RESUMO
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with increased morbi-mortality. The identification of individuals at high risk for DN will make its prevention more effective. Urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) is still the best marker for DN development and progression. It is also a major risk factor for macrovascular disease. High-normal albuminuria (< 20 microg/min) is still associated with development of micro- and macroalbuminuria. UAER has a continuous relationship with the development of renal and cardiovascular disease, without a cutoff point from which there is a highly increased risk. However, in clinical practice we need a reference value in order to guide the patient's treatment. Some evidence indicates values of UAER between 5 and 10 microg/min as a new cutoff point for the diagnosis of microalbuminuria. In conclusion, the association between UAER and the renal and cardiovascular outcomes seems to be continuous and is already present with UAER within the normal range. The adoption of a UAER value around 5 to 10 microg/min as risky could identify patients that should receive earlier and more aggressive treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Assuntos
Albuminas/análise , Albuminúria/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Albuminúria/etiologia , Albuminúria/urina , Biomarcadores , Pressão Sanguínea , Creatinina/urina , Nefropatias Diabéticas/urina , HumanosRESUMO
A nefropatia diabética (ND) é uma complicação do diabete melito (DM) associada a grande morbi-mortalidade. A identificação de indivíduos de maior risco tornará a sua prevenção mais efetiva. A excreção urinária de albumina (EUA) ainda é o melhor marcador da instalação e progressão da ND, além de ser fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças macrovasculares. A albuminúria nos limites superiores da normalidade (< 20 æg/min) já está associada ao desenvolvimento de micro e macroalbuminúria. A EUA apresenta correlação contínua com o desenvolvimento de doença renal e cardiovascular, sem um ponto determinado a partir do qual ocorre um aumento mais importante do risco. No entanto, na prática clínica se faz necessário o estabelecimento de um valor crítico para guiar o tratamento dos pacientes. Algumas evidências apontam para valores de EUA ente 5 e 10 æg/min como um novo ponto de corte para o diagnóstico de microalbuminúria. Concluindo, a associação entre a EUA e o desfecho renal e cardiovascular parece ser contínuo e já está presente até mesmo com níveis de EUA considerados normais. A adoção de um valor entre 5 e 10 æg/min como de risco poderá identificar os pacientes que deveriam receber tratamento mais precoce e agressivo dos fatores de risco modificáveis.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with increased morbi-mortality. The identification of individuals at high risk for DN will make its prevention more effective. Urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) is still the best marker for DN development and progression. It is also a major risk factor for macrovascular disease. High-normal albuminuria (< 20 æg/min) is still associated with development of micro- and macroalbuminuria. UAER has a continuous relationship with the development of renal and cardiovascular disease, without a cutoff point from which there is a highly increased risk. However, in clinical practice we need a reference value in order to guide the patient's treatment. Some evidence indicates values of UAER between 5 and 10 æg/min as a new cutoff point for the diagnosis of microalbuminuria. In conclusion, the association between UAER and the renal and cardiovascular outcomes seems to be continuous and is already present with UAER within the normal range. The adoption of a UAER value around 5 to 10 æg/min as risky could identify patients that should receive earlier and more aggressive treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Assuntos
Humanos , Albuminas/análise , Albuminúria/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Albuminúria/etiologia , Albuminúria/urina , Biomarcadores , Pressão Sanguínea , Creatinina/urina , Nefropatias Diabéticas/urinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 24-h blood pressure profile in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 type 2 diabetic patients with a urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) <20 microg/min on two occasions, 6 months apart (immunoturbidimetry). Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiograms were also performed. RESULTS: UAER was found to correlate positively with systolic doctor's office blood pressure measurements (r = 0.243, P = 0.021) and ambulatory blood pressure (24 h: r = 0.280, P = 0.008) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (r = 0.359, P = 0.010). Patients were divided into four groups according to UAER (<5, > or =5-10, > or =10-15, and > or =15-20 microg/min). Systolic blood pressure parameters for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups, respectively, were 123.0 +/- 10.6, 132.5 +/- 15.0, 139.0 +/- 23.4, and 130.7 +/- 8.0 mmHg for 24-h blood pressure (ANOVA P = 0.004) and 48.4 +/- 6.0, 54.5 +/- 11.2, 58.8 +/- 15.6, and 57.6 +/- 8.0 mmHg for 24-h pulse pressure (ANOVA P = 0.003). A progressive increase in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was observed from the 1st to the 4th UAER group: 27.3, 43.8, 45.5, and 66.7% (P = 0.029 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetic patients, UAER in the normoalbuminuric range is positively associated with systolic ambulatory blood pressure indexes, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that intensive blood pressure treatment may prevent diabetes complications in these patients.