RESUMO
Introducción: El Sistema de Créditos Transferibles fue desarrollado para traducir la carga de trabajo de los estudiantes en créditos académicos que son reconocidos en todos los países, apuntando al logro del aprendizaje. El aprendizaje autónomo es un objetivo que la mayoría de los programas educativos promueven como una opción estratégica para conectar la profesión, el entorno de estudio y las expectativas profesionales. Objetivo: Analizar las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes para lograr los resultados de aprendizaje determinados en los programas de asignaturas, su efectividad en cuanto al rendimiento académico y su correspondencia con lo establecido en el plan de estudio, ajustado al Sistema de Créditos Transferibles. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo transversal retrospectivo a partir de datos de un registro manual de estudiantes (n = 54) y docentes (n = 6) respecto a seis asignaturas de primer nivel de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco. Resultados: Los análisis revelan una incoherencia entre las horas de trabajo autónomo utilizadas por los estudiantes con respecto a lo establecido en el plan de estudio y las horas de trabajo extra-aula estimadas por los profesores. Conclusión: Se concluye que la implementación del Sistema de Créditos Transferibles por sí sola no asegura una mejora en el desempeño de los estudiantes, requiriendo revisar el procedimiento institucional para definirlas; por parte de los docentes una mayor apropiación de los resultados de aprendizajes y la didáctica necesaria para orientar a los estudiantes a obtener un mayor rendimiento del trabajo autónomo, por otro lado, los estudiantes deben ser responsables del uso consciente de dichas horas(AU)
Introduction: The Transferable Credit System was developed to translate student workload into academic credits that are recognized in all countries, aiming at learning achievement. Autonomous learning is an objective that most educational programs promote as a strategic option to connect career, study environment and professional expectations. Objective: Analyzing the hours of autonomous work used by students to achieve the learning outcomes determined in the subject programs, their effectiveness in terms of academic performance and their correspondence with what is established in the study plan, adjusted to the Transferable Credit System. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive analysis was carried out using data from a manual record of students (n= 54) and teachers (n= 6) regarding six first level subjects of the Dentistry course of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco campus. Results: The analysis revealed an incoherence between the hours of autonomous work used by the students with respect to what is established in the study plan and the hours of extra-classroom work estimated by the professors. Conclusion: It is concluded that the implementation of the Transferable Credit System alone does not ensure an improvement in student performance, requiring a review of the institutional procedure to define them; on the part of teachers a greater appropriation of the learning outcomes and the didactics necessary to guide students to obtain a higher yield of autonomous work, on the other hand, students must be responsible for the conscious use of these hours(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Modelos Educacionais , Desempenho Acadêmico , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical and histopathological effects of natural extracts in the treatment of oral ulcers induced in animal experimental models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a search in the Medline, Scopus, WoS and Embase databases from the start of the databases to December 2020, and also made a manual search of the references. The search and selection were carried out by two researchers independently. The inclusion criteria were: experimental studies in animal models, in english, which complied with the study object. RESULTS: A total of 705 articles were identified. After selection by title, abstract and full text, 19 articles were finally included. Natural extracts of Jasminum grandiflorum, Ficus deltoidea, curcumin and Bixina orellana provoked a significantly greater reduction in the size of the ulcer. Extracts of Salvatora persica, Musa acuminate, Ganoderma lucidum mycelia and Bixina Orellana, as well as preparations of Kouyanqing Granule and curcumin, were able to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression and serum levels of growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Extracts of Piper sarmentosus, Cannabis sativa and Bletilla striata provoked a reduction in the severity of the histological inflammation. No significant differences were observed compared to controls in the treatments with extracts of Cannabis sativa, Aloe barbadensus Miller and Malva sylvestris in reducing the area of the oral ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the natural extracts described in this review presented a positive clinical and histological effect on the cicatrisation of oral ulcers induced in animal models. Key words:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral ulcer, plants, herbs, extracts, medicine, treatment.