RESUMO
The Paraná River Delta in South America, a large wetlands macromosaic, faces threats from climate change, human activities like livestock intensification, and hydrological modifications driven by the construction of water management infrastructure to prevent flooding in productive lands. Macroinvertebrates, essential for wetland health, are affected by cattle-induced changes in water quality, nutrient enrichment, and trampling, posing challenges to the ecosystem's ecological balance and long-term survival of these organisms. In this study, we analyzed the impact of two categories of cattle stocking rates (low and high) on the taxonomic and functional structure of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in freshwater marshes. In addition, we compare the influence of cattle stocking rate on macroinvertebrates in natural and modified freshwater marshes, and, finally, the effect of cattle stocking rate in three contrasting hydrometeorological periods: a drier, a humid, and an extreme drought period. Samplings were conducted in 16 freshwater habitats of the Lower Paraná River Delta, examining variables such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, coliforms, and nutrient concentrations. Macroinvertebrates were collected and functional and taxonomic metrics were estimated. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were conducted to evaluate the effects of cattle stocking rates, hydrological modifications, and hydrometeorological periods on macroinvertebrate metrics and environmental variables. RDA, PERMANOVA, and SIMPER analyses explored the relationships between assemblage composition and environmental factors. High stocking rate altered the community structure, modifying its composition and decreasing the density, taxonomic and functional richness. Moreover, hydrological alterations exacerbated these negative impacts of cattle overstocking in macroinvertebrates. Under severe drought conditions, only tolerant species can survive cattle overstocking conditions. Our findings provide relevant insight into the ecological risks associated with cattle overstocking in natural and modified freshwater marshes and underscore the need to control cattle stocking rates in extreme drought to avoid loss of ecological functions.
Assuntos
Invertebrados , Áreas Alagadas , Animais , Bovinos , Invertebrados/fisiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Brasil , Água Doce , Rios , Biodiversidade , HidrologiaRESUMO
Studies of the relationships between the temporal variation of biological phenomena and environmental factors are essential to understanding the dynamics of communities. Phenology is a structuring element and, together with voltinism, is related to timing of reproductive activities. The aim of this study is to ascertain the structure and composition of the Chironomid assemblage and its emergence patterns in relation to the environmental variables through the use of the Chironomid pupal exuviae technique using the Neotropical streams as a model. The streams presented similar species compositions. The highest density of pupal exuviae was recorded during spring and the greatest richness in late summer and early autumn. Chironominae presented greater prevalence throughout the year with oscillations for Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Chironominae and Tanypodinae presented emergence peaks in spring-summer and Orthocladiinae in autumn-winter. Rainfall, photoperiod and water and air temperatures structured the Chironomid assemblage, influencing emergence. Univoltine, bivoltine and multivoltine species were recorded. The species presented interspecific synchronization in emergence peaks at different times of the year.
Assuntos
Chironomidae , Animais , Pupa , Rios , Estações do Ano , ÁguaRESUMO
Chironomid larvae are important components of aquatic biota, due to their abundance and participation in food webs, and because they are considered environmental bioindicators. Many laboratory studies have analyzed the effects of pollutants on chironomids, especially on Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905. However, little is known about the life cycle attributes of Chironomidae (Diptera). The main pourpose of this study was to analyze C. calligraphus life cycle under laboratory conditions. The growth rate was almost constant between larval instars (r= 1.60 ±0.02), the immature development time (D) was 15 days and the minimum generation time (G) was 18 days. According to these results and field observations C. calligraphus has a temperature-dependent life cycle, with several overlapped short duration cohorts in spring-summer followed by one or two generations of longer duration in winter.
Las larvas de quironómidos son componentes importantes de la biota acuática por su participación en las tramas tróficas y por ser bioindicadores de condiciones ambientales. Muchos estudios de laboratorio han analizado los efectos de diferentes contaminantes sobre quironómidos, especialmente sobre Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre los atributos de su ciclo de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el ciclo de vida de C. calligraphus en condiciones de laboratorio. La razón de crecimiento entre estadios larvales fue aproximadamente constante (r= 1,60 ±0,02), el tiempo de desarrollo (D) fue 15 días y el tiempo mínimo de generación (G) fue 18 días. De acuerdo a estos resultados y a observaciones realizadas en campo, C. calligraphus es una especie con ciclo de vida temperatura-dependiente con generaciones superpuestas de corta duración en primavera-verano y con una o dos generaciones de mayor duración en invierno.
As larvas de quironomídeos são componentes importantes da biota aquática por sua participação nas tramas tróficas e por serem bioindicadores de condições ambientais. Muitos estudos de laboratório têm analisado os efeitos de diferentes contaminantes sobre quironomídeos, especialmente sobre Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre os atributos de seu ciclo de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o ciclo de vida de C. calligraphus em condições de laboratório. A razão de crescimento entre estágios larvais foi aproximadamente constante (r= 1,60 ±0,02), o tempo de desenvolvimento (D) foi de 15 dias e o tempo mínimo de geração (G) foi de 18 dias. De acordo a estes resultados e a observações realizadas em campo, C. calligraphus é uma espécie com ciclo de vida temperatura-dependente com gerações superpostas de curta duração em primavera-verão e com uma ou duas gerações de maior duração no inverno.