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BACKGROUND: Early and adequate antibiotic treatment is the cornerstone of improving clinical outcomes in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI). Delays in appropriate antimicrobial therapy have catastrophic consequences for patients with BSI. Microbiological characterization of multi-drug resistant pathogens (MDRP) allows clinicians to provide appropriate treatments. Current microbiologic techniques may take up to 96 h to identify causative pathogens and their resistant patterns. Therefore, there is an important need to develop rapid diagnostic strategies for MDRP. We tested a modified protocol to detect carbapenemase and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from positive blood cultures. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with bacteremia. We developed a modified protocol using the HB&L® system to detect MDRP. The operational characteristics were analyzed for each test (HB&L-ESBL/AmpC® and HB&L-Carbapenemase® kits). The kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratios (LR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and reduction in identification time of this novel method were calculated. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients with BSI were included in the study. A total of 161 positive blood cultures were analyzed. Escherichia coli (50%, 81/161) was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%, 24/161) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%, 13/161). Thirty-three percent of isolations had usual resistance patterns. However, 34/161 (21%) of identified pathogens were producers of carbapenemases and 21/161 (13%) of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Concordance between our HB&L® modified protocol and the traditional method was 99% (159/161). Finally, identification times were significantly shorter using our HB&L®-modified protocol than traditional methods: median (IQR) 19 h (18, 22) vs. 61 h (60, 64), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provide novel evidence that using our HB&L®-modified protocol is an effective strategy to reduce the time to detect MDRP producers of carbapenemases or extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, with an excellent concordance rate when compared to the gold standard. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether this method may improve clinical outcomes.

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Abstract: The objective was to analyze whether romantic partners' conflict resolution style and perceived relationship quality are influenced by the dyadic configuration of adult attachment, specifically, by: a) attachment style matching; b) the number of couple members with a secure (vs. insecure) style. A sample of 405 Spanish heterosexual couples of young adults completed an online survey. Results showed no differences between couples with matched versus unmatched attachment styles. However, the presence of one or two members in the couple with a secure style was significantly associated with higher relationship quality and lower use of dysfunctional conflict resolution styles. In conclusion, for insecurely attached young adults, it is more beneficial to be in a relationship with a securely-attached partner than with a similarly-attached partner.

Resumen: El objetivo es analizar si el estilo de resolución de conflictos de los miembros de una pareja y la calidad de la relación percibida se ven influidos por la configuración diádica del apego adulto, específicamente, por: a) la coincidencia del estilo de apego; b) el número de miembros de la pareja con un estilo seguro (vs. inseguro). Una muestra de 405 parejas heterosexuales de adultos jóvenes españoles completó una encuesta en línea. No se encuentran diferencias entre parejas con estilos de apego coincidentes frente a no coincidentes. Sin embargo, la presencia de uno o dos miembros en la pareja con estilo de apego seguro se asoció significativamente con mayor calidad de la relación y menor uso de estilos de resolución de conflictos disfuncionales. En conclusión, para los adultos jóvenes con apego adulto inseguro, es más beneficioso tener una pareja con un estilo seguro que una pareja con un estilo de apego similar.

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The carbapenemase OXA-244 is a derivate of OXA-48, and its detection is very difficult in laboratories. Here, we report the identification and genomic analysis of an Escherichia coli isolate (28Eco12) harboring the blaOXA-244 gene identified in Colombia, South America. The 28Eco12 isolate was identified during a retrospective study, and it was recovered from a patient treated in Colombia. The complete nucleotide sequence was established using the PacBio platform. A comparative genomics analysis with other blaOXA-244-harboring Escherichia coli strains was performed. The 28Eco12 isolate belonged to sequence type (ST) 38, and its genome was composed of two molecules, a chromosome of 5,343,367 bp and a plasmid of 92,027 bp, which belonged to the incompatibility group IncY and did not harbor resistance genes. The blaOXA-244 gene was chromosomally encoded and mobilized by an ISR1-related Tn6237 composite transposon. Notably, this transposon was inserted and located within a new genomic island. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a blaOXA-244-harboring Escherichia coli isolate in America. Our results suggest that the introduction of the OXA-244-producing E. coli isolate was through clonal expansion of the ST38 pandemic clone. Other isolates producing OXA-244 could be circulating silently in America.

