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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold promise for cancer therapy. This study aimed to evaluate their impact on tumor and non-tumor cell number, viability, and morphology. Antitumor activity was tested on U-87MG (glioblastoma) and DU-145 (prostate cancer) cell lines. Treatment with AgNPs notably reached a reduction of U-87MG and DU-145 cell growth by 89.30% and 79.74%, respectively, resulting in slower growth rates. AgNPs induced DNA damage, evidenced by reduced nuclear area and DNA content via fluorescent image-based analyses. Conversely, HFF-1 non-tumor cells displayed no significant changes post-AgNPs exposure. Viability assays revealed substantial reductions in U-87MG and DU-145 cells (79% and 63% in MTT assays, 30% and 52.2% in high-content analyses), while HFF-1 cells exhibited lower sensitivity. Tumor cells had notably lower IC50 values than non-tumor cells, indicating selective susceptibility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed morphological changes post-AgNPs administration, including increased vacuoles, myelin figures, membrane ghosts, cellular extravasation, and membrane projections. The findings suggest the potential of AgNPs against glioblastoma and prostate cancer, necessitating further exploration across other cancer cell lines.

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The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.

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The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.(AU)

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The scant ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate makes heart regeneration one of the biggest challenges of science. Current therapies do not contemplate heart re-muscularization. In this scenario, stem cell-based approaches have been proposed to overcome this lack of regeneration. We hypothesize that early-stage hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) could enhance the cardiac function of rats after myocardial infarction (MI). Animals were subjected to the permanent occlusion of the left ventricle (LV) anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Seven days after MI, early-stage hiPSC-CMs were injected intramyocardially. Rats were subjected to echocardiography pre-and post-treatment. Thirty days after the injections were administered, treated rats displayed 6.2% human cardiac grafts, which were characterized molecularly. Left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was improved by 7.8% in cell-injected rats, while placebo controls showed an 18.2% deterioration. Additionally, cell-treated rats displayed a 92% and 56% increase in radial and circumferential strains, respectively. Human cardiac grafts maturate in situ, preserving proliferation with 10% Ki67 and 3% PHH3 positive nuclei. Grafts were perfused by host vasculature with no evidence for immune rejection nor ectopic tissue formations. Our findings support the use of early-stage hiPSC-CMs as an alternative therapy to treat MI. The next steps of preclinical development include efficacy studies in large animals on the path to clinical-grade regenerative therapy targeting human patients.

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The layer poultry is an important activity for food production with high biological value. Measuring egg quality has great relevance to ensure safety and quality products for consumers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the egg physical quality of four laying hens strains. Were used 864 eggs from four laying hens lines (Hisex Brown®, Hy-Line Brown®, Isa Label®, and Lohmann Brown®). The experimental design was completely randomized composed of four treatments (strains) with nine replications with four eggs each. Egg weight, eggdiameter, egg length, specific gravity, yolk, albumen and shell weight and percentage, Haugh units, and shell thickness were evaluated. There was a significant difference for all parameters evaluated. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the best results for egg diameter, egg length, specific weight, albumen height, Haugh units, yolk weight, albumen%, shell weight, shell%, and shell thickness, while the Hy-Line Brown®produced bigger and heavier eggs, and Isa Label®presented the highest yolk%. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the better physical quality of eggs when compared to the other studied lines, the strain being indicated when the objective is to produce eggs with better internal and external quality.(AU)

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The layer poultry is an important activity for food production with high biological value. Measuring egg quality has great relevance to ensure safety and quality products for consumers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the egg physical quality of four laying hen’s strains. Were used 864 eggs from four laying hens’ lines (Hisex Brown®, Hy-Line Brown®, Isa Label®, and Lohmann Brown®). The experimental design was completely randomized composed of four treatments (strains) with nine replications with four eggs each. Egg weight, eggdiameter, egg length, specific gravity, yolk, albumen and shell weight and percentage, Haugh units, and shell thickness were evaluated. There was a significant difference for all parameters evaluated. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the best results for egg diameter, egg length, specific weight, albumen height, Haugh units, yolk weight, albumen%, shell weight, shell%, and shell thickness, while the Hy-Line Brown®produced bigger and heavier eggs, and Isa Label®presented the highest yolk%. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the better physical quality of eggs when compared to the other studied lines, the strain being indicated when the objective is to produce eggs with better internal and external quality.

