RESUMO

A serologic and epidemiologic study was carried out in order to determinate herd and animal seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii in commercial pigs from Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 416 pigs from 55 producer farms in 27 municipalities. An indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify the associated risk factors using a questionnaire. The T. gondii antibody prevalence rate in commercial swine herds was 15.4% (64/416) using a cutoff of 1:64. The seropositivity for T. gondii was related to the presence of cats, water origin and age of swine in the increase of seroprevalence, and the existence of internal isolation fences and use of composting chambers as protective factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report anti- T. gondii antibodies in the serum of pigs in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This finding is important to public health because seropositive pigs can harbor tissue cysts in their meat, thereby representing a zoonotic risk for consumers of raw or undercooked porcine meat or its products.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been demonstrated in various animal species; those recognized as potential zoonotic reservoirs pose a considerable risk to public health. In Brazil, HEV-3 is the only genotype identified in humans and swine nationwide, in a colony-breeding cynomolgus monkey and, recently, in bovines and capybara. There is no information regarding HEV exposure in the equine population in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate anti-HEV antibodies and viral RNA in serum samples from horses slaughtered for meat export and those bred for sport/reproduction purposes. We used a commercially available ELISA kit modified to detect species-specific anti-HEV, using an anti-horse IgG-peroxidase conjugate and evaluating different cutoff formulas and assay precision. Serum samples (n = 257) were tested for anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA by nested RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. The overall anti-HEV seroprevalence was 26.5% (68/257) without the detection of HEV RNA. Most municipalities (53.3%) and farms (58.8%) had positive horses. Animals slaughtered for human consumption had higher risk of HEV exposure (45.5%) than those bred for sports or reproduction (6.4%) (p < 0.0001). The statistical analysis revealed sex and breeding system as possible risk-associated factors. The first serological evidence of HEV circulation in Brazilian equines reinforces the need for the surveillance of HEV host expansion in a one-health approach.

RESUMO

Abstract A serologic and epidemiologic study was carried out in order to determinate herd and animal seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii in commercial pigs from Espírito Santo state, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 416 pigs from 55 producer farms in 27 municipalities. An indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify the associated risk factors using a questionnaire. The T. gondii antibody prevalence rate in commercial swine herds was 15.4% (64/416) using a cutoff of 1:64. The seropositivity for T. gondii was related to the presence of cats, water origin and age of swine in the increase of seroprevalence, and the existence of internal isolation fences and use of composting chambers as protective factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report anti- T. gondii antibodies in the serum of pigs in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This finding is important to public health because seropositive pigs can harbor tissue cysts in their meat, thereby representing a zoonotic risk for consumers of raw or undercooked porcine meat or its products.

Resumo Um estudo sorológico e epidemiológico foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a soroprevalência nas granjas e animais e também em fatores associados para Toxoplasma gondii em suínos comerciais do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 416 suínos de 55 granjas produtoras de 27 municípios. A reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) foi realizada com o uso de questionário, para estimar a soroprevalência do T. gondii e identificar os fatores de risco associados. A taxa de prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii, nos rebanhos comerciais de suínos, foi de 15,4% (64/416) com ponto de corte de 1:64. A soropositividade para T. gondii foi relacionada à presença de gatos, origem da água, a idade dos suínos no aumento da soroprevalência, a existência de cercas de isolamento interno e uso de câmaras de compostagem como fatores de proteção. De acordo com este estudo, ele é o primeiro a relatar anticorpos anti-T. gondii no soro de suínos no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Este achado é importante para a saúde pública, pois suínos soropositivos podem abrigar cistos teciduais em suas carnes, representando um risco zoonótico para os consumidores de carne suína crua ou mal cozida ou seus produtos.

RESUMO

Urban canine and feline populations are expanding worldwide, a fact that can boost the transmission of zoonotic parasites. Thus, it is necessary understanding dog and cat owners' profile, as well as their perceptions about zoonoses, to develop preventive strategies based on the One Health approach. The aim of the current study is to compare the profile of dog and cat owners, whose domestic pets were treated at Jorge Vaitsman Veterinary Medicine Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dog and cat owners, whose domestic pets were treated in the routine service of the aforementioned medical clinic, from August 2017 to November 2018, filled a structured questionnaire comprising closed questions in order to collect information about their socioeconomic profile, hygiene habits, animal care and knowledge about parasites. Comparative analysis was applied to data collected from dog and cat owners, based on using Fischer's Exact Test or Pearson's Chi-square. In total, 350 individuals - 244 dog owners and 106 cat owners - filled the questionnaire. The comparative analysis of socioeconomic profile, animal care, sanitary practices and knowledge about parasites did not show differences between dog and cat owners (p≥0.05). Animal vaccination and deworming practices were significantly more prevalent among dog owners than among cat owners (p≤0.05). Overall, respondents have shown lack of knowledge about parasitic zoonoses. Results in the current study have evidenced the need of mediating and promoting information about potentially zoonotic parasitic agents among domestic pet owners, as well as the key role played by veterinarians as mediators of primary prevention measures against these agents.

