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BACKGROUND: Linseed fractionation was performed in laboratory scale to obtain concentrated protein and fiber fractions. Three methods were tested to obtain the linseed protein concentrate (LPC). The isoelectric pH method was more efficient in increasing the protein content and also provided higher yield. In the fractions obtained, the chemical composition (dry matter, ash, lipids, crude protein, total dietary fiber, calcium and phosphorus), total phenolic compounds and the physicochemical properties were evaluated. The profile of amino acids was determined for linseed meal and LPC, and the profile of monosaccharides was evaluated for linseed grain, soluble and insoluble fractions of the fiber. RESULTS: The results indicated that the protein concentration method by isoelectric pH improved the amino acidic profile and in vitro digestibility of LPC. The fractioning of the linseed fiber was efficient, since the soluble fiber of the soluble fraction corresponded to 675 g kg-1 . The separation of the fiber from the linseed concentrated the phenolic compounds in the insoluble fraction. For linseed grain there was a higher concentration of glucose, followed by xylose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. The same monosaccharides were identified in the insoluble fraction, with the exception of arabinose. In the soluble fraction, higher levels of xylose were found, followed by glucose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. CONCLUSION: The present study allows us to conclude that it is possible to separate the linseed into different fractions, obtaining a protection concentrate and fibers. The inclusion of these products in animal feed needs to be evaluated to determine levels of acceptance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the prebiotic action of distinct linseed fibers on diets for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juvenile. For this, soluble and insoluble fractions of linseed fiber were concentrated separately and combined in four ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4), which were added in diets and evaluated along with a control diet. After 45 days receiving the experimental diets, the animals were submitted to biometry for data collection and samples. The experimental design was completely randomized, data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Fish performance was higher for the group that received the 1:2 and 1:4 diets. The production of intestinal acetic acid was higher in fish fed on the 1:2 diet, and butyric acid was higher with 1:4 diet and the propionic acid with the control diet. The control diet led to lower counts of goblet cells. Total proteins and globulins in plasma, mucoprotein, total immunoglobulins, and cutaneous mucus pH were higher in fish fed on diets 1:2 and 1:4. Cortisol levels and intestinal pH were lower in these treatments. The linseed fiber intake increased total plasma immunoglobulins and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and in mucus. It was concluded that the use of 1:2 and 1:4 soluble fiber/insoluble linseed in the diet beneficially modulates the production of short-chain fatty acids in the digesta, with reflection on growth performance, number of goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium, and improvement in plasma and skin mucus parameters of fish.

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Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of new prebiotics in the diet on performance and metabolism (liver protein, glucose and glycogen) of Nile tilapia. For 60 days, 720 Nile tilapia (3.4 ± 0.60 g) were maintained in 24 polypropylene tanks (280 liters). Fish were fed with experimental diets with addition of 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 of dietary fiber of citrus pulp (DFCP), dietary fiber of linseed (DFL) and Actigen®. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3x2 factorial arrangement. At the end of the period, there was higher final weight of tilapias fed on diets containing DFCP and DFL, and regardless of prebiotic, the best results in the final weight and length were observed for inclusion of 2.5 g kg-1. There was higher body protein deposition in tilapia fed on diets containing DFCP, without differences from those with inclusion of DFL. Total fat deposition was higher for the lowest level of inclusion (2.5 g kg-1). The digestive somatic index was higher for the diet with inclusion of DFCP, which did not differ from the diet with inclusion of Actigen®. There were higher concentrations of liver glycogen in the diets containing DFCP and Actigen®. Faced with the search for alternative growth promoters, this study confirms the possibility of using the new prebiotics (DFCP and DFL) in nutrition of Nile tilapia, because they showed efficiency equivalent to the prebiotic Actigen®.