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Elastography is an actual imaging method used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the elastic properties of tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare uterine tissue biometry and stiffness during post-partum period in brachycephalic bitches (n = 12) after c-section (GCS; n = 8) or normal delivery (GNB; n = 4). These animals were evaluated daily by abdominal ultrasound from the day of delivery until the 10th day post-partum; measuring uterine diameter, myometrial and endometrial thickness (mm) and shear wave velocity (SWV; m/s), by B-mode and ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) elastography, respectively. Uterine diameter was higher (p = .012) in animals submitted to c-section (15.26 ± 4.73 mm) than in normal birth (12.53 ± 2.64 mm) during the first 7 days post-partum. Uterine thickness gradually involuted in both groups (p < .0001), the myometrium during the first 9 days (p = .005) and the endometrium during the first 6 days (p = .003). The myometrial and endometrial SWVs were similar between types of delivery (p = .7846 and .8273) and presented a gradual increase (p = .411; .0043, respectively), during the first 10 days post-partum. It was concluded that bitches with normal delivery had smaller uterine thickness and faster puerperal involution than submitted to c-section, while uterine tissue stiffness was similar between delivery types and increased gradually during post-partum.

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Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis has adaptive mechanisms to the host environment that are guided by its proteinases, including cysteine proteinase B (CPB), and primarily its COOH-terminal region (Cyspep). This work aimed to track the fate of Cyspep by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of promastigotes and amastigotes to gain a greater understanding of the adaptation of this parasite in both hosts. This strategy consisted of antibody immobilization on a COOH1 surface, followed by interaction with parasite proteins and epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E-64). Pro-CPB and Cyspep were detected using specific polyclonal antibodies against a recombinant Cyspep in both parasite forms. The parasitic supernatants from amastigotes and promastigotes exhibited higher anti-Cyspep recognition compared with that in the subcellular fractions. As the supernatant of the promastigote cultures exhibited resonance unit values indicative of an effective with to E-64, this result was assumed to be Pro-CPB detection. Finally, after using three sequential SPR assay steps, we propose that amastigotes and promastigotes release Cyspep into the extracellular environment, but only promastigotes release this polypeptide as Pro-CPB.

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BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapy drug with limited application due to cardiotoxicity that may progress to heart failure. This study aims to evaluate the role of cardiomyocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (CM-mESCs) in the treatment of Dox-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) in mice. METHODS: The mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line E14TG2A was characterized by karyotype analysis, gene expression using RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Cells were transduced with luciferase 2 and submitted to cardiac differentiation. Total conditioned medium (TCM) from the CM-mESCs was collected for proteomic analysis. To establish DIC in CD1 mice, Dox (7.5 mg/kg) was administered once a week for 3 weeks, resulting in a cumulative Dox dose of 22.5 mg/kg. At the fourth week, a group of animals was injected intramyocardially with CM-mESCs (8 × 105 cells). Cells were tracked by a bioluminescence assay, and the body weight, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram and number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes were evaluated. RESULTS: mESCs exhibited a normal karyotype and expressed pluripotent markers. Proteomic analysis of TCM showed proteins related to the negative regulation of cell death. CM-mESCs presented ventricular action potential characteristics. Mice that received Dox developed heart failure and showed significant differences in body weight, ejection fraction (EF), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), heart rate and QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals when compared to the control group. After cell or placebo injection, the Dox + CM-mESC group showed significant increases in EF and SV when compared to the Dox + placebo group. Reduction in ESV and QT and QTc intervals in Dox + CM-mESC-treated mice was observed at 5 or 30 days after cell treatment. Cells were detected up to 11 days after injection. The Dox + CM-mESC group showed a significant reduction in the percentage of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the hearts of mice when compared to the Dox + placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: CM-mESC transplantation improves cardiac function in mice with DIC.