As populações urbanas de cães e gatos estão em expansão, o que pode facilitar a transmissão de parasitas zoonóticos. Nesse sentido, é necessário conhecer o perfil dos donos de cães e gatos e suas percepções sobre zoonoses para construir estratégias preventivas em uma abordagem em Saúde Única. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o perfil dos donos de cães e gatos atendidos no Centro de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Entre agosto de 2017 e novembro de 2018, proprietários de cães e gatos atendidos na rotina da clínica médica responderam a um questionário estruturado composto por questões fechadas relacionadas ao seu perfil socioeconômico, hábitos de higiene, cuidados com os animais e conhecimento sobre parasitas. A análise comparativa dos dados obtidos de proprietários de cães e gatos foi realizada por meio do Teste Exato de Fischer ou Qui-quadrado de Pearson. No total, 350 indivíduos responderam ao questionário, sendo 244 donos de cães e 106 donos de gatos. A análise comparativa do perfil socioeconômico, cuidados com os animais, práticas sanitárias e conhecimento sobre parasitos não mostrou diferenças entre proprietários de cães e gatos (p≥0,05). As práticas de vacinação e desparasitação dos animais foram significativamente mais frequentes entre os donos de cães do que entre os donos de gatos (p≤0,05). De maneira geral, foi possível evidenciar entre as respostas recuperadas um desconhecimento sobre zoonoses parasitárias. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a necessidade de mediação e divulgação de informações sobre agentes parasitários potencialmente zoonóticos para os proprietários, destacando os veterinários, no papel de mediadores das medidas de prevenção primária contra esses agentes.

RESUMO

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent zoonotic parasite in Brazil capable of infecting mammals and birds. The increase in the urban populations of pets and the narrowing of the human-animal relationship can facilitate the transmission of important public health zoonoses, such as toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and spatial distribution of T. gondii infection and its risk factors in domiciled dogs and cats attended at the Jorge Vaitsman Institute, Rio de Janeiro. Serum samples from 400 dogs and 272 cats were evaluated by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Epidemiological questionnaires were used to interview the animals' owners to identify risk factors for infection. Of the total, 34% (136/400) of dogs and 8.1% (22/272) of cats had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Breed (OR: 2.10-95%, CI 1.27-3.46) was a risk factor for dogs, while sex (OR: 3.40-95%, CI 1.10-10.52) and homemade food consumption (OR: 8.49-95%, CI 2.48-29.05) were risk factors for cats. Offal consumption was considered a risk factor for both species evaluated (OR: 2.74-95%, CI 1.38-5.43 for dogs; OR: 7.66-95%, CI 1.24-47.29 for cats). The spatial analysis showed that T. gondii seropositive animals were widely distributed in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state, with a concentration observed mainly in the west and north zones of Rio de Janeiro city. The results emphasize the importance of adopting prophylactic measures to control T. gondii transmission in domiciled dogs and cats in Rio de Janeiro, contributing positively to public health.

