RESUMO
Ephyrae, the early stages of scyphozoan jellyfish, possess a conserved morphology among species. However, ontogenetic transitions lead to morphologically different shapes among scyphozoan lineages, with important consequences for swimming biomechanics, bioenergetics and ecology. We used high-speed imaging to analyse biomechanical and kinematic variables of swimming in 17 species of Scyphozoa (1 Coronatae, 8 "Semaeostomeae" and 8 Rhizostomeae) at different developmental stages. Swimming kinematics of early ephyrae were similar, in general, but differences related to major lineages emerged through development. Rhizostomeae medusae have more prolate bells, shorter pulse cycles and higher swimming performances. Medusae of "Semaeostomeae", in turn, have more variable bell shapes and most species had lower swimming performances. Despite these differences, both groups travelled the same distance per pulse suggesting that each pulse is hydrodynamically similar. Therefore, higher swimming velocities are achieved in species with higher pulsation frequencies. Our results suggest that medusae of Rhizostomeae and "Semaeostomeae" have evolved bell kinematics with different optimized traits, rhizostomes optimize rapid fluid processing, through faster pulsations, while "semaeostomes" optimize swimming efficiency, through longer interpulse intervals that enhance mechanisms of passive energy recapture.
Assuntos
Hidrozoários , Cifozoários , Animais , Natação , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Metabolismo EnergéticoRESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho e apresentar o tratamento das telangiectasias por cirurgia associada a escleroterapia. A casuistica se compos de dois individuos do sexo feminino com telangiectasias extensas e antiesteticas no membro inferior, que foram considerados casos tipicos para indicacao da tecnica proposta: a eliminacao do refluxo venoso. As veias adjacentes foram ressecadas sob anestesia local seguidas de incisoes cutaneas de cerca de 2 mm, uso de agulha de croche e sintese da pele por aproximacao das bordas com fitas adesivas. Escleroterapia foi feita simultaneamente. O resultado estetico foi otimo em ambos os casos, com desaparecimento completo das telangiectasias, documentado em fotografias. O metodo proposto deve ser considerado preferencial em casos de telangiectasias provocadas por refluxo venoso evidente