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Due to the importance of presurgical, noninvasive, and accurate diagnostic tools in mammary carcinoma characterization, this prospective secondary observational cohort study was designed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode, Doppler, contrast enhancement ultrasonography, or acoustic radiation force impulse-elastography in identifying mammary carcinomas types with high degree of malignancy. A total of 246 mammary carcinomas from 141 female dogs were analyzed using B-mode, Doppler, contrast enhancement ultrasonography, and acoustic radiation force impulse ultrasonography prior to their histopathological classification according to types (simple, complex, or special) and grade (I, II, or III). Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared between carcinoma types and grades by Fisher's or analysis of variance. Diagnostic performance was estimated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis, using histopathological classification as a reference. Deformability (acoustic radiation force impulse) had a diagnostic specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 12% in identifying special carcinomas. A width:length ratio greater than 0.53 can be suggestive of special carcinoma, with 80% sensitivity and 76% specificity. Contrast wash-in and peak enhancement times lower than 7.5 and 13.5 s, respectively, were indicative of complex carcinoma at 62% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Contrast wash-in, peak enhancement, and wash-out times greater than 6.5, 12.5, and 64.5 s, respectively; were indicative of grade II and III carcinoma at 68% sensitivity and 62% specificity. In conclusion, B-mode ultrasonography, contrast enhancement ultrasonography, and acoustic radiation force impulse-elastography enabled the identification of some of the characteristics of high-grade mammary carcinoma types and grades in female dogs with limited accuracy. The findings from this study may contribute to oncology research and clinical management canine patients.

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Background: A primary splenic torsion occurs when the organ rotates around its vascular pedicle in the absence of any other concomitant disease. The occurrence of primary splenic torsion is rare, with a prevalence lower than 1%. Splenic torsion is more often related to dilated gastric volvulus syndrome, and it has no clear etiology despite reports that associate it with congenital abnormalities or traumatic ruptures of the gastrosplenic or splenocolic ligaments. This study reports a case of splenic torsion in an American Pit Bull terrier dog, its related symptomatology, and the treatment adopted.Case: A 3-year-old male American Pit Bull terrier dog weighing 32 kg was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of acute abdomen, lethargy, increased abdominal volume, discomfort, restlessness, and with a history of collapse three days prior to admission. Clinical examination revealed lethargy, pale mucous membranes, reduced capillary refill time, moderate dehydration, and hyperthermia. Abdominal palpation revealed increased abdominal volume in the epigastric and mesogastric areas. CBC and serum biochemistry profile revealed hypochromic normocytic anemia, leukocytosis with absolute neutrophilia and eosinopenia, mild hypoalbuminemia, and thrombocytopenia. PCR for detection of Babesia sp. and Ehrlichia sp., which returned negative results, and measurement of clotting time, which was prolonged, were performed to exclude immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Radiographic and ultrasonographic images showed a normal stomach, but revealed presence of splenomegaly. An exploratory laparotomy allowed direct observation of the spleen, which exhibited an increased volume, a blackened, cold, hyperemic appearance, and a complete torsion of the splenic vascular pedicle; the surgical team opted to perform total splenectomy rather than undoing the pedicle twist. The animal returned to the hospital after 10 days exhibiting an excellent clinical condition.[...](AU)

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Background: A primary splenic torsion occurs when the organ rotates around its vascular pedicle in the absence of any other concomitant disease. The occurrence of primary splenic torsion is rare, with a prevalence lower than 1%. Splenic torsion is more often related to dilated gastric volvulus syndrome, and it has no clear etiology despite reports that associate it with congenital abnormalities or traumatic ruptures of the gastrosplenic or splenocolic ligaments. This study reports a case of splenic torsion in an American Pit Bull terrier dog, its related symptomatology, and the treatment adopted.Case: A 3-year-old male American Pit Bull terrier dog weighing 32 kg was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of acute abdomen, lethargy, increased abdominal volume, discomfort, restlessness, and with a history of collapse three days prior to admission. Clinical examination revealed lethargy, pale mucous membranes, reduced capillary refill time, moderate dehydration, and hyperthermia. Abdominal palpation revealed increased abdominal volume in the epigastric and mesogastric areas. CBC and serum biochemistry profile revealed hypochromic normocytic anemia, leukocytosis with absolute neutrophilia and eosinopenia, mild hypoalbuminemia, and thrombocytopenia. PCR for detection of Babesia sp. and Ehrlichia sp., which returned negative results, and measurement of clotting time, which was prolonged, were performed to exclude immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Radiographic and ultrasonographic images showed a normal stomach, but revealed presence of splenomegaly. An exploratory laparotomy allowed direct observation of the spleen, which exhibited an increased volume, a blackened, cold, hyperemic appearance, and a complete torsion of the splenic vascular pedicle; the surgical team opted to perform total splenectomy rather than undoing the pedicle twist. The animal returned to the hospital after 10 days exhibiting an excellent clinical condition.[...]