TITLE: Toxoplasma gondii chez les chiens et les chats domiciliés dans des zones urbaines du Brésil : facteurs de risque et répartition spatiale. ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite zoonotique très répandu au Brésil, capable d'infecter les mammifères et les oiseaux. L'augmentation des populations urbaines d'animaux de compagnie et le rétrécissement de la relation homme-animal peuvent faciliter la transmission de zoonoses importantes pour la santé publique, telles que la toxoplasmose. Cette étude visait à évaluer la fréquence et la distribution spatiale de l'infection à T. gondii et ses facteurs de risque chez les chiens et les chats domiciliés qui ont fréquenté l'Institut Jorge Vaitsman de Rio de Janeiro. Des échantillons de sérum de 400 chiens et 272 chats ont été évalués par un test d'immunofluorescence indirecte (IFAT) pour les anticorps IgG anti-T. gondii. Des questionnaires épidémiologiques ont été appliqués aux propriétaires des animaux pour identifier les facteurs de risque d'infection. Sur le total, 34 % (136/400) des chiens et 8,1 % (22/272) des chats avaient des anticorps anti-T. gondii. La race (OR : 2,10-95 %, IC 1,27-3,46) était un facteur de risque pour les chiens, tandis que le sexe (OR : 3,40-95 %, IC 1,10-10,52) et la consommation d'aliments faits maison (OR : 8,49-95 % IC 2,48-29,05) l'étaient pour les chats. La consommation d'abats a été considérée comme un facteur de risque pour les deux espèces évaluées (OR : 2,74-95 %, IC 1,38-5,43 pour les chiens; OR : 7,66-95 %, IC 1,24-47,29 pour les chats). L'analyse spatiale a montré que les animaux séropositifs pour T. gondii étaient largement répartis dans la région métropolitaine de l'État de Rio de Janeiro, avec une concentration observée principalement dans les zones ouest et nord de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'adopter des mesures prophylactiques pour contrôler la transmission de T. gondii chez les chiens et les chats domiciliés à Rio de Janeiro, contribuant positivement à la santé publique.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The urban populations of pets, mainly dogs and cats, have been growing in recent years and, consequently, human-animal relationships have become increasingly closer. However, pets are vulnerable to infection by various parasites, as well are their owners due to the zoonotic potential of these agents. This study aimed to assess the frequency and risk factors of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended at the Municipal Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jorge Vaitsman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as georeferencing the parasitized animals. A total of 608 animals (400 dogs and 208 cats) were enrolled from August 2017 to November 2018. Fecal samples were obtained from the animal's rectum during clinical examination. In addition, the owners of the enrolled dogs and cats were asked to complete an epidemiological questionnaire with questions about the animals' general information, lifestyle, and handling. Fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and centrifugal-flotation in sucrose solution techniques. The frequencies of intestinal parasites total in dogs and cats were 11.3% and 24.5%, respectively, with hookworms being the most detected parasites in dogs (8.3%) and Dipylidium caninum in cats (12.5%). Sex was the only variable that showed statistical differences in the canine population males being more often infected than female (p < 0.05), while street access was associated with parasitic infections in cats (p < 0.05). The results obtained in this study demonstrate the need to control parasitic infections in domiciled dogs and cats in different municipalities in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, including residents in the northern, western and central areas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to genetically characterize Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from free-range chickens reared in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to evaluate the morbidity and histological changes associated with these isolates in mice. A mouse bioassay was used to isolate T. gondii from a pool of tissue samples (brain, heart, and thigh muscles) collected from 163 chickens. The 36 isolates obtained were genetically characterized by restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, aSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, and CS3 genomic regions. Seventeen atypical genotypes were identified and nine of them were reported for the first time. All identified genotypes caused clinical signs and histological changes in mice, with the majority being associated with high cumulative morbidity (65%) and severe or very severe histological changes (76%). The exclusive identification of atypical genotypes, with a predominance of new genotypes, indicates great genetic diversity of T. gondii in the region studied. In addition, the finding that all identified genotypes caused clinical signs and often severe histological changes in mice suggests potentially relevant virulence of these strains.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que acomete vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluindo o ser humano. Toxoplasma gondii, seu agente etiológico, é capaz de infectar seus hospedeiros por diversas vias de transmissão, dentre elas a ingestão de cistos teciduais, presente na carne crua ou malcozida, e a ingestão de oocistos, presentes na água e alimentos contaminados, sendo essas as principais rotas de infecção na cadeia epidemiológica da toxoplasmose. Neste sentido, a contaminação ambiental com oocistos esporulados apresenta-se como um importante fator de risco para a infecção toxoplásmica em animais herbívoros, como os equinos e ovinos. Enquanto os equinos mostram resistência à infecção e a manifestações de sinais clínicos da doença, em ovinos, a toxoplasmose pode ser responsável por importantes distúrbios reprodutivos como aborto e morte neonatal. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de anticorpos específicos anti- T. gondii em equinos e ovinos criados na Fazenda Experimental Nhumirim, propriedade da Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para tanto foram coletadas amostras de soro de 101 equinos e 99 ovinos entre março de 2011 e maio de 2015. As amostras de soro foram enviadas para o Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/RJ. Os soros foram submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta, sendo consideradas positivas as amostras sororreagentes a partir da diluição de 1:64 para ambas as espécies. Anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram detectados em 15% (15/99) dos ovinos e 10% (10/101) dos equinos. A ocorrência de anticorpos específicos anti-T. gondii nas amostras de soro desses animais, aponta para uma contaminação ambiental da propriedade, onde possivelmente, felídeos silvestres estariam atuando como dispersores do parasito...(AU)

