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AIM: To estimate the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and unsweetened fruit juice with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Adult Health Study (ELSA-Brasil) after 4 years of follow-up. METHODS: We used data from ELSA-Brasil cohort (N = 15,105). The sample consisted of 6,124 civil servants free of the MetS at baseline (35 to 74 years, both sexes). The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and unsweetened fruit juice was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire previously validated. The outcome was MetS and its components (Joint Interim Statement criteria). To test the association between beverage consumption at baseline (2008-2010) and MetS and its components at follow-up (2012-2014), we used Poisson regression models with robust variance adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: After 4-year follow-up, the higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (≥ 1 serving/day = 250 mL/day) increased the relative risk of MetS (RR = 1.22; 95% CI 1.04-1.45), high fasting glucose (RR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.01-1.48), and high blood pressure (RR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.00-1.54). Moderate consumption of this beverage (0.4 to < 1 serving/day) increased the relative risk of high waist circumference (WC) (RR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.02-1.42). After adjustment for confounding variables, the consumption of unsweetened fruit juice was not associated with the MetS and its components. CONCLUSION: Higher sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption was associated with a higher risk relative of MetS, high fasting glucose, and high blood pressure, while moderate consumption of this beverage increased the relative risk of high WC in Brazilian adults.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Síndrome Metabólica , Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Açúcares , Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , GlucoseRESUMO
An in-situ experiment was performed to study metabolic responses of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis to water contaminated by leachates from an open dump and cattle activity, in order to analyze both the effects of those contaminants on aquatic environments and the potential use of a native bivalve to evaluate the effects of anthropic influence and eutrophication. Bivalves from a reference site were cage-transplanted to a control site (site A) and to a temporal water pond (site B) over 30 and 60 periods. Water quality analyses revealed that the site B was affected by anthropogenic influence. Mussel's hemocytes from site B showed 50% lower reactive oxygen species production and 130% higher lysosomal membrane stability in the site B mussels. In addition, no oxidative stress was evident in gills, despite the elevated copper and iron concentrations recorded in the site B water samples (CuB = 0.3350 ± 0.0636 mg. L-1vs. CuA = 0.0045 ± 0.0007 mg. L-1; FeB = 3.8650 ± 0.4031 mg. L-1vs. FeA = 0.0365 ± 0.0049 mg. L-1). In contrast, the adductor muscle accumulated more Fe (~10-20-fold) than the gills and showed signs of oxidative stress, e.g. superoxide dismutase activity and TBARS levels were increased by 10% were 34%, respectively, in the site B compared with the site A after 60 days of exposure. Additionally, the adductor muscle showed signs of anaerobic metabolism activation. Cu is accumulated in gills from both sites' individuals, at 60 days, in concordance with the increase in the activity of the cu-containing enzyme cytochrome-c-oxidase. There was a reduction in the overall condition and digestive gland index in bivalves exposed at site B, associated with diminished levels of lipid and protein contents. Metal-pollution and eutrophication affects D. chilensis metabolism and is associated to tissue-specific exposure, anaerobic metabolism and general energetic condition depletion.
Assuntos
Bivalves/efeitos dos fármacos , Eutrofização , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Bivalves/enzimologia , Bivalves/metabolismo , Bovinos , Cobre/metabolismo , Água Doce , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Hemócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemócitos/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
AIMS: To investigate multiple tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained through a laboratory strategy of adaptive evolution in acetic acid, its relation with enzymatic ROS detoxification and bioethanol 2G production. METHODS AND RESULTS: After adaptive evolution in acetic acid, a clone (Y8A) was selected for its tolerance to high acetic acid concentrations (13 g l-1 ) in batch cultures. Y8A was resistant to multiple stresses: osmotic, thermic, oxidative, saline, ethanol, organic acid, phenolic compounds and slow freeze-thawing cycles. Also, Y8A was able to maintain redox homeostasis under oxidative stress, whereas the isogenic parental strain (Y8) could not, indicating higher basal activity levels of antioxidative enzyme Catalase (CAT) and Gluthatione S-transferase (GST) in Y8A. Y8A reached higher bioethanol levels in a fermentation medium containing up to 8 g l-1 of acetic acid when compared to parental strain Y8. CONCLUSIONS: A multiple-stress-tolerant clone was obtained using adaptive evolution in acetic acid. Stress cross-tolerance could be explained by its enzymatic antioxidative capacity, namely CAT and GST. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We demonstrate that adaptive evolution used in S. cerevisiae was a useful strategy to obtain a yeast clone tolerant to multiple stresses. At the same time, our findings support the idea that tolerance to oxidative stress is the common basis for stress cotolerance, which is related to an increase in the specific enzymes CAT and GST but not in Superoxide dismutase, emphasizing the fact that detoxification of H2 O2 and not O2 Ë is a key condition for multiple stress tolerance in S. cerevisiae.
