfermedades.
Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) is native from South America and it represents one of the most significant "bio-cultural" resources of Mesoamerica, since it is a region where it was domesticated and had a relevance as ritual drink and as currency in many pre-hispanic cultures until the arrival of the Spaniards who spread its use worldwide, and became it one of the most consumed commodity goods. Through this research, an alternative is proposed to address the problem of cultivars through the introduction of a wide variety of cocoa plants in traditional agroforestry systems, in synergy with the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing and insoluble phosphor solubilizing edaphic bacterial consortia. Four cultivars of improved grafted cocoa plants were introduced in a traditional agroforestry plot and three fertilization treatments were applied: application of biofertilizer, application of chemical fertilizer and control. Measurements of height, stem diameter, number of leaves and branches were recorded at 2 and 12 months after planting and rhizosphere microbial populations were characterized. Growth results showed good potential for all studied cultivars and it was observed that biofertilization foresees significant effects in some of the growth indicators of cocoa plant. Thereby, plant associations in an agroforestry system could be favorable to promote fruit development and resistance to pests and diseases.
Assuntos
Cacau , Inoculantes Agrícolas , América do Sul , Cacau/microbiologia , Cacau/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agricultura Florestal , Meio Ambiente , MéxicoRESUMO
Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) is native from South America and it represents one of the most significant "bio-cultural" resources of Mesoamerica, since it is a region where it was domesticated and had a relevance as ritual drink and as currency in many pre-hispanic cultures until the arrival of the Spaniards who spread its use worldwide, and became it one of the most consumed commodity goods. Through this research, an alternative is proposed to address the problem of cultivars through the introduction of a wide variety of cocoa plants in traditional agroforestry systems, in synergy with the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing and insoluble phosphor solubilizing edaphic bacterial consortia. Four cultivars of improved grafted cocoa plants were introduced in a traditional agroforestry plot and three fertilization treatments were applied: application of biofertilizer, application of chemical fertilizer and control. Measurements of height, stem diameter, number of leaves and branches were recorded at 2 and 12 months after planting and rhizosphere microbial populations were characterized. Growth results showed good potential for all studied cultivars and it was observed that biofertilization foresees significant effects in some of the growth indicators of cocoa plant. Thereby, plant associations in an agroforestry system could be favorable to promote fruit development and resistance to pests and diseases.
Assuntos
Inoculantes Agrícolas , Cacau , Cacau/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cacau/microbiologia , Meio Ambiente , Agricultura Florestal , México , América do SulRESUMO
Resumen: La discapacidad motora es un problema a nivel mundial y según el censo 2010 del INEGI, en México, las personas con problemas de movilidad representan el 58.3 % de la población con discapacidad. Para afrontar esta problemática, han surgido dispositivos robóticos para rehabilitación que permiten realizar terapias con precisión, eficiencia, reducción de esfuerzos físicos y la oportunidad de realizarlas en grupo. Sin embargo, estos dispositivos no pueden igualar la movilidad de los miembros a rehabilitar y su adaptación a la antropometría mexicana es limitada. En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un exoesqueleto enfocado a la población adulta mexicana con pérdida parcial de movilidad en el hombro. El objetivo es desarrollar un exoesqueleto capaz de generar los 3 movimientos básicos del hombro (flexión-extensión, abducción-aducción y rotación interna-externa), considerando las medidas antropométricas de la población objetivo. Para el diseño del prototipo se utiliza una adaptación de la metodología de diseño mecatrónico de robots. El diseño propuesto es validado cinemáticamente mediante simulaciones numéricas en Matlab® y en ADAMS™, comprobando el rango de movilidad de cada articulación. Además, se realiza el análisis de elemento finito para cuantificar los esfuerzos y las deformaciones en el exoesqueleto, verificando la selección de materiales para su manufactura.