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis that affects homeothermic vertebrates, including humans. Toxoplasma gondii, its etiological agent, is capable of infecting its hosts through several transmission routes, including the ingestion of tissue cysts, present in raw or undercooked meat, and the ingestion of oocysts, present in contaminated water and food, being these are the main routes of infection in the epidemiological chain of toxoplasmosis. In this sense, environmental contamination with sporulated oocysts is an important risk factor for toxoplasmic infection in herbivorous animals, such as horses and sheep. While horses show resistance to infection and manifestations of clinical signs of the disease, in sheep, toxoplasmosis may be responsible for important reproductive disorders such as abortion and neonatal death. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of specific anti-T. gondii antibodies in horses and sheep raised on the Experimental Farm Nhumirim, property of Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. For this purpose, serum samples were collected from 101 horses and 99 sheep between March 2011 and May 2015. The serum samples were sent to the Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoal Diseases Laboratory, at Oswaldo Cruz Institute, at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/RJ. Sera were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence test, and seroreactive samples were considered positive from a 1:64 dilution for both species. Anti-T. gondii were detected in 15% (15/99) of sheep and 10% (10/101) of horses. The occurrence of specific anti-T. gondii in the serum samples of these animals, points to an environmental contamination of the property, where possibly wild felids would be acting as dispersers of the parasite...(AU)

La toxoplasmosis es una zoonosis de distribución mundial que afecta a los vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluidos los humanos. Toxoplasma gondii, su agente etiológico, es capaz de infectar a sus huéspedes a través de varias vías de transmisión, entre ellas la ingestión de quistes tisulares, presentes en carnes crudas o poco cocidas, y la ingestión de ooquistes, presentes en agua y alimentos contaminados, siendo estos las principales vías de infección en la cadena epidemiológica de la toxoplasmosis. En este sentido, la contaminación ambiental con ooquistes esporulados es un factor de riesgo importante para la infección por toxoplasma en animales herbívoros, como caballos y ovejas. Mientras que los caballos muestran resistencia a la infección y las manifestaciones de los signos clínicos de la enfermedad, en las ovejas, la toxoplasmosis puede ser responsable de importantes trastornos reproductivos como el aborto y la muerte neonatal. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la presencia de anticuerpos específicos anti-T. gondii en caballos y ovejas criados en la Granja Experimental Nhumirim, propiedad de Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para ello, se recolectaron muestras de suero de 101 caballos y 99 ovejas entre marzo de 2011 y mayo de 2015. Las muestras de suero se enviaron al Laboratorio de Toxoplasmosis y otros Protozoos, del Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, en la Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / RJ. Los sueros se sometieron a una reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta y las muestras serorreactivas se consideraron positivas a partir de una dilución 1:64 para ambas especies. Anti-T. gondii se detectaron en el 15% (15/99) de las ovejas y el 10% (10/101) de los caballos...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que acomete vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluindo o ser humano. Toxoplasma gondii, seu agente etiológico, é capaz de infectar seus hospedeiros por diversas vias de transmissão, dentre elas a ingestão de cistos teciduais, presente na carne crua ou malcozida, e a ingestão de oocistos, presentes na água e alimentos contaminados, sendo essas as principais rotas de infecção na cadeia epidemiológica da toxoplasmose. Neste sentido, a contaminação ambiental com oocistos esporulados apresenta-se como um importante fator de risco para a infecção toxoplásmica em animais herbívoros, como os equinos e ovinos. Enquanto os equinos mostram resistência à infecção e a manifestações de sinais clínicos da doença, em ovinos, a toxoplasmose pode ser responsável por importantes distúrbios reprodutivos como aborto e morte neonatal. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de anticorpos específicos anti- T. gondii em equinos e ovinos criados na Fazenda Experimental Nhumirim, propriedade da Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para tanto foram coletadas amostras de soro de 101 equinos e 99 ovinos entre março de 2011 e maio de 2015. As amostras de soro foram enviadas para o Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/RJ. Os soros foram submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta, sendo consideradas positivas as amostras sororreagentes a partir da diluição de 1:64 para ambas as espécies. Anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram detectados em 15% (15/99) dos ovinos e 10% (10/101) dos equinos. A ocorrência de anticorpos específicos anti-T. gondii nas amostras de soro desses animais, aponta para uma contaminação ambiental da propriedade, onde possivelmente, felídeos silvestres estariam atuando como dispersores do parasito...

