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ABSTRACT Purpose: This study investigates the protective effect of cilostazol on the development and evolution of diabetic retinopathy in rats. Methods: Sixty male rats were divided into four groups: untreated nondiabetic rats, untreated diabetic rats, cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats, and cilostazol-treated diabetic rats. The thickness of the internal limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer were measured. The number of cell nuclei per 50-μm length in retinal sections was counted to quantify the degree of retinal cell loss. Results: The number of nuclei in the ganglion cell layer was significantly higher in untreated nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). The mean number of nuclei in the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that in the cilostazol-treated diabetic rats (p<0.05). The cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats had a significantly higher mean nuclei count in the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer as compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The total mean retinal thickness of the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that of cilostazol-treated diabetic rats and untreated diabetic rats (p<0.05). Conclusion: By decreasing the loss of ganglion cells and reducing the sensorineural atrophy in the internal retinal layers, cilostazol had a protective effect against changes caused by diabetic retinopathy in diabetic rats.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito protetor do cilostazol no desenvolvimento e na evolução da retinopatia diabética em ratos. Métodos: Sessenta ratos machos foram divididos em 4 grupos: ratos não-diabéticos não-tratados, ratos diabéticos não-tratados, ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol e ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol. A espessura da membrana limitante interna à membrana limitante externa, a camada plexiforme interna, a camada nuclear interna e a camada nuclear externa foram medidas. Para quantificar o grau de perda de células da retina, foi contado o número de núcleos de células por 50 μm de comprimento em secções retinianas. Resultados: O número de núcleos no GCL foi significativamente maior em Ratos não-diabéticos não-tratados com cilostazol (p<0,05). O número médio de núcleos em Ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que em Ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol (p<0,05). A contagem média de núcleos em camada nuclear interna e camada plexiforme interna de ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que nos outros grupos (p<0,05). A espessura retiniana média total de Ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que em Ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol e Ratos diabéticos não-tratados (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que o cilostazol teve um efeito protetor contra as alterações causadas pela retinopatia diabética em ratos diabéticos, diminuindo a perda de células ganglionares e reduzindo a atrofia neurossensorial nas camadas retinianas internas.

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PURPOSE: This study investigates the protective effect of cilostazol on the development and evolution of diabetic retinopathy in rats. METHODS: Sixty male rats were divided into four groups: untreated nondiabetic rats, untreated diabetic rats, cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats, and cilostazol-treated diabetic rats. The thickness of the internal limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer were measured. The number of cell nuclei per 50-µm length in retinal sections was counted to quantify the degree of retinal cell loss. RESULTS: The number of nuclei in the ganglion cell layer was significantly higher in untreated nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). The mean number of nuclei in the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that in the cilostazol-treated diabetic rats (p<0.05). The cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats had a significantly higher mean nuclei count in the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer as compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The total mean retinal thickness of the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that of cilostazol-treated diabetic rats and untreated diabetic rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: By decreasing the loss of ganglion cells and reducing the sensorineural atrophy in the internal retinal layers, cilostazol had a protective effect against changes caused by diabetic retinopathy in diabetic rats.

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Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of malignant skin cancer. It is also quite aggressive. The increasing incidence of the disease can be altered given its connection with sun exposure. The aim of this study was to establish the clinical and histomorphological profile of squamous cell carcinoma in the region of Campos Gerais, State of Paraná, Brazil and analyze and compare the features of the disease found in the literature. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in a pathology laboratory with selected invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma reports issued after excisional biopsy from January 2002 to December 2011. We selected 374 cases of head and neck SCC, mean age 71.53 years, with a predominance of male patients, moderate degree of histological differentiation, Clark level IV, and absence of perineural, neural, or angiolymphatic invasions. Our results differ on some points from those found in the literature.