Assuntos
Ácido Acético/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study investigated metal accumulation and oxidative effects in mantle, gill and digestive gland of the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra from the Argentinean North Patagonian coastline. Mussels were transplanted over an 18-month period from a site with low anthropogenic impact to a harbor site with higher seawater concentration of aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc. Total trace metal concentration in seawater did not change throughout the 18-month transplant in either site. A. atra bioaccumulated metals in digestive gland, gills and mantle at different levels. Digestive gland had the highest concentration of metals, especially towards the end of the transplant experiment in the harbor area. Mussels transplanted to the harbor site experienced an upregulation in their antioxidant system, which likely explains the lack of oxidative damage to lipids despite higher metal accumulation. These results demonstrate that A. atra selectively accumulates metals from the water column and their prooxidant effects depend on the tissue antioxidant defenses and the exposure time.
Assuntos
Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Brânquias/metabolismo , Metais/metabolismo , Mytilidae/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Argentina , Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais/análise , Estresse Oxidativo , Água do Mar/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Early detection of toxic events induced by xenobiotics is necessary for a proper assessment of human risk after the exposure to those agents. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cell line HEp-2 as an experimental model to determine the genotoxic effects of sodium arsenate. To this end, we determined the metabolic activity cells by the MTT test on seven concentrations of arsenate that range from 27 to 135,000 μM, obtaining the median lethal concentration (LC50), the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC), and the not observed effect concentration (NOEC) of sodium arsenate at 24 h of exposition. According to the cytotoxic response obtained, we evaluated the genotoxic effect of the 27 and 270 μM concentrations by using the micronucleus assay and chromosomal aberrations test. We found a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in the frequency of micronuclei between control cultures and those exposed to the highest concentration of sodium arsenate. Furthermore, the frequencies of nucleoplasmic bridges and tripolar mitosis were significantly higher in cell cultures exposed to the above concentrations compared to the control cultures (p<0.05). The participation of the glutathione system as response to the arsenate exposition was also analyzed, and a statistically significant increase in the glutathione content was found in those cells exposed to 27 μM of arsenate. The Glutathione S-transferase activity did not increase in the exposed cells compared to control cells, suggesting that the arsenate reduction involved other metabolic pathways in the HEp-2 cells. These results confirm that, under the conditions carried out in this study, sodium arsenate is genotoxic for HEp-2 cells. Therefore, we suggest that this cell line would be a good model for the assessment of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of xenobiotics on human cells.
La detección temprana de eventos tóxicos inducidos por xenobióticos es necesaria para una adecuada evaluación del riesgo humano ante la exposición a dichos agentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar a la línea celular HEp-2 como modelo experimental para determinar los efectos genotóxicos del arseniato de sodio. Para ello, se determinó la actividad metabólica de las células mediante el ensayo de MTT, en siete concentraciones de arseniato de sodio en el rango 27-135.000 μM, determinando la concentración letal media (LC50), la menor concentración de efecto observado (LOEC) y la mayor concentración de efecto no observado (NOEC) de arseniato de sodio para una exposición de 24 h. Teniendo en cuenta los datos de citotoxicidad, se evaluó el efecto genotóxico a las concentraciones 27 y 270 μM por medio del ensayo de micronúcleos y aberraciones cromosómicas, encontrando un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la frecuencia de micronúcleos entre el control y la mayor concentración arseniato de sodio ensayada. Además, la presencia de puentes nucleoplasmáticos y mitosis tripolar fue significativamente mayor en ambas concentraciones estudiadas con respecto al control. Se analizó la participación del sistema de glutatión como respuesta a la exposición al arseniato, encontrándose un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el contenido de glutatión en la concentración de arseniato de 27 μM. La actividad de la glutatión S-transferasa no aumentó, lo que sugiere que la reducción del arseniato implicó otra vía metabólica en las células HEp-2. Estos resultados confirman que el arseniato de sodio induce genotoxicidad en células HEp-2 en las condiciones realizadas en este estudio y por lo tanto este tipo de línea celular es un buen modelo para ensayos de citotoxicidad y genotoxicidad en los cuales se quiere evaluar el riesgo humano.