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis that affects homeothermic vertebrates, including humans. Toxoplasma gondii, its etiological agent, is capable of infecting its hosts through several transmission routes, including the ingestion of tissue cysts, present in raw or undercooked meat, and the ingestion of oocysts, present in contaminated water and food, being these are the main routes of infection in the epidemiological chain of toxoplasmosis. In this sense, environmental contamination with sporulated oocysts is an important risk factor for toxoplasmic infection in herbivorous animals, such as horses and sheep. While horses show resistance to infection and manifestations of clinical signs of the disease, in sheep, toxoplasmosis may be responsible for important reproductive disorders such as abortion and neonatal death. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of specific anti-T. gondii antibodies in horses and sheep raised on the Experimental Farm Nhumirim, property of Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. For this purpose, serum samples were collected from 101 horses and 99 sheep between March 2011 and May 2015. The serum samples were sent to the Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoal Diseases Laboratory, at Oswaldo Cruz Institute, at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/RJ. Sera were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence test, and seroreactive samples were considered positive from a 1:64 dilution for both species. Anti-T. gondii were detected in 15% (15/99) of sheep and 10% (10/101) of horses. The occurrence of specific anti-T. gondii in the serum samples of these animals, points to an environmental contamination of the property, where possibly wild felids would be acting as dispersers of the parasite...

La toxoplasmosis es una zoonosis de distribución mundial que afecta a los vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluidos los humanos. Toxoplasma gondii, su agente etiológico, es capaz de infectar a sus huéspedes a través de varias vías de transmisión, entre ellas la ingestión de quistes tisulares, presentes en carnes crudas o poco cocidas, y la ingestión de ooquistes, presentes en agua y alimentos contaminados, siendo estos las principales vías de infección en la cadena epidemiológica de la toxoplasmosis. En este sentido, la contaminación ambiental con ooquistes esporulados es un factor de riesgo importante para la infección por toxoplasma en animales herbívoros, como caballos y ovejas. Mientras que los caballos muestran resistencia a la infección y las manifestaciones de los signos clínicos de la enfermedad, en las ovejas, la toxoplasmosis puede ser responsable de importantes trastornos reproductivos como el aborto y la muerte neonatal. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la presencia de anticuerpos específicos anti-T. gondii en caballos y ovejas criados en la Granja Experimental Nhumirim, propiedad de Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para ello, se recolectaron muestras de suero de 101 caballos y 99 ovejas entre marzo de 2011 y mayo de 2015. Las muestras de suero se enviaron al Laboratorio de Toxoplasmosis y otros Protozoos, del Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, en la Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / RJ. Los sueros se sometieron a una reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta y las muestras serorreactivas se consideraron positivas a partir de una dilución 1:64 para ambas especies. Anti-T. gondii se detectaron en el 15% (15/99) de las ovejas y el 10% (10/101) de los caballos...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. Consumption of meat from equids is common in European and Asian countries and an increase in Brazil has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-T. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys were collected in the exsanguination area during the slaughter. Serum samples were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Association analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test (χ2) or Fisher's exact test, to evaluate risk factors relating to the prevalence of seroreagents. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 13.5% of the equids, with higher occurrence in horses (18.75%) than in donkeys (8.65%). Associations between seropositivity and the following variables were found (p ≤ 0.05): species, animal origin, purpose of rearing and source of water for animal consumption and contact with cats. Farms need to implement preventive measures to control T. gondii infection in these species and avert transmission of the parasite to the human population that will consume their meat.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The sheep industry, a very important economic activity in Paraná State, can be affected by gastrointestinal parasites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep raised in the north region of Paraná State. Fecal samples were collected from 69 animals and processed by flotation and sedimentation techniques. Parasites were observed in 63 (91.3%) animals. The most frequent parasites were strongylid eggs (81.2%), followed by Eimeria sp (42%) and Giardia duodenalis (10.1%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Giardia duodenalis in sheep raised in Parana State. These results indicate that sanitary management must be improved in order to control infections by these parasites and increase the productivity.(AU)

