RESUMO

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has pointed out the high vulnerability of developing countries to climate change, which is expected to impact food and income security. Sheep farming is one of the main animal productions among the families located in the most vulnerable regions of the semiarid region of Pernambuco state, a Brazilian territory known for its high temperatures, low relative humidity, and high net solar radiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify different regions of Pernambuco that may be more suitable for different breeds of sheep, based on non-parametric statistics and kriging maps of the temperature and humidity index (THI). THI values were determined based on mean annual temperature and wind speed extracted from the TerraClimate remote sensing database. Pernambuco state presented THI values ranging from 66 to 79, with the hair breeds having a high potential for exploitation in almost all territories, including the main meat-producing breeds. The East Friesian breed, a high milk producer, would be well suited to the Agreste mesoregion, a territory that, like the Pajeú and Moxotó microregions, also proved favorable for the introduction of three wool breeds (Suffolk, Poll Dorset, and Texel) known as major meat producers. The kriging maps of the THI values successfully allowed the identification of strategic development regions of Pernambuco state with high potential for sheep breeding.

RESUMO

Variation in rainfall affects crops; therefore, agricultural practices become essential for forage production in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different agricultural practices on phyllochron, structural characteristics of forage cactus and millet, and their relations with crop yield using the principal component analysis (PCA). The design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments: sole cropped cactus without straw mulching, sole cropped cactus with straw mulching, sole cropped millet without straw mulching, sole cropped millet with straw mulching, and cactus intercropping with millet, with and without straw mulching, each with four replicates. There were three cactus cycles and nine millet cycles (three cycles of cultivars BRS1501 and six of IPA Bulk-1-BF). Biometric parameters were evaluated monthly, while yield was determined after the crop harvest. Phyllochron was determined with the regression analysis. The PCA was applied to structural characteristics and yield. The systems adopted did not influence the structural characteristics of cactus and millet ( p > 0.05), except for cladode thickness, which increased with straw mulching. Phyllochron of the millet reduced when the crop was intercropped. The structural characteristics of cladode length, width, and thickness influenced crop yield, mainly in systems with straw mulching. Straw mulching and intercropping alter phyllochron of cactus and millet. The adoption of straw mulching has a more significant relationship with cactus yield, whereas biometric variables influence crop yield for millet, not the cropping system.(AU)

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RESUMO

The coronavirus pandemic has seriously affected human health, although some improvements on environmental indexes have temporarily occurred, due to changes on socio-cultural and economic standards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the coronavirus and the influence of the lockdown associated with rainfall on the water quality of the Capibaribe and Tejipió rivers, Recife, Northeast Brazil, using cloud remote sensing on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The study was carried out based on eight representative images from Sentinel-2. Among the selected images, two refer to the year 2019 (before the pandemic), three refer to 2020 (during a pandemic), two from the lockdown period (2020), and one for the year 2021. The land use and land cover (LULC) and slope of the study region were determined and classified. Water turbidity data were subjected to descriptive and multivariate statistics. When analyzing the data on LULC for the riparian margin of the Capibaribe and Tejipió rivers, a low permanent preservation area was found, with a predominance of almost 100% of the urban area to which the deposition of soil particles in rivers are minimal. The results indicated that turbidity values in the water bodies varied from 6 mg. L-1 up to 40 mg. L-1. Overall, the reduction in human-based activities generated by the lockdown enabled improvements in water quality of these urban rivers.

RESUMO

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, têm-se observado o crescimento da demanda de água e o agravamento dos cenários de escassez hídrica, bem como a ampliação de alternativas de reuso de água de efluentes de qualidade inferior, em particular de esgotos domésticos tratados. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a influência do substrato de pó de coco no controle de transporte de solutos em solos irrigados com esgoto tratado doméstico. A água residuária doméstica tratada provém da Unidade Experimental de Tratamento e Reúso Hidroagrícola, no distrito de Mutuca-PE. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial (2 × 3), cujos fatores avaliados compreenderam dois tipos de solos típicos da região (Neossolo Litólico e Argissolo Amarelo) e três tratamentos (sem pó de coco, 1 cm de pó de coco e 2 cm de pó de coco), com cinco repetições. Os parâmetros de transporte dos íons sódio e potássio foram obtidos por ajuste numérico, utilizando-se o modelo STANMOD. Constatou-se a existência de interação com soluto, sódio e potássio, em solo arenoso. O modelo STANMOD apresentou ótimo desempenho na simulação do transporte de solutos no solo. A cobertura de pó de coco mostrou-se eficiente na diminuição da lixiviação de íons em ambos os solos estudados.