RESUMO
Early juveniles of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were exposed for 60 days to 10 and 40 mg/L of pure glyphosate (acid form) in freshwater. Mortality was 33 % at the highest concentration, while no differences in molting were noted among treatments. After the first month of exposure, weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the 40 mg/L group. At the end of the assay, lipid levels in muscle, as well as protein level in both hepatopancreas and muscle were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. These results suggest long-term utilization of both lipid and protein as main energetic reserves, likely in response to the chronic stress associated with herbicide exposure. Besides, the lower pyruvate kinase activity in muscle suggests a possible metabolic depression in this tissue. The hemolymphatic ASAT:ALAT ratio showed higher levels than the control at the highest glyphosate concentration, indicating possible damage to several tissues.
Assuntos
Astacoidea/fisiologia , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Água Doce , Glicina/toxicidade , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopâncreas , Metabolismo/efeitos dos fármacos , Muda/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/metabolismo , GlifosatoRESUMO
A new paradigm has emerged relating the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), focused on the balance between T helper type 17 cells and regulatory T cells (T(regs) ). In humans, both subpopulations depend on transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß for their induction, but in the presence of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, the generation of Th17 is favoured. Tocilizumab is a therapeutic antibody targeting the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which has demonstrated encouraging results in RA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tocilizumab on Th1 cells, Th17 cells, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ double secretors Th17/Th1 cells, and T(regs) in RA patients. Eight RA patients received tocilizumab monthly for 24 weeks and blood samples were obtained every 8 weeks to study T cell populations by flow cytometry. The frequency of Th17 cells, Th1 cells and Th17/Th1 cells was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activated in vitro with a polyclonal stimulus. T(regs) were identified by their expression of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and CD25 by direct staining of PBMCs. Although no changes were detected in the frequency of Th1 or Th17 cells, the percentages of peripheral T(regs) increased after therapy. In addition, the infrequent Th17/Th1 subpopulation showed a significant increment in tocilizumab-treated patients. In conclusion, tocilizumab was able to skew the balance between Th17 cells and T(regs) towards a more protective status, which may contribute to the clinical improvement observed in RA patients.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/farmacologia , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th17/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células Th1/imunologiaRESUMO
Low-sodium and high-potassium diets have been recommended as an adjunct to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Analysis of these nutrients in 24-h urine has been considered the reference method to estimate daily intake of these minerals. However, 24-h urine collection is difficult in epidemiological studies, since urine must be collected and stored in job environments. Therefore, strategies for shorter durations of urine collection at home have been proposed. We have previously reported that collecting urine during a 12-h period (overnight) is more feasible and that creatinine clearance correlated strongly with that detected in 24-h samples. In the present study, we collected urine for 24 h divided into two 12-h periods (from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm and from 7:00 pm to 7:00 am next day). A sample of 109 apparently healthy volunteers aged 30 to 74 years of both genders working in a University institution was investigated. Subjects with previous myocardial infarction, stroke, renal insufficiency, and pregnant women were not included. Significant (P < 0.001) Spearman correlation coefficients (r s) were found between the total amount of sodium and potassium excreted in the urine collected at night and in the 24-h period (r s = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively). Additionally, the 12-h sodium and potassium excretions (means ± SD, 95% confidence interval) corresponded to 47.3 ± 11.2%, 95%CI = 45.3-49.3, and 39.3 ± 4.6%, 95%CI = 37.3-41.3, respectively, of the 24-h excretion of these ions. Therefore, these findings support the assumption that 12-h urine collected at night can be used as a reliable tool to estimate 24-h intake/excretion of sodium and potassium.