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3.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 20(10): 1100-7, 2004 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15585101

RESUMO

Different complex structures of the pol gene have been identified in 284 HIV-1 B/F recombinant sequences obtained from a group of 587 patients under treatment failure from Argentina. To analyze the mosaic structures of these viral sequences and to determine their phylogenetic relationship, the 284 partial pol gene sequences of BF recombinant viruses were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Intersubtype breakpoints were analyzed by bootscanning. Phylogenetic relationships were determined by means of neighbor-joining trees. The analysis of the sequences showed multiple phylogenetic topologies clustering within intersubtype BF reference sequences. At least three different mosaic patterns were found compared to previously described BF-type viruses with unequal distribution in the studied population. The analysis also showed that HIV-1 BF recombinant viruses with diverse mosaic structures are phylogenetically related in their F segments and in selected B fragments with the F1 subtype and with BF recombinant viruses from Brazil, respectively, suggesting a common recombinant ancestor. No association was observed between the prevalence of each mosaic pattern and the frequency of major drug-resistance mutations in PR and RT.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Genes pol/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/classificação , Recombinação Genética , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Argentina , Farmacorresistência Viral , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Filogenia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Falha de Tratamento
4.
Rev Invest Clin ; 56(2): 232-6, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15377076

RESUMO

Conflicting evidence regarding the impact of baseline plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell count on survival after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected patients has resulted in wide variability in the expert recommendations regarding when to start therapy. Early initiation of HAART may result in avoidable toxicities and premature evolution of resistance, whereas delaying HAART may increase the risk of opportunistic infections and/or preclude a worse virological and clinical response to therapy. While there is widespread consensus that HAART can be delayed to a CD4 cell count of 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L, the range between this threshold and 0.200 x 10(9) cells/L remains controversial. Greater uncertainty surrounds the role of baseline plasma HIV RNA, with some guidelines recommending initiating HAART when this level rises above 55,000 c/mL regardless of baseline CD4 cell count. The following review examines the evidence in support of delaying the initiation of HAART to a CD4 cell count of 0.200 x 10(9) cells/L regardless of plasma HIV RNA levels and outlines supporting data from a Canadian prospective cohort study of antiretroviral naive patients treated with HAART.


Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV/genética , RNA/sangue , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
5.
Rev. invest. clín ; Rev. invest. clín;56(2): 232-236, abr. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-632324

RESUMO

Conflicting evidence regarding the impact of baseline plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell count on survival after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected patients has resulted in wide variability in the expert recommendations regarding the when to start therapy. Early initiation of HAART may result in avoidable toxicities and premature evolution of resistance, whereas delaying HAART may increase the risk of opportunistic infections and/or preclude a worse virological and clinical response to therapy. While there is widespread consensus that HAART can be delayed to a CD4 cell count of 0.350 x 10 9 cells/L, the range between this threshold and 0.200 x 10 9 cells/L remains controversial. Greater uncertainty surrounds the role of baseline plasma HIV RNA, with some guidelines recommending initiating HAART when this level rises above 55,000 c/mL regardless of baseline CD4 cell count. The following review examines the evidence in support of delaying the initiation of HAART to a CD4 cell count of 0.200 x 10 9 cells/L regardless of plasma HIV RNA levels and outlines supporting data from a Canadian prospective cohort study of antiretroviral naïve patients treated with HAART. KEY WORDS. Plasma viral load. Adherence. Viral load supression. Virologic failure. Survival.