Abstract: The motor disability is a problem at the global level and according to the census 2010 from INEGI, in Mexico, people with mobility problems represent 58.3 % of the population with disabilities. To face this problem, robotic devices for rehabilitation have emerged which allow to perform therapies with accuracy, efficiency, reduction of physical efforts and the opportunity to perform them in group. However, these devices may not match the mobility of the members to rehabilitate and their adaptation to the mexican anthropometry is limited. In this article, the design of an exoskeleton focused on the Mexican adult population with partial loss of mobility in the shoulder is presented. The objective is to develop an exoskeleton capable of generating the 3 basic movements of the shoulder (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and internal-external rotation) considering the anthropometric measurements of the target population. For the design of the prototype, an adaptation of the mechatronic design methodology for robots is used. The proposed design is validated kinematically through numerical simulations in Matlab® and ADAMS™, the numerical results prove the range of mobility of each exoskeleton joint. Moreover, a finite element analysis is carried out to quantify the stress and strain levels in the exoskeleton, verifying the selection of materials for its manufacture.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Melanoma of the vulva is the second most common vulvar cancer after epidermoid carcinoma. Patients suffering from this disease usually present with a late-stage disease with a poor prognosis. The prognostic factors reported in previous studies are not homogeneous and the clinical/pathogenic role of c-KIT expression is not clear. Breslow staging currently is the most accurate predictor factor. METHODS: A clinicopathological study with literature review was performed to identify predictors of prognosis and survival in melanoma of the vulva and investigated the expression of c-KIT (by immunohistochemistry) in 10 patients from the National Institute for Cancer Research (Mexico City). RESULTS: The 10 patients enrolled were all older women with delayed presentation, high-stage disease and limited response to treatment. Five patients (50%) were found to have c-KIT expression; 4 of them recurred (P=0.01), and ultimately 3 died (P=0.038). We identified satellitosis and c-KIT expression as prognostic predictors for death. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that c-KIT expression is a valuable predictor of prognosis and survival, especially in thick (>4 mm) melanomas.
Assuntos
Melanoma/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/metabolismo , Neoplasias Vulvares/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , SobrevidaRESUMO
El trabajo analiza las condiciones socioeconómicas considerando que estas no provocan una situación diferencial (estadisticamente significativa) en materia de caries cuando son evaluados al paso del estrato de niveles socieconómico más alto a los más bajos, aumentan los porcentajes de niños sin experiencia odontológica, con caries que sangran y lo que es más importante se incrementan el porcentaje de escolares que presentan una higiene dental calificada como mala y de los que no tienen acceso al agua potable. Estos resultados plantean la necesidad de mejorar la cobertura de agua potable de atención odontológica en los sectores de menores ingresos e insistir en la realización de campaña de concientización que enfaticen la importancia de una buena higiene dental como medio que contribuye a prevenir las caries
Assuntos
Cárie DentáriaRESUMO
El presente trabajo mide el impacto del agregado de flúor al agua potable en la reducción de caries dental en la población escolar de la localidad de Oberá. Misiones (Argentina) y evaluar la asociación entre los índices ceod y CPOD y variables cualitativas tales como el nivel socioeconómico, la higiene bucal y el acceso al agua potable florurada
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Qualidade de Vida , Condições SociaisRESUMO
El presente trabajo mide el impacto del agregado de flúor al agua potable en la reducción de caries dental en la población escolar de la localidad de Oberá. Misiones (Argentina) y evaluar la asociación entre los índices ceod y CPOD y variables cualitativas tales como el nivel socioeconómico, la higiene bucal y el acceso al agua potable florurada
RESUMO
El trabajo analiza las condiciones socioeconómicas considerando que estas no provocan una situación diferencial (estadisticamente significativa) en materia de caries cuando son evaluados al paso del estrato de niveles socieconómico más alto a los más bajos, aumentan los porcentajes de niños sin experiencia odontológica, con caries que sangran y lo que es más importante se incrementan el porcentaje de escolares que presentan una higiene dental calificada como mala y de los que no tienen acceso al agua potable. Estos resultados plantean la necesidad de mejorar la cobertura de agua potable de atención odontológica en los sectores de menores ingresos e insistir en la realización de campaña de concientización que enfaticen la importancia de una buena higiene dental como medio que contribuye a prevenir las caries
Assuntos
Argentina , Fluoretação , Cárie Dentária , Impactos da Poluição na Saúde , Saúde da CriançaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of both oxaliplatin as a single agent and oxaliplatin in combination with dailyx5 bolus 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid (5-FU/FA, Mayo clinic regimen) in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 73 advanced CRC patients were randomised to receive either oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks (35 patients), or the same treatment combined with 5-FU 425 mg/m(2)/day and FA 20 mg/m(2)/dayx5 days every 4 weeks (38 patients). Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. All patients had documented inoperable disease and no previous chemotherapy for advanced disease. Based on the investigators' assessment of best response, objective response rate was 9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2-24%) in the oxaliplatin arm, and 45% (95% CI 27-64%) in the oxaliplatin+5-FU/FA arm. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2 months (95% CI 1.7-2.4 months) in the oxaliplatin arm and 3.9 months (95% CI 2.9-5 months) in the oxaliplatin+5-FU/FA arm. Severe neutropenia was seen in 23% of patients in the oxaliplatin+5-FU/FA arm, and none in the oxaliplatin arm. There were two treatment-related deaths, both in the oxaliplatin+5-FU/FA arm. In the oxaliplatin+5-FU/FA arm, severe diarrhoea, vomiting and stomatitis were seen in 34, 14 and 14% of the patients, respectively. In conclusion, oxaliplatin at a dose of 85 mg/m(2) given every 2 weeks was well tolerated and has limited activity in metastatic CRC, while the combination of this treatment with the full-dose Mayo clinic regimen (5-FU bolus 425 mg/m(2)/day+FA 20 mg/m(2)/dayx5 days every 4 weeks), although active, was unfeasible due to a high level of myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity. Alternative lower dosing or other regimens are to be explored to ascertain the value of bolus 5-FU/FA combined with oxaliplatin.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Seguimentos , Humanos , Leucovorina/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Compostos Organoplatínicos/administração & dosagem , Oxaliplatina , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We carried out brain tomography of 27 patients with schizophrenia and 17 normal control subjects. DSM-IV criteria were used for diagnosis. The parameters studied were: brain volume, lateral and third ventricles, brain surface and brain indexes. Previously the patients were evaluated with the following clinical scales: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) and the GRAFFAR scale to evaluate cultural and socioeconomical levels. We detected an increase in the right and left lateral ventricles: brain ratios, an increase in the width of Sylvian fissures and in the third ventricle index. We did not find differences that could be related to sex or to a familial history of mental disease. No differences were observed in the group receiving medication when compared with the group of untreated patients.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica Breve , Ventriculografia Cerebral , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Fatores SexuaisAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/radioterapia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Paclitaxel/administração & dosagem , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento , Taxa de Sobrevida , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/radioterapiaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adenocarcinoma , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Adenocarcinoma , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Cisplatino , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Fluoruracila , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Paclitaxel , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In order to evaluate the respiratory health status in workers exposed to antigenic substances (chicken feathers, serum and dropping), typical of usual practice in the avian slaughter-house, pulmonary function was studied on 49 exposed workers, and in a sample of 49 people with similar anthropometric characteristics, non exposed to these substances, by means of occupational-medical history, spirometric tests, hematologic and biochemical tests, and postero-anterior chest x-rays. The values for the spirometric parameters varied with sex, age, weight, size, smoking habits, length of employment and exposure time, and there were no significant differences between exposed and control groups as a whole; showing significant differences with decreasing values for CVF, VEF1, PFE, FEF-25% and FEF-50% in the intermediate zone workers, and in subjects with short exposure time (< 1 year). Prevalence of clinical findings in the exposed population was significantly higher than the non exposed group (p < 0.001). Laboratory tests showed reduction of monocytes cells in the exposed group (p < 0.05) in addition, in the exposed women there was an increase of the eosinophiles, total proteins and globulines (p < 0.05). The frequency of radiographic findings was significantly higher in the exposed group (p < 0.006), and they were no specific. The lack of association between clinical findings, laboratory and radiographic findings, with the spirometric results, could be explained by the short period of exposure, individual and collectives hygienic conditions and size of the sample.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Galinhas , Pneumopatias/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Doenças Profissionais/fisiopatologia , Exposição Ocupacional , Adolescente , Adulto , Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/fisiopatologia , Pulmão do Criador de Aves/diagnóstico , Pulmão do Criador de Aves/epidemiologia , Pulmão do Criador de Aves/fisiopatologia , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Galinhas/imunologia , Poeira , Plumas , Feminino , Humanos , Pneumopatias/sangue , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Pneumopatias/epidemiologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/diagnóstico , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/epidemiologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/sangue , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Espirometria , VenezuelaRESUMO
En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio comparartivo entre los métodos de Hemaglutinación Indirecta (HAI) e Inmunoanálisis Enzimatico IgG (ELISA IgG), para investigar anticuerpos antitoxoplasma en 103 muestras de suero sanguíneo. Este estudio reveló un porcentaje de positividad para anticuerpos antitoxoplasma de 29,12 por ciento (30 sueros) y 43,69 por ciento (45 sueros) por ELISA y HAI respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una concordancia entre estos métodos de 83,4 por ciento. Las discordancias observadas entre las reacciones, sólo comprometieron títulos (<1:64), los cuales se deben tomar en cuenta, cuando se utiliza el método de HIA, para el seguimiento serológico de estos casos, ya que , podría tratarse de una infección reciente en ascenso. El análisis estadístico mediante el chi cuadrado reveló que las diferencias observadas en los resultados de las pruebas son significantes cuando se compararon todos los títulos para HAI y todos los índices para ELISA. IgG. En cambio, las diferencias de los resultados no fueron significantes cuando se consideraron los títulos del HAI iguales o por encima de 1:64 y los índices de ELISA iguales o por encima de 0.500. Por lo anterior, se concluyó que HAI sólo es igual a ELISA. IgG como método diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis, en el caso de que se tomen como títulos positivos aquellos iguales o por encima de 1:64