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Wound healing can result in the development of keloid scars that contain atypical fibroblasts and an overabundance of extracellular matrix components. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) refers to exposure to pure oxygen under increased atmospheric pressure and is recognized as a valuable supplementary method of treatment for problematic wounds. The effect of HBO in the expression of insulin-like growth factor type 1 (ILGF-1) and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) messenger RNAs was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR in fibroblasts obtained from keloid scars and nonwound involved skin fibroblast from the same patient. ILGF-1 and TGF-ß are the principal mitogens during wound regeneration. We found a decrease in the growth of fibroblasts and in the expression of ILGF-1 and TGF-ß messengers in keloid and nonkeloid fibroblast after chronic exposition to hyperbaric oxygenation compared with normal oxygen partial pressure.

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The loss of the maxilla is a severe mutilation resulting from inadequate surgery of bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. It is usually associated with palatal fistulae, collapse of the maxillary segments, and limited facial growth.Functional rehabilitation can be achieved by reconstruction of the premaxilla with osteomucosal fibula grafts. Mucosal grafts are fixed to the fibula in a preliminary stage. The composite graft is transplanted to the maxilla 10 to 12 weeks later. Osteointegrated implants are placed 3 months later.The procedure was used in 7 patients, 1 holoprosencephaly and 6 with sequelae of bilateral clefts; mean age, 17.28 years, with a follow-up of 14 to 70 months.The mucosal grafts integrated successfully to the fibula in all the patients. The osteocutaneous graft achieved a solid maxillary arch in all the patients. Normal mastication was achieved with a prosthesis fixed to the osteointegrated implants. Facial proportions were greatly improved.

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Maxillonasal dysplasia is characterized by a concave facial profile and a flat nose. The etiology of Binder syndrome is skeletal hypoplasia around the piriform aperture and excavations-fossae prenasales, bilaterally in the nasal floor-which are pathognomonic. There is no real shortage of the soft tissues. In 2 medical centers in Sweden and Mexico, different grafts were used for reconstruction, but the focus was similar, filling out the maxilla anterior to the nasal floor and supporting the nasal framework to normalize tip projection. The basis for this study was to compare the long-term results between bone grafts in Sweden and cartilage grafts in Mexico. Sixteen patients from both groups were available for long-term follow-up. Simplified digital analysis of anthropometric variables were performed in the short-term and long-term follow-ups. The Swedish group had primary at the mean age of 21.3 years, whereas mean follow-up period was 16.8 years later. The Mexican group had primary at the age of 13.6 years, and the follow-up period was 8.4 years. Secondary correction was necessary in 25% of the patients in the bone graft group (Sweden) and in 19% of patients in the cartilage group (Mexico). Bone grafts slightly relapsed in tip projection and remodeled to some extent in the nasolabial angle. Cartilage grafts showed stability in the tip projection quotients and resulted in a postoperative normalization of the nasolabial angle but developed a slight relapse between the short-term and long-term follow-ups. Both techniques were stable in nose tip-length ratio, and a normalization of anthropometric variables was demonstrated in all the long-term follow-ups. Both the bone and cartilage graft techniques at the 2 centers rendered the intended result of an increased and normalized angle of convexity of the face and nasal tip projection. An experience in the properties and behavior of either graft is necessary to get a long-term stable outcome.

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Pierre Robin sequence is characterized by micro-gnathia, glossoptosis, feeding difficulties, and upper respiratory obstruction, which are frequently complicated by bronchial aspiration and pulmonary infection. Gastroesophageal reflux is also common in these patients. To assess the results of mandibular distraction, a study was performed in 18 patients to detect swallowing disorders associated with apnea episodes and gastroesophageal reflux. Polysomnography, barium pharyngoscopy, determination of blood gases, and esophageal pH measurements were undertaken before and 4 months after distraction osteogenesis. Bilateral corticotomies, followed by distraction with external devices, were performed, achieving 7 to 19 mm of elongation (mean = 12 mm). Gastroesophageal reflux was found in 83% of cases associated with apnea episodes, but it disappeared after distraction osteogenesis. Mean preoperative oxygen saturation was 72%, and it was 93% afterward. The preoperative apnea index was 18.3, and the preoperative 8.5 hypopnea index was 8.5; both disappeared. Pharyngeal transit time became less than 1 second after treatment. Abnormal tongue movements and barium stasis in the pharyngeal recess and in the trachea were eliminated in all the patients.