A ovinocultura, uma atividade econômica muito importante no Estado do Paraná, pode ser afetada por parasitas gastrointestinais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de parasitas gastrointestinais em ovinos criados na região norte do Paraná. Amostras fecais foram coletadas de 69 animais e processadas por técnicas de flutuação e sedimentação. Encontraram-se parasitas em 63 (91,3%) animais. Os parasitas mais freqüentes foram os ovos de estrongilideos (81,2%), seguidos por Eimeria sp (42%) e Giardia duodenalis (10,1%). Até onde se pôde apurar, este é o primeiro relato de Giardia duodenalis em ovinos criados no Paraná. Esses resultados indicam que o manejo sanitário deve ser aprimorado para controlar infecções por esses parasitas e aumentar a produtividade.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The sheep industry, a very important economic activity in Paraná State, can be affected by gastrointestinal parasites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep raised in the north region of Paraná State. Fecal samples were collected from 69 animals and processed by flotation and sedimentation techniques. Parasites were observed in 63 (91.3%) animals. The most frequent parasites were strongylid eggs (81.2%), followed by Eimeria sp (42%) and Giardia duodenalis (10.1%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Giardia duodenalis in sheep raised in Parana State. These results indicate that sanitary management must be improved in order to control infections by these parasites and increase the productivity.

A ovinocultura, uma atividade econômica muito importante no Estado do Paraná, pode ser afetada por parasitas gastrointestinais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de parasitas gastrointestinais em ovinos criados na região norte do Paraná. Amostras fecais foram coletadas de 69 animais e processadas por técnicas de flutuação e sedimentação. Encontraram-se parasitas em 63 (91,3%) animais. Os parasitas mais freqüentes foram os ovos de estrongilideos (81,2%), seguidos por Eimeria sp (42%) e Giardia duodenalis (10,1%). Até onde se pôde apurar, este é o primeiro relato de Giardia duodenalis em ovinos criados no Paraná. Esses resultados indicam que o manejo sanitário deve ser aprimorado para controlar infecções por esses parasitas e aumentar a produtividade.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. Consumption of meat from equids is common in European and Asian countries and an increase in Brazil has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-T. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys were collected in the exsanguination area during the slaughter. Serum samples were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Association analysis was performed using Pearsons chi-square test (2) or Fishers exact test, to evaluate risk factors relating to the prevalence of seroreagents. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 13.5% of the equids, with higher occurrence in horses (18.75%) than in donkeys (8.65%). Associations between seropositivity and the following variables were found (p 0.05): species, animal origin, purpose of rearing and source of water for animal consumption and contact with cats. Farms need to implement preventive measures to control T. gondii infection in these species and avert transmission of the parasite to the human population that will consume their meat.(AU)

Toxoplasmose é uma zoonose cosmopolita causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii. A ingestão de carne crua ou mal cozida é considerada uma importante forma de infecção. A ingestão de carne de equídeos é comum nos países europeus e asiáticos e, no Brasil, tem sido observado um aumento no consumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T.gondii e correlacionar com possíveis fatores de risco relacionados à infecção em equídeos, os quais foram abatidos para consumo humano em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 192 equinos e 208 asininos foram coletadas na área de sangria durante o abate. As amostras de soro foram analisadas pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). A análise estatística foi realizada, usando-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (2) ou o teste exato de Fisher, buscando relacionar possíveis fatores de risco com a prevalência de anticorpos. Estes foram encontrados em 13,5% dos equídeos, com maior ocorrência em equinos (18,75%) do que em asininos (8,65%). Foram encontradas associações entre soropositividade e as seguintes variáveis (p 0,05): espécie, origem animal, finalidade da criação e fonte de água para consumo animal e contato com gatos. Os produtores precisam implementar medidas para controlar a infecção nessas espécies, evitando, assim, a transmissão do parasita à população humana que consumirá sua carne.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a longer sedimentation time, the reading of a larger number of slides, and the collection of multiple samples on the efficiency of the spontaneous sedimentation technique. Twenty-two patients with a previous parasitological exam positive for intestinal protozoa were recruited to collect new fecal samples (3 samples per patient) before the beginning of antiparasitic treatment. All collected fecal samples were used for spontaneous sedimentation and centrifuge-flotation techniques. Of these, all 22 patients were positive based on spontaneous sedimentation, and 59.1% (13/22) based on centrifuge flotation. The number of samples and the number of slides analyzed by spontaneous sedimentation influenced the number of positive cases. The modifications applied to the spontaneous sedimentation technique increased its performance in protozoa diagnosis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present study evaluated the frequency of intestinal parasitoses in children in public day care centers applying parasitological and immunological diagnostic methods. Fecal samples from 121 children from six public daycare centers were analyzed using parasitological techniques. Epidemiological data were obtained through a questionnaire, where parents and / or guardians were asked, for instance, whether the children had contact with soil, ate raw food, such as vegetables or raw or undercooked meat, normally walked around barefoot or had contact with animals. Fecal samples from 82 children were also tested for Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. coproantigen using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which was also used for Entamoeba coproantigen detection only in samples that tested positive for the parasite by parasitological stool exam/optical microscopy. Intestinal parasite infection was noted in 23.1% (28/121) of the children. The most frequent parasite was Giardia intestinalis (13.2%), followed by Entamoeba coli (5.8%), Blastocystis spp. (1.7%), Endolimax nana (1.7%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.7%), Cystoisospora belli (0.8%), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex (0.8%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.8%). Positivity for parasite infection using parasitological stool exams was significantly associated with age groups, with a higher frequency in 4 to 6 year old children (p=0.03). No association or significant variations were noted in the prevalence of intestinal parasites in relation to the epidemiological variables studied. All samples were negative for Cryptosporidium sp. and Entamoeba histolytica detected by immunological testing, and 17.1% (14/82) children tested positive for Giardia intestinalis, although using parasitological exam/optical microscopy, only 14.6% (12/82) tested positive. The high incidence of intestinal parasites, especially protozoans, suggests probable interpersonal transmission among the children, environmental contamination, or even contaminated food/water intake. Thus, consolidation of preventive measures and efficient diagnostic resources as well as control of intestinal parasites and patient treatment are of utmost importance

