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Objective: Chagas disease poses a public health problem in Latin America, and the electrocardiogram is a crucial tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of this pathology. In this context, the aim of this study was to quantify the change in the ability to detect electrocardiographic patterns among healthcare professionals after completing a virtual course. Materials and Methods: An asynchronous virtual course with seven pre-recorded classes was conducted. Participants answered the same questionnaire at the beginning and end of the training. Based on these responses, pre and post-test results for each participant were compared. Results: The study included 1656 participants from 21 countries; 87.9% were physicians, 5.2% nurses, 4.1% technicians, and 2.8% medical students. Initially, 3.1% answered at least 50% of the pre-test questions correctly, a proportion that increased to 50.4% after the course (p=0.001). Regardless of their baseline characteristics, 82.1% of course attendees improved their answers after completing the course. Conclusions: The implementation of an asynchronous online course on electrocardiography in Chagas disease enhanced the skills of both medical and non-medical personnel to recognize this condition.

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INTRODUCTION: Interatrial block (IAB) is defined as prolonged P-wave duration (≥ 120 ms) due to delayed conduction in the Bachmann bundle. This is readily identifiable using surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Advanced IAB can be classified as typical and atypical. Atypical IAB can be further categorized by (i) duration or (ii) morphology. In this report, we have identified a new pattern of atypical IAB with triphasic morphology of the P-wave in the inferior leads. METHODS: Two clinical cases were evaluated including surface ECGs. P-wave durations and amplitudes were measured with digital calipers using ECG analysis software (MUSE, GE HealthCare). Comparisons were made using prior data to evaluate IAB and P-wave duration and morphology. RESULTS: A new pattern of atypical advanced IAB shows prolonged P-wave duration (P wave >160 ms) and triphasic morphology in all inferior leads with P +/+/- and P +/-/+, respectively. We speculate that triphasic P-waves in the inferior leads represent three moments of atrial depolarization; from right to left. CONCLUSION: This study describes a novel pattern of atypical advanced IAB. Further investigation regarding the increased risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke associated with this new pattern is warranted in the future.

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RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar la frecuencia e impacto de la violencia contra los trabajadores de salud de Argentina y compararlo con el resto de sus pares de Latinoamérica en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta electrónica al personal médico y no médico de Latinoamérica que desempeño tareas asistenciales desde marzo de 2020. Se utilizó una regresión de Poisson para estimar las Razones de Prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. Un total de 3544 participantes de 19 países respondieron la encuesta; 1992 (56,0%) residían en Argentina. Entre los mismos, el 62,9% padeció al menos un hecho de violencia: 97,7% refirió violencia verbal y 11,8% violencia física. El 41,5% de los agredidos padecieron situaciones de violencia al menos una vez por semana. El personal de salud de Argentina vivenció más frecuentemente violencia que los de otros países (62,9% vs. 54,6%, p<0,001), siendo estos eventos más habituales y estresantes (p<0,05). Además, refirieron más frecuentemente haber considerado cambiar sus tareas asistenciales y/o deseos de abandonar su profesión (p<0,001). En la regresión de Poisson, los participantes de Argentina tuvieron una prevalencia de violencia mayor que los trabajadores de salud de la región (14,6%; p<0,001). Conclusiones. Existió una elevada prevalencia de violencia contra el personal de salud de Argentina durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estos hechos tuvieron un alto impacto negativo entre quienes los padecieron. Nuestros datos sugieren que, esto podría haber sido más frecuente en Argentina respecto de otras regiones del continente.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore the frequency and impact of violence against healthcare workers in Argentina and to compare it with the rest of their Latin American peers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by applying an electronic survey on Latin American medical and non-medical personnel who carried out health care tasks since March 2020. We used Poisson regression to estimate crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) Prevalence Ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results. A total of 3544 participants from 19 countries answered the survey; 1992 (56.0%) resided in Argentina. Of these, 62.9% experienced at least one act of violence; 97.7% reported verbal violence and 11.8% physical violence. Of those who were assaulted, 41.5% experienced violence at least once a week. Health personnel from Argentina experienced violence more frequently than those from other countries (62.9% vs. 54.6%, p<0.001), and these events were more frequent and stressful (p<0.05). In addition, Argentinean health personnel reported having considered changing their healthcare tasks and/or desired to leave their profession more frequently (p<0.001). In the Poisson regression, we found that participants from Argentina had a higher prevalence of violence than health workers from the region (14.6%; p<0.001). Conclusions. There was a high prevalence of violence against health personnel in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic. These events had a strong negative impact on those who suffered them. Our data suggest that violence against health personnel may have been more frequent in Argentina than in other regions of the continent.