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This study aimed to evaluate the response of piava (Leporinus obtusidens) after the use of vegetable oils in the diet, under performance, nutrient deposition and activity of digestive enzymes. Over 35 days five treatments were tested, with the inclusion of 3% of corn oil, soy, canola, linseed, and a control treatment without the inclusion of oil. Fish with an average initial weight of 1.78±0.07 g were randomly assigned in a water recirculation system consisting of 15 tanks, with suitable water quality parameters throughout the trial period. At the end of biometrics experiment data was collected. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replicates; the data was submitted to normality test and analysis of variance. The averages, when significant, were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05). Fish fed diets containing canola oil showed higher weight and length and protein deposition when compared to the control treatment. Higher chymotrypsin activity was observed in the fish fed the diet containing soya oil and lower with linseed oil. It is concluded that the use of oils in the diet is essential for best performance of the fish, and canola oil as indicated by optimizing the deposition of body protein for animals.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta de piavas (Leporinus obtusidens) após a utilização de óleos vegetais nas dietas, sobre o desempenho, deposição nutricional e atividade de enzimas digestivas. Durante 35 dias foram testadas cinco dietas, com a inclusão de 3% dos óleos de milho, soja, canola, linhaça e um tratamento controle sem inclusão de óleo. Peixes com peso inicial médio de 1,78±0,07 g foram distribuídos ao acaso em um sistema de recirculação de água composto por 15 tanques, com parâmetros de qualidade de água adequados durante todo período experimental. Ao final do experimento realizou-se biometria para coleta de dados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições, os dados obtidos foram submetidos a teste de normalidade e análise de variância. As médias obtidas, quando significativas, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de canola apresentaram maior peso e comprimento total e deposição de proteína, quando comparados ao tratamento controle. Maior atividade de quimotripsina foi observada nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo óleo de soja e menor com óleo de linhaça. Conclui-se que o uso de óleos na dieta é indispensável para melhor desempenho dos peixes, sendo o óleo de canola o mais indicado por otimizar a deposição de proteína corporal pelos animais.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the response of piava (Leporinus obtusidens) after the use of vegetable oils in the diet, under performance, nutrient deposition and activity of digestive enzymes. Over 35 days five treatments were tested, with the inclusion of 3% of corn oil, soy, canola, linseed, and a control treatment without the inclusion of oil. Fish with an average initial weight of 1.78±0.07 g were randomly assigned in a water recirculation system consisting of 15 tanks, with suitable water quality parameters throughout the trial period. At the end of biometrics experiment data was collected. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replicates; the data was submitted to normality test and analysis of variance. The averages, when significant, were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05). Fish fed diets containing canola oil showed higher weight and length and protein deposition when compared to the control treatment. Higher chymotrypsin activity was observed in the fish fed the diet containing soya oil and lower with linseed oil. It is concluded that the use of oils in the diet is essential for best performance of the fish, and canola oil as indicated by optimizing the deposition of body protein for animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta de piavas (Leporinus obtusidens) após a utilização de óleos vegetais nas dietas, sobre o desempenho, deposição nutricional e atividade de enzimas digestivas. Durante 35 dias foram testadas cinco dietas, com a inclusão de 3% dos óleos de milho, soja, canola, linhaça e um tratamento controle sem inclusão de óleo. Peixes com peso inicial médio de 1,78±0,07 g foram distribuídos ao acaso em um sistema de recirculação de água composto por 15 tanques, com parâmetros de qualidade de água adequados durante todo período experimental. Ao final do experimento realizou-se biometria para coleta de dados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições, os dados obtidos foram submetidos a teste de normalidade e análise de variância. As médias obtidas, quando significativas, foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de canola apresentaram maior peso e comprimento total e deposição de proteína, quando comparados ao tratamento controle. Maior atividade de quimotripsina foi observada nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo óleo de soja e menor com óleo de linhaça. Conclui-se que o uso de óleos na dieta é indispensável para melhor desempenho dos peixes, sendo o óleo de canola o mais indicado por otimizar a deposição de proteína corporal pelos animais.

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An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with pumpkin seed meal (PSM) or phosphorylated protein concentrate of pumpkin seed meal (PPCPS) on growth and metabolic responses of silver catfish. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated. Control diet contained fish meal as the main protein source. The treatment groups contained 25 and 50% of either PSM or PPCPS protein replaced the fishmeal protein. A total of 400 silver catfish, with initial mean weight of 24 ± 0.46 g, were distributed into 20 tanks. For data four orthogonal contrasts were applied: control diet versus PSM diets; control diets versus PPCPS diets; control versus other diets; PSM diets versus PPCPS diets. The results indicated that the fish fed PSM diets had lower weight gain when compared to either control diet or PPCPS. The PPCPS do not affect growth and protein efficiency ratio. Lower albumin contents were found for the control diet fish for the contrasts control diet versus PPCPS diet and control diet versus other diets. The hepatic ALAT enzyme activity was higher in the fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). The hepatic ALP was most active in fish that received the PPCPS diets, when comparing control diet versus PPCPS diets and control diet versus other diets. The hepatosomatic index was higher for fish fed the PPCPS. Our results indicated that PPCPS presents relevant nutritional quality for fish and can replace the fish meal protein up to 50% without affecting growth, PER and intermediate metabolites in silver catfish.

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The piava (Leporinus obtusidens) is an omnivorous native fish of southeastern and southern Brazil and has great potential for national fish farming. In this study, were evaluated growth, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of piavas fed diets containing fruit waste: grape, orange, guava and fig. They were used 180 fish (initial weight = 9.53 ± 1.82 g), fed 45 days, twice a day (5% BW). There was not difference between fruit wastes evaluated in the diet on growth parameters. Lipase activity was higher (p = 0.0001) in fish fed diets containing grape in 5.52%, 24.41% e 47.25% then fish fed with fig, guava and orange, respectively. Trypsin activity was 28.88% lower (p = 0.02) in fish fed with diet containing orange waste then fed with grape waste. Chymotrypsin and plasma glucose did not differ between fish fed with diets containing different fruit wastes. No differences were observed in body fat and crude protein of fish fed the different diets. The fruit waste evaluated may be alternative ingredients in diets for piava juveniles.