La carga viral plasmática y el nivel de los linfocitos CD4+ en la sangre son marcadores biológicos de alto valor pronóstico, en lo que se refiere a la historia natural de la infección por HIV. Esto ha sido demostrado en forma terminante en pacientes no tratados. El impacto y valor relativo de dichos marcadores en el pronóstico de pacientes que inician terapia antirretroviral no está totalmente aclarado. Esto ha generado opiniones diversas en la literatura médica, especialmente en lo que se refiere a las recomendaciones para el inicio del tratamiento en pacientes asintomáticos. Existe acuerdo general que el inicio del tratamiento se puede demorar hasta que los linfocitos CD4+ están en un nivel de 0.350 x 10 9 cells/L. Nuestros resultados, basados en una cohorte prospectiva canadiense, demuestran que es aceptable demorar el inicio del tratamiento hasta que los linfocitos CD4+ están en un nivel de 0.200 x 10 9 cells/L sin importar el nivel de la carga viral plasmática.


Assuntos
Humanos , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , HIV , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , RNA , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
6.
N Engl J Med ; 348(22): 2175-85, 2003 May 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12637625

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The T-20 vs. Optimized Regimen Only Study 1 (TORO 1) was a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study of enfuvirtide (T-20), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor. METHODS: Patients from 48 sites in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil with at least six months of previous treatment with agents in three classes of antiretroviral drugs, resistance to drugs in these classes, or both, and with at least 5000 copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter of plasma were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive enfuvirtide plus an optimized background regimen of three to five antiretroviral drugs or such a regimen alone (control group). The primary efficacy end point was the change in the plasma HIV-1 RNA level from base line to week 24. RESULTS: A total of 501 patients underwent randomization, and 491 received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one measurement of plasma HIV-1 RNA after treatment began. The two groups were balanced in terms of the median base-line HIV-1 RNA level (5.2 log10 copies per milliliter in both groups), median CD4+ cell count (75.5 cells per cubic millimeter in the enfuvirtide group, and 87.0 cells per cubic millimeter in the control group), demographic characteristics, and previous antiretroviral therapy. At 24 weeks, the least-squares mean change from base line in the viral load (intention-to-treat, last observation carried forward) was a decrease of 1.696 log10 copies per milliliter in the enfuvirtide group, and a decrease of 0.764 log10 copies per milliliter in the control group (P<0.001). The mean increases in CD4+ cell count were 76 cells per cubic millimeter and 32 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively (P<0.001). Reactions at the site of the injections were reported by 98 percent of patients receiving enfuvirtide. There were more cases of pneumonia in the enfuvirtide group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of enfuvirtide to an optimized antiretroviral regimen provided significant antiretroviral and immunologic benefit through 24 weeks in patients who had previously received multiple antiretroviral drugs and had multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection.


Assuntos
Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Fusão de HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Enfuvirtida , Feminino , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Fusão de HIV/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , América do Norte , Cooperação do Paciente , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , RNA Viral/sangue
7.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr ; 29(4): 368-73, 2002 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11917241

RESUMO

Twenty-four subjects presenting at a single treatment center with primary HIV infection were enrolled in a pilot study aimed to establish the possible role of hydroxyurea in this setting. Study participants were randomly assigned to receive or not to receive hydroxyurea in addition to stavudine (d4T) plus didanosine (ddI) and nevirapine (NVP). Seventy-five percent of patients without hydroxyurea had plasma HIV RNA below 50 copies/mL at 48 weeks by both intention-to-treat (ITT) and on-treatment (OT) analysis in comparison with 50% (ITT) and 67% (OT) of patients with hydroxyurea (p >.1). A median increase of >200 cells/mm3 was observed from baseline to week 48 whether or not hydroxyurea was included in the regimen. Overall, in 12 patients treated with hydroxyurea, 33 adverse events were reported versus 19 reported for 12 patients who did not receive hydroxyurea (p <.05). Our results suggest that that adding hydroxyurea to a regimen of d4T plus ddI and NVP increases toxicity without improving the antiviral effect.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hidroxiureia/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Didanosina/efeitos adversos , Didanosina/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nevirapina/efeitos adversos , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Projetos Piloto , RNA Viral/sangue , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Estavudina/efeitos adversos , Estavudina/uso terapêutico , Viremia/tratamento farmacológico
8.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; Medicina (B.Aires);59(4): 385-92, 1999. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-247900

