RESUMO
The oceanic South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) has played a major role during South America's 2021/2022 summer extreme rainy season, being responsible for more than 90% of the precipitation in some regions of Southeast Brazil and in some regions of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA). The summer of 2021/2022 was unique and rare and considered an abnormally humid season as verified by official Brazilian Institutes. First, the unusual number of cases of SACZ episodes (seven), was the highest recorded in the last decade. Second, all the cases that occurred were oceanic SACZ that assumed characteristics of an Atmospheric River and produced an excessively anomalous amount of precipitation during this period. Excess precipitation along with the regions located in mountainous and very uneven relief, which by orographic effects favors high precipitation volumes, were responsible for amplifying the observed impacts, such as landslides and floods that caused several losses to society. We also showed the main effects of coupling and interaction between the waters of the surface layer of the SWA and the atmosphere. Our learning from this study ends with the unprecedented results of how the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is locally modulated by the sea surface temperature (SST) that lies just below it. Until the present moment, we emphasize that this important mechanism has not been widely highlighted in the literature, showing that even though the ocean is colder than before oceanic SACZ is established, it is still warmer than the overlying air, thus, the ocean continues to be an active source of heat and moisture for the atmosphere and enhances the MABL instability process.
RESUMO
Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies caused by a warm core eddy (WCE) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) rendered a crucial influence on modifying the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). During the first cruise to support the Antarctic Modeling and Observation System (ATMOS) project, a WCE that was shed from the Brazil Current was sampled. Apart from traditional meteorological measurements, we used the Eddy Covariance method to directly measure the ocean-atmosphere sensible heat, latent heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. The mechanisms of pressure adjustment and vertical mixing that can make the MABL unstable were both identified. The WCE also acted to increase the surface winds and heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere. Oceanic regions at middle and high latitudes are expected to absorb atmospheric CO2, and are thereby considered as sinks, due to their cold waters. Instead, the presence of this WCE in midlatitudes, surrounded by predominantly cold waters, caused the ocean to locally act as a CO2 source. The contribution to the atmosphere was estimated as 0.3 ± 0.04 mmol m-2 day-1, averaged over the sampling period. The CO2 transfer velocity coefficient (K) was determined using a quadratic fit and showed an adequate representation of ocean-atmosphere fluxes. The ocean-atmosphere CO2, momentum, and heat fluxes were each closely correlated with the SST. The increase of SST inside the WCE clearly resulted in larger magnitudes of all of the ocean-atmosphere fluxes studied here. This study adds to our understanding of how oceanic mesoscale structures, such as this WCE, affect the overlying atmosphere.
RESUMO
A recent U.S. salmonellosis outbreak was epidemiologically associated with consumption of imported fresh mangos. Studies were conducted to simulate the commercial heat disinfestation method used to eliminate tephritid fly larvae from mangos, as well as subsequent product cooling procedures, to assess whether this process promotes internalization of Salmonella into mangos. The experimental parameters were chosen to mimic the disinfestation method used by the South American producer/packer implicated in the recent outbreak. Untreated domestically grown immature and ripened Tommy Atkins variety mangos were immersed in water at 47 degrees C for 90 min and then immersed in 21 degrees C water containing brilliant blue FD&C no. 1 dye for 10 min. After dye internalization potential was established (67%), the same experiment was performed using 21 degrees C water containing 10(7) CFU/ml Salmonella Enteritidis expressing constitutive green fluorescent protein. Fruit was then stored at 10, 20, or 30 degrees C for up to 1 week. Immature and ripened mangos were positive for Salmonella internalization at a frequency of 80 and 87%, respectively. Internalization frequency into the stem-end segment (83%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than internalization into the middle-side (19%) or blossom-end (9%) segments of the fruit. Salmonella was detected in the mango pulp after 1 week of incubation. The degree of fruit ripeness, posttreatment holding temperature, or duration of storage had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on internalization frequency or survival of Salmonella inside mangos. This study illustrates the high potential for pathogen internalization if heat-disinfested mangos are cooled using contaminated water.