A piava (Leporinus obtusidens) é um peixe nativo das regiões sudeste e sul do Brasil, de hábito alimentar onívoro e com grande potencial para a piscicultura nacional. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o crescimento, atividade de enzimas digestivas e composição corporal de piavas alimentadas com dietas contendo resíduos de frutas: uva, laranja, goiaba e figo. Foram utilizados 180 peixes (peso médio inicial = 9,53 ± 1,82 g), alimentados durante 45 dias, duas vezes ao dia (5% PV). Não houve diferença no crescimento dos peixes em relação aos resíduos de frutas avaliados. A atividade da lipase foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0001) nos peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo resíduo de uva em 5,52%, 24,41% e 47,25% em relação aos alimentados com resíduos de figo, goiaba e laranja, respectivamente. A atividade de tripsina foi 28,88% significativamente menor (p = 0,02) nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo resíduo de laranja em relação aos alimentados com resíduo de uva. A quimotripsina e glicose plasmática não diferiram nos peixes alimentados com os resíduos nos diferentes tratamentos. Não foram observadas diferenças na gordura e na proteína bruta corporal dos peixes. Os resíduos de frutas avaliados podem ser ingredientes alternativos em potencial em dietas para juvenis de piava.

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The piava (Leporinus obtusidens) is an omnivorous native fish of southeastern and southern Brazil and has great potential for national fish farming. In this study, were evaluated growth, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of piavas fed diets containing fruit waste: grape, orange, guava and fig. They were used 180 fish (initial weight = 9.53 ± 1.82 g), fed 45 days, twice a day (5% BW). There was not difference between fruit wastes evaluated in the diet on growth parameters. Lipase activity was higher (p = 0.0001) in fish fed diets containing grape in 5.52%, 24.41% e 47.25% then fish fed with fig, guava and orange, respectively. Trypsin activity was 28.88% lower (p = 0.02) in fish fed with diet containing orange waste then fed with grape waste. Chymotrypsin and plasma glucose did not differ between fish fed with diets containing different fruit wastes. No differences were observed in body fat and crude protein of fish fed the different diets. The fruit waste evaluated may be alternative ingredients in diets for piava juveniles.(AU)

A piava (Leporinus obtusidens) é um peixe nativo das regiões sudeste e sul do Brasil, de hábito alimentar onívoro e com grande potencial para a piscicultura nacional. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o crescimento, atividade de enzimas digestivas e composição corporal de piavas alimentadas com dietas contendo resíduos de frutas: uva, laranja, goiaba e figo. Foram utilizados 180 peixes (peso médio inicial = 9,53 ± 1,82 g), alimentados durante 45 dias, duas vezes ao dia (5% PV). Não houve diferença no crescimento dos peixes em relação aos resíduos de frutas avaliados. A atividade da lipase foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0001) nos peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo resíduo de uva em 5,52%, 24,41% e 47,25% em relação aos alimentados com resíduos de figo, goiaba e laranja, respectivamente. A atividade de tripsina foi 28,88% significativamente menor (p = 0,02) nos peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo resíduo de laranja em relação aos alimentados com resíduo de uva. A quimotripsina e glicose plasmática não diferiram nos peixes alimentados com os resíduos nos diferentes tratamentos. Não foram observadas diferenças na gordura e na proteína bruta corporal dos peixes. Os resíduos de frutas avaliados podem ser ingredientes alternativos em potencial em dietas para juvenis de piava.(AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da própolis como promotor de crescimento para o jundiá na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 450 juvenis de jundiá com 2,02 ± 0,55 g, alimentados com dietas contendo quatro níveis de própolis (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0%), além de um tratamento controle (sem inclusão de própolis). Utilizou-se um sistema de recirculação de água, composto por 15 tanques (230 L de volume útil). Durante o ensaio experimental os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram mantidos em condições ideais para os peixes. Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, proteína corporal, gordura corporal e glicose. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e análise de variância. Quando a ANOVA foi significativa para as médias, aplicou-se o teste de Dunnet, utilizando o programa Statistical Analysis System®. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) da suplementação de própolis na dieta sobre os parâmetros de crescimento. A quantidade de gordura corporal foi reduzida com a adição de própolis acima de 0,5%. Maior nível de glicose foi observado nos peixes alimentados com 2% de própolis na dieta. Conclui-se que a própolis testada na dieta não foi eficaz como promotor de crescimento para o jundiá.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of propolis as a growth promoter for South American catfish in the initial phase. Were used 450 jundiá juvenile with 2.02 ± 0.55 g, these were fed diets containing four propolis levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%), plus a control treatment (without inclusion of propolis). It was used a water re-use system, composed by 15 tanks (230 L). During the experimental test water quality parameters were maintained in optimal conditions for fish. It was evaluated growth parameters, body protein body fat and glucose. The DIC was used, completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. The data were submitted to normality tests and analysis of variance. When ANOVA was significant for the means, was applied the Dunnett test, using the program Statistical Analysis System®. Were not observed significant differences (P>0.05) of the propolis inclusion on growth parameters. The amount of fat was reduced with the addition of propolis above 0.5%. Increased glucose level was observed in the fish fed with 2.0% propolis in the diet. It was concluded that the propolis tested in the diet is not effective as growth promoter for the jundiá.

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