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Rumen fermentation and methanogenesis are vital metabolic processes in cattle and are carried out by microbial populations that are affected by dietary factors such as secondary metabolites, nutritional composition and degradability. The aim of this study was to monitor populations of total bacteria, total methanogens and Butirivibrio fibrisolvens in the rumen of Lucerne heifers fed on diets typical of intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS) or of a traditional (control) system. Rumen contents (RC) were collected orally from eight heifers consuming 100% Cynodon plectostachyus (control) and 76% C. plectostachyus + 24% Leucaena leucocephala (ISS) following a crossover design and DNA was extracted and quantified by quantitative PCR. Populations [Log10 (ng g-1 RC)] were 5.6 and 5.8 for total bacteria (p = 0.5343), 3.6 and 3.5 for B. fibrisolvens (p = 0.4742) and 5.0 and 5.3 for total methanogens (p = 0.2661) respectively in control and ISS diets. However, when measured in a separate parallel study, enteric methane emissions (g kg-1 of fermented dry matter) were significantly reduced with the inclusion of L. leucocephala. This fact indicated the importance of investigating the structure, function and interactions of populations beyond quantitative analysis to determine how diet affects rumen microbial populations and their function.

A fermentação ruminal e metanogênisis são processos metabólicos vitais para os rumianteso e são realizados por populações microbianas afetados por fatores dietéticos, como a presença de metabólitos secundários, composição nutricional e degradabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar as populações de bactérias totais, metanogênicas e Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens no rúmen de novilhas Lucerna alimentadas com dietas típicas de sistemas silvopastoris intensivos (SSI) ou de um sistema tradicional (controle). Conteúdo do rúmen (CR) foram recolhidos por via oral de oito novilhas consumindo 100% Cynodon plectostachyus (controle) e 76% C. plectostachyus + 24% Leucaena leucocephala (SSI), após um estudo cruzado o DNA foi extraído e quantificado por PCR quantitativo. Populações [Log10 (ng g-1 CR)] foram de 5,6 e 5,8 para as bactérias totais (p = 0,5343), 3,6 e 3,5 para B. fibrisolvens (p = 0,4742) e 5,0 e 5,3 para o total metanogênicas (p = 0,2661) para o controle e dietas ISS, respectivamente. No entanto, quando medida em um estudo paralelo, as emissões de metano entérico (g kg-1 de matéria seca fermentada) foram significativamente reduzidas com a inclusão de leucena. Isso indica a importância de investigar a estrutura, função e interações de populações além da análise quantitativa para determinar como a dieta afeta populações microbianas no rúmen e sua função.

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RESUMO

Rumen fermentation and methanogenesis are vital metabolic processes in cattle and are carried out by microbial populations that are affected by dietary factors such as secondary metabolites, nutritional composition and degradability. The aim of this study was to monitor populations of total bacteria, total methanogens and Butirivibrio fibrisolvens in the rumen of Lucerne heifers fed on diets typical of intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS) or of a traditional (control) system. Rumen contents (RC) were collected orally from eight heifers consuming 100% Cynodon plectostachyus (control) and 76% C. plectostachyus + 24% Leucaena leucocephala (ISS) following a crossover design and DNA was extracted and quantified by quantitative PCR. Populations [Log10 (ng g-1 RC)] were 5.6 and 5.8 for total bacteria (p = 0.5343), 3.6 and 3.5 for B. fibrisolvens (p = 0.4742) and 5.0 and 5.3 for total methanogens (p = 0.2661) respectively in control and ISS diets. However, when measured in a separate parallel study, enteric methane emissions (g kg-1 of fermented dry matter) were significantly reduced with the inclusion of L. leucocephala. This fact indicated the importance of investigating the structure, function and interactions of populations beyond quantitative analysis to determine how diet affects rumen microbial populations and their function.(AU)

