RESUMO
RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar quantitativamente a influência da concentração de lodo sobre os fatores que afetam a capacidade de aeração em sistemas de lodo ativado. A investigação experimental foi desenvolvida aplicando a técnica da respirometria, que possibilitou a determinação da taxa de consumo de oxigênio e das variáveis que afetam a transferência de oxigênio. Os resultados experimentais indicam que a concentração de lodo afeta de maneira significativa a capacidade de aeração em sistemas de lodo ativado e, consequentemente, aumenta consideravelmente o consumo de energia. A viabilidade econômica de sistemas que permitem aumento da concentração de lodo, como reatores biológicos com membranas e reatores biológicos com leito móvel, é questionável quando se comparam os custos de implementação com os benefícios resultantes.
ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate quantitatively the influence of sludge concentration on the factors affecting the aeration capacity in activated sludge systems. The experimental investigation involved the application of respirometry, by which the oxygen consumption rate was determined and allowed evaluation of the effect of concentration on the variables that affect oxygen transfer. The experimental results indicated that the sludge concentration has a strong effect on aeration capacity and consequently on the energy consumption. The economic feasibility of systems that allow operation at high concentration, like membrane bioreactor and moving bed biofilm reactor, is questionable when the costs of implementation are compared to the resulting benefits.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of two sequencing batch reactors (R1 and R2) at removing nutrient (N and P) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The two reactors (R1 and R2) were of the same design, operating under identical cycles and had a sludge retention time of 5 d. In R1, the substrate was sewage enriched with cooked and triturated cereals. In R2, the substrate was raw sewage mixed with triturated discarded excess sludge. Respirometry tests were performed to compare the biodegradability of the substrates used during the experimental period. The efficiency of R1 in removing soluble P and N-ammonia was considerably higher (90.4 and 97.2%, respectively) than reactor R2 (60 and 39.2%, respectively). While the effluent generated by R1 contained only minor amounts of N-nitrite and N-nitrate (0.5 +/- 0.4 and 1.7 +/- 0.8 mg L(-1), respectively). The concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in the effluent from R2 were 2 and 7 times higher. The lack of biodegradable COD available for denitrification was responsible for the high concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in the effluent of R2.