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A mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica contrastada para avaliar afecções medulares. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as lesões compressivas que envolvem a medula espinhal e seus diferentes achados e frequências à mielografia. Neste estudo foram reavaliados 154 casos de cães com suspeita clínica neurológica envolvendo a medula espinhal, os quais foram submetidos a exames radiográficos convencionais e à mielografia com composto iodado não iônico, no período de 2008 a 2012. Os exames imaginológicos foram realizados no Setor Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário “Governador Laudo Natel” da Faculdade de Ciências Agrária e Veterinária de Jaboticabal - Unesp. Entre as diferentes raças de cães, a Teckel foi mais acometida com a apresentação de 58 pacientes (38%). A faixa etária de maior ocorrência foi de cinco a oito anos, totalizando 67 cães (43,5%). A coluna cervical foi o segmento de maior ocorrência das lesões encontradas com 88 lesões (44%). A localização mais frequente das lesões foi extradural, correspondente a 191 lesões do total analisado (95,5%) e nove lesões foram intradurais-extramedulares (4,5%). Das lesões extradurais, 175 (91,6%) foram de origem degenerativa do disco intervertebral, protrusão/extrusão. A mielografia permite, na maioria dos casos chegar ao diagnóstico definitivo nos pacientes com lesões medulares compressivas

A myelography is contrasted radiographic technics used in the diagnostic of medullary diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the compression lesions involving the spinal cord and its findings and different frequencies to myelography. In this study were reassessed 154 cases of dogs with neurological clinical suspicion surrounding the spinal cord, which underwent conventional radiographs and myelography with nonionic iodinated compound, in the since 2008 antil to 2012. The imaging studies were developed in Sector Diagnostic Imaging Veterinary Hospital "Governador Laudo Natel" of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias in Jaboticabal - Unesp. Among the different breeds of dogs, the Teckel were the most affected with the 58 patients (38%). The group that have more number of dogs, total 67 (43.5%), was 5-8 years. The cervical column was the most frequent segment of the lesions found in 88 lesions (44%). The most common location of lesions was extradural corresponding to lesions of the total analyzed 191 (95.5%) and nine lesions were intradural extramedullary (4.5%). Extradural lesions of 175 (91.6%) were degenerative intervertebral disc protrusion/extrusion. The myelography, in most cases lead to a definitive diagnosis in patients with spinal compression injury.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer a forma de organização da oferta dos serviços de saúde bucal na Estratégia de Saúde da Família de um município da Bahia. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas com usuários, agentes comunitários de saúde e cirurgiões-dentistas. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a oferta da primeira consulta odontológica aproxima-se mais do modelo tradicional de atendimento à demanda espontânea. Constatou-se que a participação da comunidade na organização dos serviços de saúde bucal é ausente. As barreiras de acesso recaíram sobre a falta de materiais e deficiência na manutenção de equipamentos, além da baixa cobertura do serviço.

The objective of this study was to investigate the organization of available dental health services within the Family Healthcare Strategy in a Bahia State's municipality. This is a qualitative research study using semi-structured interviews with users, community health agents and dentists. The results showed that the availability of the initial dental consultation is similar to the traditional model of healthcare by spontaneous demand. Community participation in the organization of oral healthcare services proved to be non-existent. Barriers to access are due to the lack of supplies and inadequate equipment maintenance, in addition to the limited services provided.

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Neoplasms originating in the spinal canal are uncommon in small animal veterinary clinic, but when present can cause significant neurological signs. Anatomically, these neoplasms can be classified as extradural, intradural-extramedullary and medullary. Extradural neoplasms are located outside the dura mater, but they can cause compression of the spinal cord. The chondromas are benign neoplasms characterized by the formation of cartilage and is rarely located in the spinal canal in both human and veterinary medicine. We describe a case of lumbar extradural chondroma in a dog that surgical decompression and removal of the mass allowed the resolution of clinical signs of paralysis with return of function of the hind limbs of the patient.

