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Black rice (Oryza sativa) stands out for its high content of bioactive compounds with functional properties that play an important role in health benefits. The phytochemical level is affected by industrial processing due to its instability to the hydrothermal process. Studies about the influence of industrial processing on the phytochemical profile of black-rice-based foods are still scarce. This study carried out a comprehensive review of the influence of industrial applications on the bioactive compounds in food products based on black rice and their health-promoting effects. Most industrial processes such as drying, storage, cooking, and extrusion affect phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity. Alternatively, technologies such as fermentation, UV-C irradiation, and sprouting can maintain or improve the phytochemical content in black rice products.
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Ryegrass is one such cereal that has been underutilized in human nutrition despite its high nutritional and functional value due to the presence of phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Exploiting ryegrass for human consumption is an exciting option, especially for countries that do not produce wheat, as it is easily adaptable and overgrows, making it economically viable. This study evaluated the nutritional content of γ-aminobutyric acid and bioactive compounds (total soluble phenolic compounds) and the physicochemical and technological properties of partially substituting maize flour (MF) with sprouted whole ryegrass flour (SR) in developing extrusion-cooked breakfast cereals. A completely randomized design with substitutions ranging from 0 to 20% of MF with SR was employed as the experimental strategy (p < 0.05). Partial incorporation of SR increased the content of γ-aminobutyric acid and total soluble phenolic compounds. Using sprouted grains can adversely affect the technological quality of extruded foods, mainly due to the activation of the amylolytic enzymes. Still, ryegrass, with its high dietary fiber and low lipid content, mitigates these negative effects. Consequently, breakfast cereals containing 4 and 8% SR exhibited better physicochemical properties when compared to SR12, SR16, SR20, and USR10, presenting reduced hardness and increased crispness, and were similar to SR0. These results are promising for ryegrass and suggest that combining the age-old sprouting process with extrusion can enhance the nutritional quality and bioactive compound content of cereal-based breakfast products while maintaining some technological parameters, especially crispiness, expansion index, water solubility index, and firmness, which are considered satisfactory.
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The present work aims to evaluate the roles of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the formation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from grape tomatoes during ripening. Fruits were treated with MeJA, ethylene, 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), and MeJA+1-MCP, with analyses of the VOC and levels of the gene transcripts for the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). An intimate relationship between MeJA and ethylene in aroma formation was detected, mainly among the VOC from the carotenoid pathway. Expression of the fatty acid transcripts, LOXC, ADH, and HPL pathway genes, was reduced by 1-MCP, even when associated with MeJA. In ripe tomato, MeJA increased most of the volatile C6 compounds, except 1-hexanol. The MeJA+1-MCP treatment followed most of the increases in volatile C6 compounds that were increased by MeJA alone, which evidenced some ethylene-independent mechanism in the production of the volatile C6 compounds. In ripe tomato, MeJA and MeJA+1-MCP increased the levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, which is derived from lycopene, evidencing an ethylene-independent biosynthetic process.
Assuntos
Solanum lycopersicum , Vitis , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Frutas/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Vitis/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacologia , Acetatos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de PlantasRESUMO
Methyl jasmonate hormone can stimulate the production of several metabolites responsible for improving fruit quality and nutritional attributes related to human health. In this context, efforts to manipulate tomatoes, such as using hormonal treatment to increase metabolite levels essential to plant growth and human nutrition, have received considerable attention. The aim of this study was to show the impact of metabolic profile on fruit quality and nutritional properties under exogenous methyl jasmonate during fruit ripening. The treatments were performed using 100 ppm of methyl jasmonate and 100 ppm of gaseous ethylene over 24 h. Ethylene emission, fruit surface color and metabolomics analysis were measured at 4, 10, and 21 days after harvest, considering the untreated fruits as control group. Methyl jasmonate induced the production of amino acids-mainly glutamine, glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (at least 14-fold higher)-and fatty acids-mainly oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids (at least three-fold higher than untreated fruits); while exogenous ethylene predominantly affected sugar metabolism, increasing the levels of fructose, mannose and glucose to at least two-fold that levels in the untreated fruits. Additionally, methyl jasmonate significantly affected secondary metabolites, inducing by at least 80% the accumulation of α-tocopherol and ß-sitosterol in fully ripe fruits. Our results suggest that the postharvest application of the hormone methyl jasmonate can contribute to the sensory characteristics and increase the nutritional value of the fruits since important changes related to the tomato metabolome were associated with compounds responsible for the fruit quality and health benefits.