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OBJECTIVES.: Motivation for the study. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound repercussions at different socio-environmental levels. Its impact on violence against healthcare team workers in Argentina has not been well documented. Main findings. The present study evidenced high rates of aggression, particularly verbal aggression. In addition, almost half of the participants reported having suffered these events on a weekly basis. All participants who experienced violence reported having experienced post-event symptoms, and up to one-third reported having considered changing their profession after these acts. Implications. It is imperative to take action to prevent acts of violence against health personnel, or to mitigate its impact on the victims. . To explore the frequency and impact of violence against healthcare workers in Argentina and to compare it with the rest of their Latin American peers during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A cross-sectional study was conducted by applying an electronic survey on Latin American medical and non-medical personnel who carried out health care tasks since March 2020. We used Poisson regression to estimate crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) Prevalence Ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS.: A total of 3544 participants from 19 countries answered the survey; 1992 (56.0%) resided in Argentina. Of these, 62.9% experienced at least one act of violence; 97.7% reported verbal violence and 11.8% physical violence. Of those who were assaulted, 41.5% experienced violence at least once a week. Health personnel from Argentina experienced violence more frequently than those from other countries (62.9% vs. 54.6%, p<0.001), and these events were more frequent and stressful (p<0.05). In addition, Argentinean health personnel reported having considered changing their healthcare tasks and/or desired to leave their profession more frequently (p<0.001). In the Poisson regression, we found that participants from Argentina had a higher prevalence of violence than health workers from the region (14.6%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS.: There was a high prevalence of violence against health personnel in Argentina during the COVID-19 pandemic. These events had a strong negative impact on those who suffered them. Our data suggest that violence against health personnel may have been more frequent in Argentina than in other regions of the continent.

OBJETIVOS.: Explorar la frecuencia e impacto de la violencia contra los trabajadores de salud de Argentina y compararlo con el resto de sus pares de Latinoamérica en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta electrónica al personal médico y no médico de Latinoamérica que desempeño tareas asistenciales desde marzo de 2020. Se utilizó una regresión de Poisson para estimar las Razones de Prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS.: Un total de 3544 participantes de 19 países respondieron la encuesta; 1992 (56,0%) residían en Argentina. Entre los mismos, el 62,9% padeció al menos un hecho de violencia: 97,7% refirió violencia verbal y 11,8% violencia física. El 41,5% de los agredidos padecieron situaciones de violencia al menos una vez por semana. El personal de salud de Argentina vivenció más frecuentemente violencia que los de otros países (62,9% vs. 54,6%, p<0,001), siendo estos eventos más habituales y estresantes (p<0,05). Además, refirieron más frecuentemente haber considerado cambiar sus tareas asistenciales y/o deseos de abandonar su profesión (p<0,001). En la regresión de Poisson, los participantes de Argentina tuvieron una prevalencia de violencia mayor que los trabajadores de salud de la región (14,6%; p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES.: Existió una elevada prevalencia de violencia contra el personal de salud de Argentina durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estos hechos tuvieron un alto impacto negativo entre quienes los padecieron. Nuestros datos sugieren que, esto podría haber sido más frecuente en Argentina respecto de otras regiones del continente.