RESUMO

La estrategia terapéutica antirretroviral cambió en 1996, al confirmarse el valor pronóstico de la carga viral plasmática y el recuento de linfocitos CD4+. Más recientemente se revisaron los lineamientos terapéuticos en favor de regímenes de tres drogas (dos nucleósidos y un inhibidor de las proteasas, o un no nucleósido) en forma exclusiva, con el objetivo de obtener la caída sostenida de la carga viral por debajo de 50 copias/ml. Ello ha dado lugar junto con una reconstitución del aparato inmune a la caída de la morbi-mortalidad asociada al SIDA. Se analizan las diferentes combinaciones de drogas empleadas en ensayos clínicos y sus resultados, las definiciones de fracaso terapéutico y sus consecuencias para el control del tratamiento. Con los esquemas actuales, el virus no es totalmente erradicado del organismo y los tratamientos deben continuarse de por vida. Las presentaciones combinadas de drogas en una misma tableta, y la disminución en el número de tomas diarias facilitan la adherencia del paciente y pueden permitir programas de tratamiento supervisado como los ya contemplados con éxito en tuberculosis. Se estudia actualmente la forma de disminuir los efectos adversos de estos regímenes. El uso de las pruebas de resistencia del virus y los fármacos facilita la selección del tratamiento más adecuado.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Resultado do Tratamento
9.
Medicina [B.Aires] ; 59(4): 385-92, 1999. tab, gra
Artigo em Espanhol | BINACIS | ID: bin-14398

RESUMO

La estrategia terapéutica antirretroviral cambió en 1996, al confirmarse el valor pronóstico de la carga viral plasmática y el recuento de linfocitos CD4+. Más recientemente se revisaron los lineamientos terapéuticos en favor de regímenes de tres drogas (dos nucleósidos y un inhibidor de las proteasas, o un no nucleósido) en forma exclusiva, con el objetivo de obtener la caída sostenida de la carga viral por debajo de 50 copias/ml. Ello ha dado lugar junto con una reconstitución del aparato inmune a la caída de la morbi-mortalidad asociada al SIDA. Se analizan las diferentes combinaciones de drogas empleadas en ensayos clínicos y sus resultados, las definiciones de fracaso terapéutico y sus consecuencias para el control del tratamiento. Con los esquemas actuales, el virus no es totalmente erradicado del organismo y los tratamientos deben continuarse de por vida. Las presentaciones combinadas de drogas en una misma tableta, y la disminución en el número de tomas diarias facilitan la adherencia del paciente y pueden permitir programas de tratamiento supervisado como los ya contemplados con éxito en tuberculosis. Se estudia actualmente la forma de disminuir los efectos adversos de estos regímenes. El uso de las pruebas de resistencia del virus y los fármacos facilita la selección del tratamiento más adecuado. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Resultado do Tratamento
10.
Artigo | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-15673

RESUMO

Después de haber disminuido durante muchos años, el número de casos de tuberculosis (TB) activa aumentó en el Canadá a fines de los años ochenta, pero a diferencia de lo que ha sucedido en los Estados Unidos de América, ese incremento no se atribuye directamente a la epidemia de infección por VIH. Aún así en Canadá, como en muchas otras partes del mundo, preocupa la posible interacción de VIH con la TB. En esta revisión se discuten el estado actual de estas dos infecciones y su interacción en el territorio canadiense, así como las pautas aplicadas en el país para identificar, investigar y tratar a personas que tienen ambas infecciones simultáneamente (AU)


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Canadá , Tuberculose , Estudos Transversais
12.
In. Sánches, Jorge; Mazzotti, Guido; Cuéllar, Luis; Campos, Pablo; Gotuzzo, Eduardo. SIDA: epidemiología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la infección VIH/SIDA. s.l, s.n, 1994. p.291-310, tab.
Monografia em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-230355
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