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Potássio/urina , Sódio/urina , Coleta de Urina/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Creatinina/urina , Potássio na Dieta , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Low-sodium and high-potassium diets have been recommended as an adjunct to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Analysis of these nutrients in 24-h urine has been considered the reference method to estimate daily intake of these minerals. However, 24-h urine collection is difficult in epidemiological studies, since urine must be collected and stored in job environments. Therefore, strategies for shorter durations of urine collection at home have been proposed. We have previously reported that collecting urine during a 12-h period (overnight) is more feasible and that creatinine clearance correlated strongly with that detected in 24-h samples. In the present study, we collected urine for 24 h divided into two 12-h periods (from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm and from 7:00 pm to 7:00 am next day). A sample of 109 apparently healthy volunteers aged 30 to 74 years of both genders working in a University institution was investigated. Subjects with previous myocardial infarction, stroke, renal insufficiency, and pregnant women were not included. Significant (P < 0.001) Spearman correlation coefficients (r s) were found between the total amount of sodium and potassium excreted in the urine collected at night and in the 24-h period (r s = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively). Additionally, the 12-h sodium and potassium excretions (means ± SD, 95% confidence interval) corresponded to 47.3 ± 11.2%, 95%CI = 45.3-49.3, and 39.3 ± 4.6%, 95%CI = 37.3-41.3, respectively, of the 24-h excretion of these ions. Therefore, these findings support the assumption that 12-h urine collected at night can be used as a reliable tool to estimate 24-h intake/excretion of sodium and potassium.
Assuntos
Potássio/urina , Sódio/urina , Coleta de Urina/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Creatinina/urina , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Potássio na Dieta , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The IgG index measures the intrathecal immunoglobulin production and it is a useful tool for diagnosis of inflammatory diseases involving the central nervous system. This index is based on the precise quantification of albumin and IgG in canine cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Here, we report the development of an indirect competitive ELISAs for the detection of both antigens. Thirty-two dogs were included in this study, divided into three experimental groups. Group A was composed of 22 healthy animals, as determined by standard clinical examination. In group B, six animals, presented neurological pathologies associated with endogenous IgG production and, in group C four animals presented neurological diseases or symptoms not associated with intrathecal IgG production. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples were obtained from these animals. As expected, by using the indirect ELISAs proposed here, the IgG indexes obtained in healthy animals (A) were 0.371+/-0.252 (SD). In B and C, the values (3.002+/-1.897; 0.36+/-0.306, respectively), were in agreement with the pathologic conditions of the individuals in each group. Thus, the immunometric competition ELISA methods proposed here allow the discrimination of abnormal intrathecal IgG production, in a variety of inflammatory pathologic conditions of the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Inflamação/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/veterinária , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Inflamação/imunologia , Coelhos/imunologia , Valores de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Albumina Sérica/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of regulatory or immature dendritic cells (DCs) as tools for modulating experimental rheumatoid arthritis is very recent. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated DCs have been shown to restore tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). OBJECTIVE: We investigated the capacity of short-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DCs pulsed with type II collagen (CII) to induce tolerance against established CIA. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived DCs were generated in the presence of granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). After CIA induction, mice were injected at day 35 with a single dose of 4- or 24-h LPS-stimulated DCs that had been loaded with CII (4hLPS/CII/DCs or 24hLPS/CII/DCs). Arthritis progression was monitored by clinical and histological evaluations. RESULTS: Flow cytometry of 4hLPS/CII/DCs showed intermediate CD40 and CD86 expression, lower than that of 24hLPS/CII/DCs (fully mature) and higher than that of CII/DCs (immature). A functional assay showed that 4hLPS/CII/DCs display increased endocytosis ability with respect to 24hLPS/CII/DCs, indicating a semimature state. The single inoculation of 4hLPS/CII/DCs in mice with established CIA reduced disease severity significantly over time. Histological evaluation of mice treated with 4hLPS/CII/DCs revealed diminished inflammatory synovitis, cartilage damage and fibrosis. Co-cultures of DCs with splenocytes from CIA mice showed that collagen-specific interferon (IFN)gamma production was dramatically inhibited by 4hLPS/CII/DCs. 4hLPS/CII/DCs were high IL10 producers, which could explain the inhibition of arthritis progression in mice receiving this treatment because neither antibodies nor regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T lymphocytes were demonstrated to be involved. CONCLUSION: Short-term LPS-modulated DCs inoculation interferes with CIA progression when loaded with CII.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/terapia , Células Dendríticas/transplante , Animais , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Colágeno Tipo II/imunologia , Citocinas/biossíntese , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Progressão da Doença , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Baço/imunologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