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Resumen: Introducción: el compromiso del tronco principal izquierdo no protegido (TPInp) en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) conlleva alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. La cirugía de revascularización coronaria (CABG) ha sido el estándar de tratamiento; sin embargo, estudios recientes proponen la intervención coronaria percutánea (PCI) como alternativa. Objetivo: evaluar los desenlaces intrahospitalarios y durante el seguimiento del tratamiento de pacientes con compromiso del TPInp. Método: estudio observacional multicéntrico de cohorte retrospectivo, se evaluaron pacientes con EAC y afección del TPI. Muerte de cualquier causa, infarto de miocardio no fatal, accidente cerebrovascular, reintervención y/o readmisión hospitalaria fueron valorados como un desenlace compuesto e individualmente durante la hospitalizacioì n y el tiempo de seguimiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 82 pacientes, con edad promedio 71 ± 9.9 años; 35 recibieron PCI, 31 CABG y 16 manejo meìdico (MM). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 16%. En el seguimiento medio de 12.3 meses la tasa de mortalidad fue del 20%, la de reinfarto del 6% y la de readmisioìn hospitalaria del 4%. La tasa de incidencia de muerte para MM fue 5.19 por 10.000 personas/diìa, para PCI de 2.3 por 10.000 personas/diìa y para CABG de 1.06 por 10.000 personas/diìa; en el seguimiento la mortalidad fue mayor en el grupo de PCI (HR: 3.6; IC 95% 1.13-11.9; p = 0.02). La frecuencia cardiaca elevada al ingreso se asocioì con mayor mortalidad (0.05). Conclusión: el compromiso del TPI se asocia con alto riesgo de muerte y se presenta con anatomiìa coronaria compleja.

Abstract: Introduction: involvement of the unprotected left main coronary artery (TPInp) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) leads to a high risk of cardiovascular events. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been the standard of management; however, recent studies propose percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as an alternative treatment. Objective: to evaluate the in-hospital and follow-up outcomes of patients with compromised TPInp. Method: retrospective multicenter observational cohort study, we evaluated patients with CAD and TPI involvement. Death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, reoperation, and/or hospital readmission were assessed as a composite endpoint and individually during hospitaliza- tion and follow-up time. Results: 82 patients were included, mean age 71 ± 9.9 years; 35 received PCI, 31 CABG, and 16 medical management (MM). In-hospital mortality was 16%. In the mean follow-up of 12.3 months, mortality was 20%, rein- farction 6% and hospital readmission 4%. The incidence rate of death was 5.19 per 10,000 people/day for MM, 2.3 per 10,000 people/day for PCI, and 1.06 per 10,000 people/day for CABG; at follow-up, mortality was higher in the PCI group (HR 3.6; 95%CI 1.13-11.9; p = 0.02). Elevated heart rate on admission was associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05). Conclusion: TPInp involvement is associated with a high risk of death and presents with complex coronary anatomy.

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Resumen La cardiotoxicidad por citarabina es un efecto adverso poco conocido. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 51 años con antecedentes de Leucemia Mieloide Aguda manejada con altas dosis de citarabina y que presentó como consecuencia miopericarditis aguda. Luego del manejo de soporte en cuidados intensivos, se inició tratamiento cardioprotector específico para falla cardiaca y, dada la alta posibilidad de requerir citarabina en el manejo oncológico ulterior, se inició tratamiento con antinflamatorios no esteroideos y colchicina con el fin de reducir el riesgo de recurrencia de la miopericarditis. Se presenta el caso clínico, y una estrategia diagnóstica para pacientes con altas dosis de citarabina y compromiso pericárdico y miocárdico.

Summary Knowledge about cytarabine induced cardiotoxicity is scarce. We present the clinical case of a 51-year-old patient with past medical history of Acute Myeloid Leukemia managed with high doses of cytarabine and who developed acute myopericarditis as a complication. After support management in intensive care unit, specific cardioprotective heart failure therapy was started and, due to the high possibility of requiring high doses of cytarabine in subsequent oncological management, therapy with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine was given to reduce the risk of myopericarditis recurrence. We present the clinical case and a diagnostic strategy for patients with high doses of cytarabine and pericardial and myocardial involvement.

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Resumen Introducción: La fibrilación auricular es la taquiarritmia sostenida más frecuente del ser humano y su manejo requiere un abordaje holístico para que los resultados sean óptimos. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados o intervenidos, con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular, atendidos en una clínica de cuarto nivel de complejidad en Colombia. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, a partir de registros de pacientes hospitalizados o intervenidos con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular. Se tomó como referencia el diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular (CIE 10 I48X), durante los años 2017 y 2018. Se realizó análisis univariado y bivariado con Excel, SPSS y Epidat. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes hospitalizados fue de 69.81 años, con ligera predominancia del sexo masculino. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 6.62 en 2017 y de 5.29 días en 2018. Se encontró correlación entre los días de estancia hospitalaria y la edad de los pacientes. La comorbilidad más frecuentes en los pacientes hospitalizados fue hipertensión arterial, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. El 18.04% no tuvieron comorbilidad. Las muertes intrahospitalarias estuvieron asociadas, con mayor frecuencia, a insuficiencia cardíaca. La cardioversión eléctrica fue el procedimiento electrofisiológico más usado, seguida del aislamiento de venas pulmonares. El porcentaje de complicaciones fue menor en 2018 que en 2017. Conclusiones: Existe menor proporción de comorbilidad cuando se compara esta serie con otros reportes. Los días de estancia hospitalaria fueron superiores a los encontrados en la literatura mundial.