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the serum of slaughtered chickens in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to detect the parasite in tissues (heart and brain) of serologically positive chickens, based on molecular analysis, and to investigate risk variables associated with the infection. Sera from 417 chickens raised in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive production systems were tested by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and indirect hemagglutination antibody test (IHA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in brain and heart tissues. Antibody anti-T. gondii were found in 37.65% (157/417) of chickens by IFAT, and in 75.06% (313/417) by IHA. The Kappa index showed a weak concordance between the techniques (0.087). Association was observed between seropositivity and the variables, age (p < 0.0001), type of feeding (p < 0.0001) and collective raising with other animal's species (p < 0.0001). Association, based on IFAT, was not observed between seropositivity and the variables, sex (p = 0.0526), presence of cats (p > 0.9999), and presence of rats (p > 0.9999). Presence of parasite DNA was detected in brain samples from two chickens, which were raised in intensive and semi-intensive production systems. The results suggest the meat of these slaughtered animals may serve as a transmission source of this protozoan to humans.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soro de galinhas abatidas na região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, detectar molecularmente o parasito em tecidos (coração e cérebro) de algumas das aves sorologicamente positivas e averiguar variáveis de risco associadas à infecção. Foram testados soros de 417 galinhas, criadas nos sistemas extensivo, semi-intensivo e intensivo. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii foi utilizada a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI). A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detectar o DNA de T. gondii em fragmentos de cérebro e coração. Anticorpos foram detectados no soro de 37,65% (157/417) das aves pela RIFI e em 75,06% (313/417) pela HAI. O índice Kappa mostrou uma fraca concordância entre as técnicas (0,087). Baseado na RIFI, foi verificada associação estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,0001) entre a soropositividade e as variáveis: idade, tipo de alimentação e criação em conjunto com outras espécies animais. Não foi observada associação estatística (p > 0,01) entre as variáveis: sexo, presença de gatos e presença de ratos. Pelo diagnóstico molecular DNA do parasito foi detectado em duas amostras de cérebro, de indivíduos diferentes criados em sistema intensivo e semi-intensivo. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de a carne dessas aves poderem atuar como fonte de infecção deste protozoário para o homem.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of diagnostic methods that prevent irreplaceable samples (from museum collections, archaeological and paleontological samples) of being consumed or that increase their yield is relevant. For museum collections, archaeological and paleontological samples it is essential to conserve samples, subsamples or portions for future research. We are addressing methods for conservation of irreplaceable samples that could be fully consumed. Innovations in methodologies that are used in studies of Paleoparasitology and Paleomicrobiology will contribute to the preservation of collections. Therefore, to the development of archaeology and paleontology in the future, we evaluated whether the discarded material of the immunochromatography test could be used for molecular diagnosis and vice versa. We used a genotyped experimental coprolite positive for Giardia duodenalis. The diagnosis was positive for giardiasis in both cases. This methodology can be corroborated with the coprolite of a Paleolama maior (extinct llama) previously diagnosed for G. duodenalis with an immunoenzymatic test. The residue of the pre-digestion step of the DNA extraction before adding Proteinase K was confirmed positive with the immunochromatographic test. Also, the DNA extraction residue from a coprolite of Nothrotherium maquinense (ground sloth) was tested positive with immunochromatographic test for G. duodenalis. These are the oldest findings for G. duodenalis confirming that this intestinal parasite occurred among Northeastern Brazilian Megafauna animals from the late Pleistocene period, correlated to human occupation. The relevance of these results will allow the study by different methodological approaches from a small amount of material, reusing discarded materials.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the serum of slaughtered chickens in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to detect the parasite in tissues (heart and brain) of serologically positive chickens, based on molecular analysis, and to investigate risk variables associated with the infection. Sera from 417 chickens raised in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive production systems were tested by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and indirect hemagglutination antibody test (IHA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in brain and heart tissues. Antibody anti-T. gondii were found in 37.65% (157/417) of chickens by IFAT, and in 75.06% (313/417) by IHA. The Kappa index showed a weak concordance between the techniques (0.087). Association was observed between seropositivity and the variables, age (p 0.0001), type of feeding (p 0.0001) and collective raising with other animals species (p 0.0001). Association, based on IFAT, was not observed between seropositivity and the variables, sex (p = 0.0526), presence of cats (p > 0.9999), and presence of rats (p > 0.9999). Presence of parasite DNA was detected in brain samples from two chickens, which were raised in intensive and semi-intensive production systems. The results suggest th