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An aspect of early Mexican surgery in the sixteenth century is presented. The treatment of facial wounds by Alonso Lopez de Hinojosos and Agustin Farfán is reviewed. Farfán proposed total nose reconstruction, with a cutaneous arm flap, 18 years before its description in De Curtorum Chirurgia, by Tagliacozzi, in 1597 in Venice, Italy. The chapter on facial wounds by Lopez de Hinojosos and Farfán shows their concern for the final aesthetic results and should be considered the first Mexican publication in the field of plastic surgery.

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INTRODUCTION: Sleep apnea is one of the most frequent manifestations of respiratory obstruction. Historically this clinical entity has stimulated the production of numerous valuable contributions with one purpose in mind: the improvement of airway permeability. A multi-disciplinary approach is required to define the problem in anatomic and functional terms to avoid a tracheostomy and prevent long-term sequels. We decided on an approach that focuses on improving the projection of the tongue in the posterior pharynx; by lengthening the mandible and bringing the muscular insertions of the floor of the mouth forward, the antero-posterior dimensions of the airway are increased. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mandibular distraction osteogenesis as a simple mandibular lengthening procedure useful as a definite treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The series consisted of 15 consecutive patients, divided in four groups. Patients with acute upper airway obstruction who required endotracheal intubation, patients with no acute upper airway obstruction but with severe respiratory distress, patients with milder degrees of airway obstruction, and patients with long-term tracheostomies. Therapeutic interventions were performed according to the findings of each group. RESULTS: The patients were evaluated according to cephalometric analysis, polysomnograms, nasopharyngoscopy, and clinical data. Significant changes were seen in the cephalometric studies. There were no postoperative episodes of apnea; clinical improvement occurred in all patients and decannulation was possible in all patients. CONCLUSION: Mandibular distraction is a safe and reliable procedure for treating patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

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Introducción. De los tumores pediátricos los hemangiomas son los más comunes y frecuentemente se localizan en las regiones de cabeza y cuello. Rara vez están asociados a síndrome dismórficos. En este reporte se presenta a una niña con un hemangioma y labio hendido bilateral; se revisan las teorías acerca de la embriogénesis del labio hendido y el posible origen de estos hallazgos clínicos. Caso clínico. Paciente del sexo femenino de 15 meses de edad con labio hendido complejo bilateral y un hemangioma localizado en el prolabio, en ambos segmentos laterales, nariz, mejilla y ceja superior izquierda; el paladar y el reborde alveolar estaban normales. La primera evidencia de la proliferación de la lesión apareció sobre el prolabio al poco tiempo del nacimiento. No se le apreciaban otras malformaciones. La extensión del tumor sobre la nariz mostró crecimiento a las 2 semanas de edad. A las 4 semanas, la lesión era evidente sobre los segmentos laterales del labio superior, mejilla izquierda, y ceja superior izquierda. Los estudios radiológicos, que incluían tomografía computada de cabeza y cuello, no mostraron evidencia de compromiso de huesos subyacentes o de otras estructuras vitales. El plan de tratamiento incluyó una reparación en línea recta de la hendidura bilateral y resección parcial del hemangioma. Se incluyen también los resultados postoperatorios. Conclusión. La correlación temprana de la fisura puede ser un tratamiento opcional en un niño que además de labio hendido tiene un hemangioma localizado, contrario a la reparación tardía acostumbrada