A fermentação ruminal e metanogênisis são processos metabólicos vitais para os rumianteso e são realizados por populações microbianas afetados por fatores dietéticos, como a presença de metabólitos secundários, composição nutricional e degradabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar as populações de bactérias totais, metanogênicas e Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens no rúmen de novilhas Lucerna alimentadas com dietas típicas de sistemas silvopastoris intensivos (SSI) ou de um sistema tradicional (controle). Conteúdo do rúmen (CR) foram recolhidos por via oral de oito novilhas consumindo 100% Cynodon plectostachyus (controle) e 76% C. plectostachyus + 24% Leucaena leucocephala (SSI), após um estudo cruzado o DNA foi extraído e quantificado por PCR quantitativo. Populações [Log10 (ng g-1 CR)] foram de 5,6 e 5,8 para as bactérias totais (p = 0,5343), 3,6 e 3,5 para B. fibrisolvens (p = 0,4742) e 5,0 e 5,3 para o total metanogênicas (p = 0,2661) para o controle e dietas ISS, respectivamente. No entanto, quando medida em um estudo paralelo, as emissões de metano entérico (g kg-1 de matéria seca fermentada) foram significativamente reduzidas com a inclusão de leucena. Isso indica a importância de investigar a estrutura, função e interações de populações além da análise quantitativa para determinar como a dieta afeta populações microbianas no rúmen e sua função.(AU)

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El enfoque tradicional de la psicología acerca de las reacciones ante una situación de estrés ha estado centrado en los resultados patológicos (Siegel y Schrimshaw 2000; Peiró 2008). Por otro lado, desde la psicología positiva se hace hincapié en las emociones, actitudes y acciones que conducen al bienestar y a la obtención de lugares de trabajo positivos (Simmons y Nelson 2001). No obstante, ambas perspectivas no son excluyentes, ya que se ha puesto de manifiesto que las emociones positivas pueden coexistir con las negativas durante circunstancias estresantes y adversas. Este enfoque ha sido recogido en los modelos transaccionales del estrés. En esta línea, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal investigar el proceso de valoración del estrés para explorar los patrones de las relaciones existentes entre la valoración de los potenciales estresores como amenaza y como reto. La muestra está compuesta por 603 profesionales de centros de Servicios Sociales de la Comunidad Valenciana, España; el 82 por ciento son mujeres, con una edad media de 37.52 años. Se realizaron análisis de conglomerados (2 fases). Los resultados muestran que existen tres patrones diferentes de valoración del estrés como amenaza y como reto. Un primer patrón (cluster1) se caracteriza por niveles medios de valoración de estrés como amenaza y como reto; un segundo patrón (cluster 2) se caracteriza por niveles bajos valoración de estrés como amenaza y como reto; y, por último, un tercer patrón (cluster 3) se caracteriza por altos niveles de valoración de estrés como amenaza y bajos niveles de valoración de estrés como reto. Sin embargo, en los tres casos, la responsabilidad personal se valora como un reto en los tres patrones. Se discuten los resultados, aportaciones y limitaciones del presente estudio.

The traditional approach of psychology to reactions to a stress situation has been focused on the pathological results (Siegel and Schrimshaw, 2000; Peiró, 2008). On the other hand, from positive psychology emphasis is put on emotions, attitudes and actions that lead to wellbeing and to getting positive work places (Simmons y Nelson, 2007). However, both perspectives are not excluding, since it is has been shown that positive emotions may coexist with negative ones during stressing and adverse circumstances. This approach has used in the transactional models of stress. In this line, this paper has as its main objective to investigate the process of stress assessment for exploring the clusters of relationships existing between the assessment of potential stressors as a threat and as a challenge. The sample is made up of 603 professionals of Social Service Centers of the Valentian Community, Spain; an 82 percent are females with a mean age of 37.52 years. Cluster analyses were conducted ( 2 phases). The findings show that there are three different patterns of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge. The first pattern (cluster 1) is characterized by medium levels of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge, a second pattern (cluster 2) is characterized by low levels of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge and lastly, a third pattern (cluster 3) which is characterized by high levels of stress assessment as a threat and low levels of stress assessment as a challenge. However, in the three cases, personal responsibility is assessed as a challenge in the three patterns. Findings, contributions and limitations of this study are discussed.

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