As neoplasias com origem no canal medular são infrequentes na clínica veterinária de pequenos animais, porém quando presentes podem causar sinais neurológicos importantes. Anatomicamente estas neoplasias podem ser classificadas em extradural, intradural-extramedular e medular. As neoplasias extradurais estão localizadas fora da dura-máter, porém podem causar compressão da medula. Os condromas são neoplasias benignas, caracterizadas pela formação de tecido cartilaginoso sendo rara a sua localização no canal medular tanto em medicina humana como na medicina veterinária. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um caso de condroma extradural lombar em cão em que a descompressão cirúrgica e retirada da massa permitiu a resolução dos sinais clínicos de paralisia com retorno da função dos membros pélvicos do paciente.

RESUMO

Neoplasms originating in the spinal canal are uncommon in small animal veterinary clinic, but when present can cause significant neurological signs. Anatomically, these neoplasms can be classified as extradural, intradural-extramedullary and medullary. Extradural neoplasms are located outside the dura mater, but they can cause compression of the spinal cord. The chondromas are benign neoplasms characterized by the formation of cartilage and is rarely located in the spinal canal in both human and veterinary medicine. We describe a case of lumbar extradural chondroma in a dog that surgical decompression and removal of the mass allowed the resolution of clinical signs of paralysis with return of function of the hind limbs of the patient.

As neoplasias com origem no canal medular são infrequentes na clínica veterinária de pequenos animais, porém quando presentes podem causar sinais neurológicos importantes. Anatomicamente estas neoplasias podem ser classificadas em extradural, intradural-extramedular e medular. As neoplasias extradurais estão localizadas fora da dura-máter, porém podem causar compressão da medula. Os condromas são neoplasias benignas, caracterizadas pela formação de tecido cartilaginoso sendo rara a sua localização no canal medular tanto em medicina humana como na medicina veterinária. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um caso de condroma extradural lombar em cão em que a descompressão cirúrgica e retirada da massa permitiu a resolução dos sinais clínicos de paralisia com retorno da função dos membros pélvicos do paciente.

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When grown in the presence of exogenous collagen I, Mycobacterium bovis BCG was shown to form clumps. Scanning electron microscopy examination of these clumps revealed the presence of collagen fibres cross-linking the bacilli. Since collagen is a major constituent of the eukaryotic extracellular matrices, we assayed BCG cytoadherence in the presence of exogenous collagen I. Collagen increased the interaction of the bacilli with A549 type II pneumocytes or U937 macrophages, suggesting that BCG is able to recruit collagen to facilitate its attachment to host cells. Using an affinity chromatography approach, we have isolated a BCG collagen-binding protein corresponding to the previously described mycobacterial laminin-binding histone-like protein (LBP/Hlp), a highly conserved protein associated with the mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, Mycobacterium leprae LBP/Hlp, a well-characterized adhesin, was also able to bind collagen I. Finally, using recombinant fragments of M. leprae LBP/Hlp, we mapped the collagen-binding activity within the C-terminal domain of the adhesin. Since this protein was already shown to be involved in the recognition of laminin and heparan sulphate-containing proteoglycans, the present observations reinforce the adhesive activities of LBP/Hlp, which can be therefore considered as a multifaceted mycobacterial adhesin, playing an important role in both leprosy and tuberculosis pathogenesis.