There is evidence showing a close relationship between diet and the occurrence of non-communicable chronic diseases. The present study assessed food consumption in a 2002/2004 cohort of young adults born in 1978/79 in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. The composition of the habitual diet consumed by a sample of 2063 individuals aged 23-25 years was analyzed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire based on studies of prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. The Dietsys software was used for dietary calculations. In terms of WHO/2003 recommendations, there was a high mean daily consumption of energy from fat (consumption: 35.4 percent; recommendation: 15-30 percent), a low mean intake of energy from carbohydrates (47.5 percent; 55-75 percent) and a low mean consumption of total fibers (15.2 g; >25 g). Mean intake of energy from fatty acids (10 percent; <10 percent) and protein (15.6 percent; 10-15 percent) was within recommended limits. When compared to the recommendations of the food pyramid adapted to the Brazilian population, adequate intake was observed only regarding the meat group (consumption: 1.9 portions; recommended: 1-2). There was a low consumption of vegetables (2.9; 4-5), fruits (1.2; 3-5), breads (3.6; 6-9), and dairy products (1.7; 3), with excessive fat and sugar intake (5.7; 1-2). We conclude that the inadequate food consumption observed in this young population may be associated with the development of excess weight and may contribute to the triggering of non-communicable chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Doença Crônica , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Comportamento Alimentar , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Política Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
There is evidence showing a close relationship between diet and the occurrence of non-communicable chronic diseases. The present study assessed food consumption in a 2002/2004 cohort of young adults born in 1978/79 in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. The composition of the habitual diet consumed by a sample of 2063 individuals aged 23-25 years was analyzed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire based on studies of prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. The Dietsys software was used for dietary calculations. In terms of WHO/2003 recommendations, there was a high mean daily consumption of energy from fat (consumption: 35.4%; recommendation: 15-30%), a low mean intake of energy from carbohydrates (47.5%; 55-75%) and a low mean consumption of total fibers (15.2 g; >25 g). Mean intake of energy from fatty acids (10%; <10%) and protein (15.6%; 10-15%) was within recommended limits. When compared to the recommendations of the food pyramid adapted to the Brazilian population, adequate intake was observed only regarding the meat group (consumption: 1.9 portions; recommended: 1-2). There was a low consumption of vegetables (2.9; 4-5), fruits (1.2; 3-5), breads (3.6; 6-9), and dairy products (1.7; 3), with excessive fat and sugar intake (5.7; 1-2). We conclude that the inadequate food consumption observed in this young population may be associated with the development of excess weight and may contribute to the triggering of non-communicable chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Comportamento Alimentar , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Política Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Neonatal polysomnography studies (electroencephalogram, electrooculography, body movements, cardiorespiratory frequencies) were performed in 101 newborn full-term infants diagnosed with severe birth asphyxia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To analyse results, the sample was divided into two groups, depending on whether hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) had occurred or not. The results of the polysomnography studies were correlated with those from the full-term neurological examination and the sequelae from the neurological development during the first two years of life. RESULTS: Significant correlations were obtained among the variables that were studied. The normality observed in the electrophysiological study in the group of patients with severe asphyxia without HIE was associated with a full-term neurological examination and with a neurological development that has progressed in a satisfactory manner. In the group of patients with grade II HIE there was a predominance of severe alterations in the full-term neonatal polysomnography study, which were significantly correlated with the pathological full-term neurological examinations and serious sequelae from neurological development. CONCLUSIONS: It has been proved that neonatal polysomnography studies are a valuable aid in evaluating the neurological status of newborn infants in a critical condition and in predicting the sequelae of neurological development in the first two years of life. Further research should be aimed at determining the effects exerted by the daily administration of medication (sedatives, anaesthetics and antiepileptic agents) in critical newborn infants on electrical activity in the brain and the cyclic structuring of the different phases of sleep.