RESUMO
The application of exogenous jasmonate can stimulate the production of ethylene, carotenoids, and aroma compounds and accelerate fruit ripening. These alterations improve fruit quality and make fruit desirable for human consumption. However, fruit over-ripening results in large losses of fruit crops. This problem is overcome by applying 1-methylcyclopropene to the fruits, due to its capacity to block the ethylene receptors, suppressing fruit ripening. In this study, treatments with only 1-methylcyclopropene and both 1-methylcyclopropene and methyl jasmonate were administered to observe whether exogenous methyl jasmonate can improve the metabolite levels in fruits with blocked ethylene receptors. Fruit pericarps were analyzed at 4, 10, and 21 days after harvest (DAH) and compared with untreated fruits. The post-harvest treatments affected primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids) and secondary metabolites (carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols). However, the lipid metabolism of the tomatoes was most impacted by the exogenous jasmonate. Fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols showed a delay in their production at 4 and 10 DAH. Conversely, at 21 DAH, these non-polar metabolites exhibited an important improvement in their accumulation.
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El propósito de este estudio, in vitro, fue analizar y comparar microscópicamente la adaptación de los conos de gutapercha, a nivel del tercio coronal, medio y apical, al ser obturados con la técnica de condensación lateral empleando conos maestros de gutapercha con conicidades .06 y .02, en dientes preparados biomecánicamente con técnica híbrida utilizando los sistemas rotatorios PROTAPER y PROFILE. Se obturaron treinta premolares unirradiculares, 15 dientes por grupo, adicionalmente se registró el número de conos accesorios requeridos en cada obturación. Se fotografiaron los cortes transversales a través de un estereomicroscopio, para realizar un análisis métrico obteniendo áreas proporcionales de los espacios, en el programa AutoCad 2005. Los resultados se analizaron con la prueba t de Student: no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar la adaptación de los conos de gutapercha entre el grupo I (conicidad, 02) y grupo II (conicidad, 06) (p mayor 0,05); adicionalmente se observó el empleo de menor cantidad de conos accesorios al obturar con un cono maestro con conicidad , 06 considerándose como un hallazgo.
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Guta-Percha , Obturação do Canal Radicular , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
Estudiar el grado de adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en los pacientes controlados por la consulta de infectología adultos, en la CHET. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo entre junio y agosto de 2004, aplicando una encuesta al 30 por ciento del total de pacientes controlados. Por esa consulta hasta la fecha. 32,56 por ciento femeninos y 67,44 por ciento, masculinos, 65 por ciento de 21-40 años. Con tiempo de tratamiento menor de un año 60 por ciento; 32,56 por ciento con pareja estable y 42 por ciento desempleados, 65 por ciento con estudios entre medios y superiores. 86 por ciento tuvo buena tolerancia al tratamiento desde su inicio. En 15 (34 por ciento) pacientes hubo necesidad de cambiar el tratamiento, 3 por incumplimiento, 3 por disponibilidad y 9 por efectos adversos, 2 abandonaron el tratamiento en alguna oportunidad y 50 por ciento presentó algún signo de depresión. Tres abandonaron el tratamiento en alguna ocasión, de estos 2 con ideas suicidas, 2 desempleados, 2 con intolerancia al tratamiento por efectos adversos, ninguno con pareja estable y no hubo preferencia sexual. El 98 por ciento refirió buena adherencia a su tratamiento, 82 por ciento se tomaban el tratamiento siempre en el mismo horario. Del total de pacientes 18 (42 por ciento) con un segundo control de CD4 y carga viral, evidenciando mejoría en todos los casos, independientemente de su adherencia. Evidenciamos buena adherencia en los pacientes, independientemente de su edad, sexo, grado de intrucción, o preferencia sexual; la tolerancia, la necesidad de cambio y el abandono tuvo relación con el estado emocional, al igual que lo reportado por otros autores. Tampoco hubo diferencias entre los esquemas de tratamiento y adherencia al mismo.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , HIV , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/terapiaRESUMO
Se estudió el patrón de respuesta de la interacción de Entamoeba histolytica y anticuerpos anti-amiba en un modelo de hamster. Se produjo una infección intrahepática con trofozoitos y los animales se sacrificaron en 6 fechas desde 3 hasta 51 días post-inoculación. Se produjo una respuesta humoral con la aparición de anticuerpos séricos después de los 8 días de evolución en parte de los animales, y en todos a partir del día 15. Los anticuerpos se depositaron sobre la superficie de las amibas del absceso hepático. El anticuerpo monoclonal específico anti-E. histolytica no reaccionó o lo hizo en baja proporción, en las amibas del absceso hepático, cuando el anticuerpo del hospedero está presente, indicando que sus determinantes antigénicos se encuentran bloqueados del propio animal