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This work describes the spatial-temporal variation of the relative abundance and size of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) collected in São Gonçalo Channel through bottom trawl with a 0.5 cm mesh, at depths between 3 and 6 m. The estimative of mean relative abundance (CPUE) ranged from 2,425.3 individuals per drag (ind./drag) in the spring to 21,715.0 ind./drag in the fall, with an average of 9,515.3 ind./drag throughout the year. The estimated mean density of L. fortunei for the deep region of São Gonçalo Channel ranged from 1.2 to 10.3 ind./m2, and it was recorded a maximum density of 84.9 ind./m2 in the fall of 2008. The method of sampling using bottom trawl enabled the capture of L. fortunei under the soft muddy bottom of the channel, in different sizes ranging from 0.4 to 3.2 cm. This shows that the structure of the L. fortunei adult population under the bottom of the São Gonçalo Channel is composed mostly of small individuals (<1.4 cm), which represent up to 74% of the population collected.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve a variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa e tamanho de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) coletados no Canal São Gonçalo através de rede de arrasto de fundo com malha 0,5 cm, em profundidades entre 3 e 6 m. As estimativas de abundância relativa média (CPUE) variaram de 2.425,3 ind./arrasto, na primavera a 21.715,0 ind./arrasto no outono, com média de 9.515,3 ind./ arrasto ao longo do ano. A densidade média estimada para L. fortunei para a região profunda do Canal São Gonçalo variou de 1,2 a 10,3 ind./m2, sendo registrada uma densidade máxima de 84,9 ind./m2 no outono de 2008. O método de coleta com arrasto de fundo possibilitou a captura de L. fortunei sob o fundo mole lodoso do canal, em tamanhos variando de 0,4 a 3,2 cm, revelando que a estrutura da população adulta de L. fortunei sob fundo do Canal São Gonçalo é composta, em sua maioria, por indivíduos pequenos (<1,4 cm), os quais representam até 74% da população coletada.(AU)

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This work describes the spatial-temporal variation of the relative abundance and size of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) collected in São Gonçalo Channel through bottom trawl with a 0.5 cm mesh, at depths between 3 and 6 m. The estimative of mean relative abundance (CPUE) ranged from 2,425.3 individuals per drag (ind./drag) in the spring to 21,715.0 ind./drag in the fall, with an average of 9,515.3 ind./drag throughout the year. The estimated mean density of L. fortunei for the deep region of São Gonçalo Channel ranged from 1.2 to 10.3 ind./m2, and it was recorded a maximum density of 84.9 ind./m2 in the fall of 2008. The method of sampling using bottom trawl enabled the capture of L. fortunei under the soft muddy bottom of the channel, in different sizes ranging from 0.4 to 3.2 cm. This shows that the structure of the L. fortunei adult population under the bottom of the São Gonçalo Channel is composed mostly of small individuals (<1.4 cm), which represent up to 74% of the population collected.

Este trabalho descreve a variação espaço-temporal da abundância relativa e tamanho de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) coletados no Canal São Gonçalo através de rede de arrasto de fundo com malha 0,5 cm, em profundidades entre 3 e 6 m. As estimativas de abundância relativa média (CPUE) variaram de 2.425,3 ind./arrasto, na primavera a 21.715,0 ind./arrasto no outono, com média de 9.515,3 ind./ arrasto ao longo do ano. A densidade média estimada para L. fortunei para a região profunda do Canal São Gonçalo variou de 1,2 a 10,3 ind./m2, sendo registrada uma densidade máxima de 84,9 ind./m2 no outono de 2008. O método de coleta com arrasto de fundo possibilitou a captura de L. fortunei sob o fundo mole lodoso do canal, em tamanhos variando de 0,4 a 3,2 cm, revelando que a estrutura da população adulta de L. fortunei sob fundo do Canal São Gonçalo é composta, em sua maioria, por indivíduos pequenos (<1,4 cm), os quais representam até 74% da população coletada.

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Leishmania parasites cause human tegumentary and visceral infections that are commonly referred to as leishmaniasis. Despite the high incidence and prevalence of cases, leishmaniasis has been a neglected disease because it mainly affects developing countries. The data obtained from the analysis of patients' biological samples and from assays with animal models confirm the involvement of an array of the parasite's components in its survival inside the mammalian host. These components are classified as virulence factors. In this review, we focus on studies that have explored the role of proteinases as virulence factors that promote parasite survival and immune modulation in the mammalian host. Additionally, the direct involvement of proteinases from the host in lesion evolution is analyzed. The gathered data shows that both parasite and host proteinases are involved in the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. It is interesting to note that although the majority of the classes of proteinases are present in Leishmania spp., only cysteine-proteinases, metalloproteinases and, to a lesser scale, serine-proteinases have been adequately studied. Members from these classes have been implicated in tissue invasion, survival in macrophages and immune modulation by parasites. This review reinforces the importance of the parasite proteinases, which are interesting candidates for new chemo or immunotherapies, in the clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis.

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