Abstract Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained tachyarrhythmia in humans and its management requires an integral approach in order to get optimal results. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized or on surgical procedures with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, managed in a Fourth level of Complexity clinic in Colombia. Method: An observational, retrospective study was conducted from records of patients hospitalized or operated with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. The diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (ICD-10 I48X) was taken as a reference, during the years 2017 and 2018. Univariate and bivariate analysis was performed with Excel, SPSS and Epidat. Results: The average age of hospitalized patients was 69.81 years, with a slight predominance of males. The hospital stay was 6.62 and 5.29 days, during 2017 and 2018 respectively. Correlation was found between the days of hospital stay and the age of the patients. The most frequent comorbidities in hospitalized patients were arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 18.04 % of patients had no comorbidities. In-hospital deaths were more frequently associated with heart failure. Electrical cardioversion was the most frequent electrophysiological procedure followed by the isolation of pulmonary veins. The percentage of complications was lower in 2018 compared to 2017. Conclusions: There are a lower proportion of comorbidities when this series is compared with other reports. The days of hospital stay were superior to those found in the world literature.

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BACKGROUND: Chagas disease (CD) is endemic in Latin America; however, its spread to nontropical areas has raised global interest in this condition. Barriers in access to early diagnosis and treatment of both acute and chronic infection and their complications have led to an increasing disease burden outside of Latin America. Our goal was to identify those barriers and to perform an additional analysis of them based on the Inter American Society of Cardiology (SIAC) and the World Heart Federation (WHF) Chagas Roadmap, at a country level in Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and the United States, which serve as representatives of endemic and nonendemic countries. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This is a nonsystematic review of articles published in indexed journals from 1955 to 2021 and of gray literature (local health organizations guidelines, local policies, blogs, and media). We classified barriers to access care as (i) existing difficulties limiting healthcare access; (ii) lack of awareness about CD and its complications; (iii) poor transmission control (vectorial and nonvectorial); (iv) scarce availability of antitrypanosomal drugs; and (v) cultural beliefs and stigma. Region-specific barriers may limit the implementation of roadmaps and require the application of tailored strategies to improve access to appropriate care. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple barriers negatively impact the prognosis of CD. Identification of these roadblocks both nationally and globally is important to guide development of appropriate policies and public health programs to reduce the global burden of this disease.

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La malaria o paludismo, enfermedad causada por protozoos parásitos de género Plasmodium , se considera un gran problema de salud pública mundial por sus elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad. Las manifestaciones clínicas de esta infección van desde un síndrome febril agudo hasta un cuadro de malaria complicada que afecta órganos específicos, pudiendo progresar a una falla multisistémica que comprometa la vida del paciente. En la malaria, el riñón es un órgano susceptible de daño por mecanismos fisiopatológicos directos del plasmodio como el secuestro de glóbulos rojos parasitados, la obstrucción de la microcirculación y la activación del sistema inmune; además, por efectos indirectos hematológicos, hepáticos y metabólicos. La lesión renal en malaria se ha informado en Colombia hasta en el 31% de los pacientes con malaria grave; incluye la lesión renal aguda y el síndrome nefrótico, cada uno con manifestaciones clínicas, implicaciones terapéuticas y factores pronósticos propios. La lesión renal aguda es la condición más frecuente y puede llevar a una acidosis metabólica grave, daño renal crónico e incluso, cuando hace parte de una falla multiorgánica, asociarse con mortalidad que alcanza tasas de entre 40 y 50%. Un mejor entendimiento de la fisiopatología de la lesión renal en la malaria permitirá reconocer las manifestaciones clínicas para hacer un diagnóstico temprano e iniciar un tratamiento oportuno, con los beneficios que esto conlleva para la evolución y pronóstico del paciente.

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