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The effect of electric field stimulation for promoting axonal growth between sural to facial nerve graft in cases of congenital permanent facial palsy associated with hemifacial microsomia was studied pre- and postoperatively. A sural to facial nerve graft was performed in all cases and long term postoperative electric field stimulation was randomly applied to half to the patients. Although improvement occurred in both groups, the results indicated that clinical and elctrophysiological recovery was significantly better in patients receiving post-operative electric field stimulation. The results, therefore, suggest that electric stimulation of the grafted area induces improvements of facial palsy over and above those observed in the non-stimulated patients

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Trinta e quatro pacientes portadores de tumor de parede torácica tratados no Instituto Nacional de Câncer, no período de janeiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1986, foram analisados retrospectivamente. Vinte tumores se originaram do arcabouço ósseo e 15 das partes moles (um paciente apresentou dois tumores separados). Deste total 23 eram malignos e distribuidos da seguinte maneira: 47,8% (11/23) nas partes moles e 52,2%) com histologia maligna tiveram queixas por no máximo cinco meses. O diagnóstico histopatológico mais comum foi sarcoma. O esterno estava comprometido pelo tumor em seis casos. Foram feitas nove ressecçöes osteocarilaginosas, 13 toracectomias, quatro ressecçöes parciais do esterno, nove ressecçöes de partes moles e biopsia da lesäo em dois casos. Nos pacientes submetidos a ressecçöes extensas a reconstruçäo plástica foi efetuada imediatamente. A mortalidade cirúrgica foi de 2,9% (1/34). O seguimento mínimo foi de seis meses. O controle local foi conseguido em 88% dos casos. Concluímos que a ressecçäo cirúrgica associada as novas técnicas de reconstruçäo é possivel e oferece excelentes índices de controle local dos tumores dessa regiäo

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Entre janeiro de 1980 e dezembro de 1987 admitimos em nosso serviço 49 pacientes portadores de tumores do mediastino, primários e secundários. Trinta eram do sexo masculino e 19 do sexo feminino. A maior incidência se deu na terceira década de vida. Os tumores malignos predominaram, ocorrendo em 28 pacientes (57%). A localizaçäo preferencial foi o mediastino anterior (51%), a seguir o compartimento visceral (31%) e depois o mediastino posterior (18%). Os sintomas estavam presentes em 34 pacientes (69,4%), 13 com tumores benignos (26,5%) e 21 com tumores malignos (42,9%). O sintoma mais freqüente foi a dor torácica (31%), seguido pelos sinais de compressäo de veia cava superior (19%). A toracotomia foi realizada em 26 pacientes, conseguindo-se a ressecçäo completa do tumor em 20 casos, dos quais quatro submetidos a quimioterapia prévia. Nos seis pacientes restantes, a toracotomia foi utilizada para obtençäo do diagnóstico histopatológico. A mediastinoscopia cervical e a mediastinotomia anterior foram empregadas em 10 e 8 casos, para biopsia tumoral em lesöes sabidamente irressecáveis. Näo houve mortalidade operatória. Concluimos que a toracotomia com ressecçäo é curativa nos tumores benignos e tem destaque no manuseio das lesöes malignas

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Existen actualmente muchas controversias acerca de la embriopatogénesis, el diagnóstico y el manejo terapéutico del paladar hendido submucoso. Con esta inquietud se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y transversal, incluyendo a todos los casos de paladar hendido submucoso que acudieron al Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reconstructiva del Hospital Manuel Gea González de 1979 a 1984. Se realizó un análisis con énfasis en: características cefalométricas, nasoendoscopia, videofluoroscopia y tratamiento quirúrgico empleado. Se concluye que el paladar hendido submucoso es una variante de la fisura palatina con menor expresividad, que la fisiología de cada esfínter velofaríngeo determina su competencia y que el mejor tratamiento quirúrgico es la miorrafia con colgajo retrofaríngeo, estando éste indicado sólo en los casos de insuficiencia velofaríngea

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