Assuntos
Asfixia Neonatal/fisiopatologia , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Polissonografia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Exame Neurológico , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Estatística como AssuntoAssuntos
Cromo/toxicidade , Euglena gracilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Carboidratos/análise , Clorofila/análise , Clorofila A , Meios de Cultura , Euglena gracilis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Euglena gracilis/metabolismo , Glucanos/análise , Resíduos Industriais , Lipídeos/análise , Malondialdeído/análise , Proteínas/análise , Rios , CurtumeRESUMO
We evaluated the porphyrinogenic ability of ethanol (20% in drinking water) per se, its effect on the development of sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda induced by hexachlorobenzene in female Wistar rats (170-190 g, N = 8/group), and the relationship with hepatic damage. Twenty-five percent of the animals receiving ethanol increased up to 14-, 25-, and 4.5-fold the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinate, porphobilinogen, and porphyrins, respectively. Ethanol exacerbated the precursor excretions elicited by hexachlorobenzene. Hepatic porphyrin levels increased by hexachlorobenzene treatment, while this parameter only increased (up to 90-fold) in some of the animals that received ethanol alone. Ethanol reduced the activities of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase and ferrochelatase. In the ethanol group, many of the animals showed a 30% decrease in uroporphyrinogen activity; in the ethanol + hexachlorobenzene group, this decrease occurred before the one caused by hexachlorobenzene alone. Ethanol exacerbated the effects of hexachlorobenzene, among others, on the rate-limiting enzyme delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. The plasma activities of enzymes that are markers of hepatic damage were similar in all drug-treated groups. These results indicate that 1) ethanol exacerbates the biochemical manifestation of sporadic hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria cutanea tarda; 2) ethanol per se affects several enzymatic and excretion parameters of the heme metabolic pathway; 3) since not all the animals were affected to the same extent, ethanol seems to be a porphyrinogenic agent only when there is a predisposition, and 4) hepatic damage showed no correlation with the development of porphyria cutanea tarda.
Assuntos
Etanol/farmacologia , Ferroquelatase/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Porfiria Cutânea Tardia/induzido quimicamente , Solventes/farmacologia , Uroporfirinogênio Descarboxilase/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Ferroquelatase/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenzeno , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Porfobilinogênio/urina , Sintase do Porfobilinogênio/urina , Porfiria Cutânea Tardia/enzimologia , Porfiria Cutânea Tardia/urina , Porfirinas/urina , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Uroporfirinogênio Descarboxilase/metabolismoRESUMO
We evaluated the porphyrinogenic ability of ethanol (20 percent in drinking water) per se, its effect on the development of sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda induced by hexachlorobenzene in female Wistar rats (170-190 g, N = 8/group), and the relationship with hepatic damage. Twenty-five percent of the animals receiving ethanol increased up to 14-, 25-, and 4.5-fold the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinate, porphobilinogen, and porphyrins, respectively. Ethanol exacerbated the precursor excretions elicited by hexachlorobenzene. Hepatic porphyrin levels increased by hexachlorobenzene treatment, while this parameter only increased (up to 90-fold) in some of the animals that received ethanol alone. Ethanol reduced the activities of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase and ferrochelatase. In the ethanol group, many of the animals showed a 30 percent decrease in uroporphyrinogen activity; in the ethanol + hexachlorobenzene group, this decrease occurred before the one caused by hexachlorobenzene alone. Ethanol exacerbated the effects of hexachlorobenzene, among others, on the rate-limiting enzyme delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. The plasma activities of enzymes that are markers of hepatic damage were similar in all drug-treated groups. These results indicate that 1) ethanol exacerbates the biochemical manifestation of sporadic hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria cutanea tarda; 2) ethanol per se affects several enzymatic and excretion parameters of the heme metabolic pathway; 3) since not all the animals were affected to the same extent, ethanol seems to be a porphyrinogenic agent only when there is a predisposition, and 4) hepatic damage showed no correlation with the development of porphyria cutanea tarda