ABSTRACT In the last decades, there has been an increase in the demand for water and the aggravation of water scarcity scenarios, as well as the expansion of water reuse alternatives for lower quality effluents, in particular treated domestic sewage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of coconut powder substrate on the control of solute transport in irrigated soils with treated sewage reuse. The treated domestic wastewater comes from the Experimental Unit for Treatment and Agricultural Reuse in the district of Mutuca, Pernambuco. The experimental design was in a factorial scheme (2 × 3), whose evaluated factors comprised two types of soils typical of the region (Leptosols and Yellow Argisol) and three treatments (no coconut powder, 1 cm coconut powder, and 2 cm coconut powder) with five replicates. The transport parameters of the sodium and potassium ions were obtained by numerical adjustment using the STANMOD model. It was found the existence of interaction with solute, sodium, and potassium in sandy soil. The STANMOD model presented excellent performance in the simulation of solute transport in the soil. Soil coverage with coconut powder was shown to be efficient in reducing leaching of ions in both studied soils.

RESUMO

RESUMO A região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro é marcada por elevadas incertezas quanto à ocorrência de chuvas intensas, bem como por anos sequenciados de secas. Esses fenômenos naturais, somados à reduzida utilização de práticas conservacionistas, podem gerar degradação dos solos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a importância do uso de cobertura morta e espécies de oleaginosas não convencionais perenes (Moringa oleifera Lam. e Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) no controle da erosão do solo em parcelas de erosão, em condições de chuvas naturais. O estudo realizou-se durante os anos de 2016 e 2017 na bacia representativa do Mimoso, localizada no município de Pesqueira (PE), Brasil. Na área de estudo, instalaram-se três parcelas de erosão, cada uma com área igual a 40 m2 (2 × 20 m), que foram intensamente monitoradas no tocante à intensidade de precipitação, à umidade e à temperatura do solo, ao escoamento superficial e à produção de sedimentos. Para cada parcela experimental, adotaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: oleaginosas; oleaginosas + cobertura morta; solo descoberto. A cobertura do solo com oleaginosas e cobertura morta resultou em maior retenção de umidade do solo e menores valores de escoamento superficial e perdas de solo. O desenvolvimento da estrutura das oleaginosas diminuiu o impacto direto das gotas de chuva no solo, reduzindo as perdas de solo quando comparadas ao descoberto.

ABSTRACT The semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast is marked by strong uncertainties regarding the occurrence of extreme rainfall, as well as the occurrence of sequenced year droughts. These natural phenomena, together with limited use of soil and water conservation practices, can generate soil degradation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the importance of the use of mulch and non-conventional perennial oleaginous species (Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in soil erosion plots under natural rainfall. The study was conducted during the years of 2016 and 2017 in the representative basin of Mimoso, located in the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil. Three erosion plots each with an area of 40 m2 (2 m × 20 m), were installed in the study area, which were intensively monitored for rainfall intensity, soil moisture and temperature, runoff and sediment production. For each experimental plot, the following treatments were adopted: Oleaginous; Oleaginous + mulch; Bare soil. Soil cover with oleaginous species and mulch resulted in higher soil moisture and lower amounts of runoff and soil loss. The development of the tree structure of the oleaginous reduced the direct impact of raindrops on the soil surface, reducing the soil losses when compared to the bare soil.

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to assess the spatial variability pattern concerning udder surface temperature in dairy cows that were healthy and in those with mastitis. A total of 24 animals were selected - eight healthy, eight with subclinical mastitis, and eight with clinical mastitis. Images were taken with a Flir i60 thermographic camera - resolution of 0.01°C, focal length of 1.0 m, and emissivity adjusted to 0.98 - between 05:00 and 07:00, totaling 96 images, three per animal, of the front and rear, right and left mammary quarters. Analyses were run through geostatistics, with semivariogram adjustment to validate the theoretical model and build kriging maps. The average surface temperature of the mammary quarters with positive classification for subclinical mastitis stood between 33.2 ± 0.67ºC and 34.64± 1.07ºC; for negative quarters, values ranged from 29.3 ± 1.78ºC to 32.24 ± 0.62ºC. The udder surface temperatures of healthy animals were lower than those of animals with subclinical mastitis (29.3ºC ± 1.78 and 31.58ºC ± 0.62). The udder surface temperature of animals with clinical mastitis was higher, between 34.0 and 37.5°C, compared to the other clinical statuses. The scale adopted for image pattern analysis successfully identified the spatial dependence of udder surface temperature, which helped standardize diagnostic procedures for healthy animals, and for those with subclinical and clinical mastitis, by means of geostatistics.(AU)

Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o padrão de variabilidade espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere de vacas leiteiras saudáveis e com mastite. Foram selecionados 24 animais, oito saudáveis, oito com mastite subclínica e oito com mastite clínica. As imagens foram obtidas a partir de uma câmera termográfica Flir i60, resolução de 0,01 °C, 1,0 m de distância focal e emissividade ajustada para 0,98. O horário de realização das imagens foi entre às 05 e 07h00, que totalizaram 96 imagens, três por animal, nos enquadramentos anterolateral direito, anterolateral esquerdo, posterior e inferior. As análises foram realizadas pela geoestatística, com ajuste do semivariograma para validação do modelo teórico e construção dos mapas de krigagem. A temperatura média de superfície dos quartos mamários com classificação positiva para mastite subclínica apresentou valores entre 33,2 ± 0,67ºC e 34,64± 1,07ºC; para os quartos negativos entre 29,3 ± 1,78ºC e 32,24 ± 0,62ºC. Os animais saudáveis apresentaram temperatura de superfície de úbere inferior àqueles com mastite subclínica (29,3ºC ± 1,78 e 31,58ºC ± 0,62). A temperatura da superfície do úbere dos animais com mastite clínica foi mais elevada, entre 34,0 e 37,5°C, comparativamente aos demais quadros clínicos. A escala adotada para análise do padrão das imagens identificou com sucesso a dependência espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere, o que contribuiu para padronização dos procedimentos de diagnóstico para animais saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica, por meio da geoestatística.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to assess the spatial variability pattern concerning udder surface temperature in dairy cows that were healthy and in those with mastitis. A total of 24 animals were selected - eight healthy, eight with subclinical mastitis, and eight with clinical mastitis. Images were taken with a Flir i60 thermographic camera - resolution of 0.01°C, focal length of 1.0 m, and emissivity adjusted to 0.98 - between 05:00 and 07:00, totaling 96 images, three per animal, of the front and rear, right and left mammary quarters. Analyses were run through geostatistics, with semivariogram adjustment to validate the theoretical model and build kriging maps. The average surface temperature of the mammary quarters with positive classification for subclinical mastitis stood between 33.2 ± 0.67ºC and 34.64± 1.07ºC; for negative quarters, values ranged from 29.3 ± 1.78ºC to 32.24 ± 0.62ºC. The udder surface temperatures of healthy animals were lower than those of animals with subclinical mastitis (29.3ºC ± 1.78 and 31.58ºC ± 0.62). The udder surface temperature of animals with clinical mastitis was higher, between 34.0 and 37.5°C, compared to the other clinical statuses. The scale adopted for image pattern analysis successfully identified the spatial dependence of udder surface temperature, which helped standardize diagnostic procedures for healthy animals, and for those with subclinical and clinical mastitis, by means of geostatistics.

Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o padrão de variabilidade espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere de vacas leiteiras saudáveis e com mastite. Foram selecionados 24 animais, oito saudáveis, oito com mastite subclínica e oito com mastite clínica. As imagens foram obtidas a partir de uma câmera termográfica Flir i60, resolução de 0,01 °C, 1,0 m de distância focal e emissividade ajustada para 0,98. O horário de realização das imagens foi entre às 05 e 07h00, que totalizaram 96 imagens, três por animal, nos enquadramentos anterolateral direito, anterolateral esquerdo, posterior e inferior. As análises foram realizadas pela geoestatística, com ajuste do semivariograma para validação do modelo teórico e construção dos mapas de krigagem. A temperatura média de superfície dos quartos mamários com classificação positiva para mastite subclínica apresentou valores entre 33,2 ± 0,67ºC e 34,64± 1,07ºC; para os quartos negativos entre 29,3 ± 1,78ºC e 32,24 ± 0,62ºC. Os animais saudáveis apresentaram temperatura de superfície de úbere inferior àqueles com mastite subclínica (29,3ºC ± 1,78 e 31,58ºC ± 0,62). A temperatura da superfície do úbere dos animais com mastite clínica foi mais elevada, entre 34,0 e 37,5°C, comparativamente aos demais quadros clínicos. A escala adotada para análise do padrão das imagens identificou com sucesso a dependência espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere, o que contribuiu para padronização dos procedimentos de diagnóstico para animais saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica, por meio da geoestatística.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A análise dos atributos físicos e da salinidade de solos em áreas irrigadas é de extrema importância para elaboração e implantação de propostas de manejo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a dependência espacial das frações granulométricas e da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação, foi desenvolvido um estudo em área aluvial irrigada no semi-árido de Pernambuco, em que se adotou uma malha regular de 5 x 5m, correspondendo a um total de 98 pontos amostrais, e foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise estatística clássica, seguida de análise geoestatística. A variabilidade dos dados foi classificada como média para todas as variáveis estudadas, com coeficientes de variação respectivamente de 26,08; 14,81; 16,01 e 28,00 por cento para areia, argila, silte e condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação. A dependência espacial foi considerada alta para as frações granulométricas e moderada para a condutividade elétrica, com alcances de 56, 50, 55 e 35m, respectivamente. A condutividade elétrica está fortemente correlacionada espacialmente com o teor de silte, apresentando alcance de 52m para o semivariograma cruzado. Os resultados ressaltam a importância da fração silte na distribuição espacial da salinidade, bem como na relevância para o manejo racional do solo estudado.

Analysis of the physical attributes and salinity of soils is important for proposing management strategies in irrigated areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial dependence of the granulometric fractions and electric conductivity of the saturation extract in an area irrigated in the semi-arid of Pernambuco State. A 5 x 5m regular mesh was adopted, with 98 sampling points collected at depth 0-20cm. The variables have been analysed through statistics and geoestatistics. The variation coefficients of the saturation extract were 26.08; 14.81; 16.01 and 28.00 percent for sand, clay, silt and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, respectively. The spatial dependence was identified as high for the granulometric fractions and as moderate for the electric conductivity, with ranges of 56; 50 and 55 and 35m, respectively. The electric conductivity has a strong spatial correlation with silt content, presenting range of 52m, for the cross semivariogram. The results highlight the importance of the silt fraction in the spatial distribution of salinity in loam soils, and its relevance for adequate management of these soils.

RESUMO

A análise dos atributos físicos e da salinidade de solos em áreas irrigadas é de extrema importância para elaboração e implantação de propostas de manejo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a dependência espacial das frações granulométricas e da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação, foi desenvolvido um estudo em área aluvial irrigada no semi-árido de Pernambuco, em que se adotou uma malha regular de 5 x 5m, correspondendo a um total de 98 pontos amostrais, e foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise estatística clássica, seguida de análise geoestatística. A variabilidade dos dados foi classificada como média para todas as variáveis estudadas, com coeficientes de variação respectivamente de 26,08; 14,81; 16,01 e 28,00 por cento para areia, argila, silte e condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação. A dependência espacial foi considerada alta para as frações granulométricas e moderada para a condutividade elétrica, com alcances de 56, 50, 55 e 35m, respectivamente. A condutividade elétrica está fortemente correlacionada espacialmente com o teor de silte, apresentando alcance de 52m para o semivariograma cruzado. Os resultados ressaltam a importância da fração silte na distribuição espacial da salinidade, bem como na relevância para o manejo racional do solo estudado.(AU)

Analysis of the physical attributes and salinity of soils is important for proposing management strategies in irrigated areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial dependence of the granulometric fractions and electric conductivity of the saturation extract in an area irrigated in the semi-arid of Pernambuco State. A 5 x 5m regular mesh was adopted, with 98 sampling points collected at depth 0-20cm. The variables have been analysed through statistics and geoestatistics. The variation coefficients of the saturation extract were 26.08; 14.81; 16.01 and 28.00 percent for sand, clay, silt and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, respectively. The spatial dependence was identified as high for the granulometric fractions and as moderate for the electric conductivity, with ranges of 56; 50 and 55 and 35m, respectively. The electric conductivity has a strong spatial correlation with silt content, presenting range of 52m, for the cross semivariogram. The results highlight the importance of the silt fraction in the spatial distribution of salinity in loam soils, and its relevance for adequate management of these soils.(AU)

Assuntos