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soro de galinhas abatidas na região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, detectar molecularmente o parasito em tecidos (coração e cérebro) de algumas das aves sorologicamente positivas e averiguar variáveis de risco associadas à infecção. Foram testados soros de 417 galinhas, criadas nos sistemas extensivo, semi-intensivo e intensivo. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii foi utilizada a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI). A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detectar o DNA de T. gondii em fragmentos de cérebro e coração. Anticorpos foram detectados no soro de 37,65% (157/417) das aves pela RIFI e em 75,06% (313/417) pela HAI. O índice Kappa mostrou uma fraca concordância entre as técnicas (0,087). Baseado na RIFI, foi verificada associação estatisticamente significativa (p 0,0001) entre a soropositividade e as variáveis: idade, tipo de alimentação e criação em conjunto com outras espécies animais. Não foi observada associação estatística (p > 0,01) entre as variáveis: sexo, presença de gatos e presença de ratos. Pelo diagnóstico molecular DNA do parasito foi detectado em duas amostras de cérebro, de indivíduos diferentes criados em sistema intensivo e semi-intensivo. Os resultados indicam a possib

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the serum of slaughtered chickens in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to detect the parasite in tissues (heart and brain) of serologically positive chickens, based on molecular analysis, and to investigate risk variables associated with the infection. Sera from 417 chickens raised in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive production systems were tested by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and indirect hemagglutination antibody test (IHA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in brain and heart tissues. Antibody anti-T. gondii were found in 37.65% (157/417) of chickens by IFAT, and in 75.06% (313/417) by IHA. The Kappa index showed a weak concordance between the techniques (0.087). Association was observed between seropositivity and the variables, age (p 0.0001), type of feeding (p 0.0001) and collective raising with other animals species (p 0.0001). Association, based on IFAT, was not observed between seropositivity and the variables, sex (p = 0.0526), presence of cats (p > 0.9999), and presence of rats (p > 0.9999). Presence of parasite DNA was detected in brain samples from two chickens, which were raised in intensive and semi-intensive production systems. The results suggest(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soro de galinhas abatidas na região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, detectar molecularmente o parasito em tecidos (coração e cérebro) de algumas das aves sorologicamente positivas e averiguar variáveis de risco associadas à infecção. Foram testados soros de 417 galinhas, criadas nos sistemas extensivo, semi-intensivo e intensivo. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii foi utilizada a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI). A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detectar o DNA de T. gondii em fragmentos de cérebro e coração. Anticorpos foram detectados no soro de 37,65% (157/417) das aves pela RIFI e em 75,06% (313/417) pela HAI. O índice Kappa mostrou uma fraca concordância entre as técnicas (0,087). Baseado na RIFI, foi verificada associação estatisticamente significativa (p 0,0001) entre a soropositividade e as variáveis: idade, tipo de alimentação e criação em conjunto com outras espécies animais. Não foi observada associação estatística (p > 0,01) entre as variáveis: sexo, presença de gatos e presença de ratos. Pelo diagnóstico molecular DNA do parasito foi detectado em duas amostras de cérebro, de indivíduos diferentes criados em sistema intensivo e semi-intensivo.(AU)

Assuntos