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Etanol , Ferroquelatase , Fígado , Porfiria Cutânea Tardia , Uroporfirinogênio Descarboxilase , /análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ferroquelatase , Hexaclorobenzeno , Fígado , Porfobilinogênio , Sintase do Porfobilinogênio , Porfiria Cutânea Tardia , Porfirinas , Ratos Wistar , Uroporfirinogênio DescarboxilaseRESUMO
An antioxidant mixture (LAROTABE) was evaluated in the treatment of Graves disease. Fifty-six hyperthyroid patients were treated with methimazol (MMI) (A), LAROTABE (B), or MMI plus LAROTABE (C). According to a clinical score, improvement was obtained at 8 weeks in A and 4 weeks in B and C. Group A diminished their thyroid hormone concentration to normal levels, while patients with LAROTABE did not reduce T3 and T4 unless MMI was introduced. Hyperthyroid patients had increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and SOD activity and decreased catalase activity compared to controls. Within group A, MDA decreased to control values while SOD was reduced 38.3% and catalase increased 21.6%. Similar results were obtained for MDA and for both enzymes after treatment with LAROTABE. Signs and symptoms of Graves disease might be related to an increase in free radicals; antioxidants could be a new therapeutic tool to improve the clinical manifestation of this illness.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Doença de Graves/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antitireóideos/administração & dosagem , Antitireóideos/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The aims of the present work were: (1) to investigate whether the strong decrease of liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UroD) activity observed in experimental porphyria cutanea tarda is due to alteration of the enzymatic protein and (2) to improve the knowledge about the normal liver enzyme. With these purposes, several physicochemical studies for enzymatic characterization were carried out comparatively on the 12-fold purified liver enzyme of both normal and hexachlorobenzene porphyric rat. The study shows that the enzyme from porphyric rats has a higher activation energy, lower reactivity index and lower optimum pH than the normal one. In addition, it did not reach the Vmax at any of the substrate concentrations assayed (up to 28 microM uroporphyrinogen III), while the normal enzyme reached the plateau around 14 microM. The porphyric enzyme appears to be more protected than the normal against the inhibitory action of several metals, particularly Cu2+ and Pb2+, and against thermal inactivation. Zn2+ did not affect enzymatic activity, whereas Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ lowered the activities of both normal and porphyric enzyme in a dose-related way. It was also observed that the larger the atomic radius in its hydrated state, the lower the effect of the metal. Neither glutathione nor dithiothreitol significantly altered enzymatic activity in the range of concentrations assayed. beta-Mercaptoethanol had diverse effects, as regards both the concentration assayed and the enzymatic sample used. Assays with cystine showed a dual behaviour of both normal and porphyric enzymatic activity. Western blots for both preparations revealed a single band (65 kDa) with a similar intensity. This study show that hexachlorobenzene treatment modifies the physicochemical properties of liver UroD leading to a sharp decrease of its activity, without affecting its antigenic reactivity probably as a consequence of changes at the conformational level promoted by the binding of its reported inhibitor.
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Fígado/enzimologia , Uroporfirinogênio Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Animais , Antígenos/imunologia , Feminino , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Hexaclorobenzeno/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , TemperaturaRESUMO
There are two vectors of the Chagas' disease in Chile: Triatoma infestans Klug the domestic vector and Mepraia spinolai Porter the sylvatic vector. The alimentary profile of M. spinolai has been poorly studied. In this work we study the participation of humans, goats, dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, birds (hens) and reptiles in the diet of M. spinolai by analyzing the intestinal content through immunoradiometric assay. To put our results in a general context, we also compared the diet with that described for T. infestans. In decreasing order, we detected blood of rabbits, dogs, goats, rodents, humans, and birds (hens). There were 12.3% of insects infected with T. cruzi, but this fact was not significant for diet variance. In warm weather there was a larger diversity of alimentary sources than in a cold one. The niche breadth increased from 0.029 in cold weather to 0.464 in warm weather. The niche overlap of T. infestans and M. spinolai was 0.23.