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BACKGROUND: Venous arterialization has been adopted as a strategy for salvage of limbs in critical ischemia without the distal arterial bed, with successful outcomes, but the mechanisms by which irrigation of the extremities takes place are still unknown. OBJECTIVES: To develop an experimental model to test hypotheses that could explain the mechanisms of blood supply in venous arterialization. METHODS: Eleven pigs underwent a period of hind limb ischemia followed by reperfusion achieved by venous arterialization, after interposition of conduits filled with 10 ml (5 animals - group 1) or 1 ml (6 animals - group 2) of China Ink. After euthanasia, the limbs were amputated and underwent histological analysis. RESULTS: Under optical microscopy, ink staining was observed in the arteriolar lumen of six (55%) of the eleven pigs used in the experiment; four (80%) out of five from group 1 and two (33%) out of six from group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental model was capable of testing the hypothesis. The presence of China Ink in the arteriolar lumen shows that it is possible to supply the arterial vessels by means of venous arterialization.

CONTEXTO: A arterialização venosa tem sido adotada com bons resultados como estratégia para salvar membros em isquemia crítica sem leito arterial distal. No entanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a irrigação das extremidades ocorre permanecem desconhecidos. OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver um modelo experimental para testar hipóteses que podem explicar os mecanismos de nutrição em arterialização venosa. MÉTODOS: Onze porcos foram submetidos a um período de isquemia seguida de reperfusão do membro posterior, realizada por arterialização venosa, com interposição de condutos preenchidos com 10 mL (cinco animais - grupo 1) e 1 mL (seis animais - grupo 2) de tinta da China. Após a eutanásia, os membros foram amputados e submetidos a análise histológica. RESULTADOS: Na microscopia óptica, o pigmento foi encontrado no lúmen de arteríolas de seis (55%) dos 11 porcos utilizados no experimento; quatro (80%) de cinco animais eram do grupo 1 e dois (33%) de seis animais eram do grupo 2. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo experimental utilizado foi capaz de testar a hipótese. A presença de tinta da China no lúmen arteriolar mostra que é possível alcançar o vaso arterial por meio de arterialização venosa.

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Objectives: To compare the interobserver variability in the diagnostic of serrated and non- serrated adenomatous lesions and hyperplastic polyps of colon between two groups of pathologists. Methods: 310 colorectal polyps were studied, with histological diagnoses established by a group of pathologists comprising three general pathologists for initial diagnosis, and two gastrointestinal pathologists for expert diagnosis. Results: High interobserver variability was observed in the diagnosis of serrated polyps, when comparing the initial diagnosis with the expert diagnosis (kappa = 0.102). For the majority of both traditional serrated adenomas and sessile serrated adenomas (27/31), a diagnosis of hyperplastic polyps was established at the initial diagnosis. Conclusions: Poor agreement was observed in the diagnosis of serrated polyps between the two groups of pathologists. The accuracy in the diagnosis of these lesions is essential for the prevention of colorectal cancer. (AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a variabilidade interobservador dos diagnósticos das lesões adenomatosas serrilhadas e não serrilhadas e pólipos hiperplásicos do cólon entre dois comitê de patologistas. Métodos: Foram estudados 310 pólipos colorretais, diagnosticados histologicamente por um comitê de patologia, composto por três patologistas gerais para o diagnóstico inicial e por dois patologistas gastrointestinais para o diagnóstico dos especialistas. Resultados: Houve alta variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico dos pólipos serrilhados, ao serem comparados o diagnóstico inicial com o diagnóstico dos especialistas (kappa = 0,102). A maioria das lesões adenomatosas serrilhadas sésseis e tradicionais (27/31) foi diagnosticada pelo diagnóstico inicial como pólipos hiperplásicos. Conclusões: Houve baixa concordância no diagnóstico dos pólipos serrilhados colorretais entre os dois comitês de patologistas. A acurácia desses diagnósticos é fundamental para a prevenção do carcinoma colorretal. (AU)

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Os autores relatam um caso de meduloepitelioma teratóide maligno intra-ocular acometendo uma menina de 7 anos com história de glaucoma congênito. O padrão histológico demonstrou ilhas de epitélio primitivo, com freqüentes estruturas tubulares e focos de cartilagem. Após procedimento cirúrgico, a paciente encontra-se bem, sem evidência de recorrência tumoral

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