RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To explore the health impacts of Hurricane Maria (HM) on HIV care outcomes among people living with HIV who use drugs. METHODS: Using data from an ongoing cohort study in San Juan, Puerto Rico (Proyecto PACTo), we measured differences in HIV care outcomes (viral load, viral suppression, and CD4 counts) before and after HM using assessments conducted at 6-month intervals. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess factors associated with HIV care outcomes. RESULTS: All HIV care outcomes showed a deterioration from pre-HM values to post-HM values (mean viral load increased, CD4 counts decreased, and rate of viral suppression decreased) after controlling for pre-HM sociodemographic and health characteristics. In addition to HM, age (aIRR = 1·01), being homeless (aIRR = 0·78) and having health insurance (aIRR = 1·6) were independently associated with viral suppression. PARTICIPANTS: 219 participants completed follow-up visits between April 2017 and January 2018, before and after HM. CONCLUSIONS: People living with HIV who use drugs in Puerto Rico experienced poorer HIV outcomes following HM. Socio-environmental factors contributing to these outcomes is discussed in the context of disaster response, recovery, and program planning.
Assuntos
Tempestades Ciclônicas , Desastres , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Porto Rico , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Substance use, particularly injection drug use, continues to fuel the HIV/HCV (hepatitis C virus) epidemics in San Juan, Puerto Rico (PR). AIM: This article examines individual and sociostructural factors that affect HIV/HCV risk among people who use drugs (PWUD) living with or at risk for HIV/HCV in San Juan, PR. Findings were used to inform a community-level intervention to enhance HIV care access and retention for this population. METHOD: A rapid ethnographic assessment in collaboration with a community-based organization was conducted. Data collection took place between June and December 2013 and included field observations, 49 unstructured interviews with PWUD, and 19 key informant interviews with community stakeholders. Fieldnotes, photographs, and interview transcripts were analyzed for recurrent themes and to address the intervention-planning needs. Study results are presented as fieldnote excerpts, direct quotes from interviews, and photographs. RESULTS: Findings suggest that PWUD in PR face myriad challenges that affect HIV/HCV risk and hinder linkage to and retention in care. Results describe a layered risk environment where PWUD encounter many barriers to prevention, care, and treatment such as transience, social isolation, stigma, limited housing options, and inadequate medical and substance use disorder treatment services. DISCUSSION: These observed circumstances provide an empirical basis for the development and evaluation of comprehensive interventions that may serve to reduce barriers to care and link individuals to other supportive services. CONCLUSION: New approaches and comprehensive interventions are needed to break the structures that perpetuate risk and lack of engagement and retention in HIV care and substance use disorder treatment in San Juan.
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Usuários de Drogas , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Adulto , Antropologia Cultural , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico , Assunção de Riscos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV prevalence in Puerto Rico is nearly twice that of the mainland United States, a level that was substantially fueled by injection drug use. Puerto Rico has a longstanding history of health provision by the public sector that directly affects how HIV and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment services are provided and funded. As part of pre-implementation research for a randomized trial of a community-level intervention to enhance HIV care access for substance users in San Juan, Puerto Rico, we sought to understand the structural and health policy environment for providing HIV and SUD treatments. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 8) with government and program administrators in English and Spanish. Data were analyzed to identify dominant and recurrent themes. RESULTS: Participants discussed how lack of integration among medical and mental health service providers, lack of public transportation, and turnover in appointed government officials were barriers to integrated HIV and SUD treatment. Federal funding for support services for HIV patients was a facilitator. The Affordable Care Act has limited impact in Puerto Rico because provisions related to health insurance reform do not apply to U.S. territories. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Implications for intervention design include the need to provide care coordination for services from multiple providers, who are often physically separated and working in different reimbursement systems, and the potential for mobile and patient transportation services to bridge these gaps. Continuous interaction with political leaders is needed to maintain current facilitators. These findings are relevant as the current economic crisis in Puerto Rico affects funding, and may be relevant for other settings with substance use-driven epidemics.
Assuntos
Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Política de Saúde , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Porto Rico , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/reabilitação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine and report the rate and pattern of HIV testing among pregnant women receiving ambulatory prenatal care, and the total number of positive cases in pregnant women in Managua, Nicaragua. METHODS: A retrospective epidemiological review was conducted to assess HIV testing rates among pregnant women in Managua attending district-level health centers in 2010 and 2011, with a focus on a single district (District 6.1). RESULTS: A total of 39.4% of pregnant women receiving prenatal care at Managua health centers in 2010 received an HIV test, and this number increased to 49.8% in 2011 (P < 0.001; phi statistic, 0.10). In 2010, 27 pregnant women in Managua were found to be HIV positive, corresponding to 0.17% of those who were tested. In 2011, 31 tested positive (0.12% of those who were tested). Comparisons between 2010 and 2011 at the District 6.1 level reflect an increase in women who received HIV tests from 24.2% in 2010 to 49.3% in 2011 (P < 0.001; phi statistic, 0.26). In District 6.1, two pregnant women were identified as HIV positive in 2010 and three in 2011, corresponding to 0.32% and 0.13% of pregnant women tested, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant improvements in HIV testing rates from 2010 to 2011, the numbers tested remain below the goal recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in order to achieve virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission by 2015 (> 95%). Patterns of testing demonstrated increased rates coinciding with a health fair in District 6.1, but effects were short-lived. Therefore, new approaches are necessary to bolster prenatal HIV screening efforts within Managua and District 6.1 in Nicaragua.
Assuntos
Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Nicarágua , Gravidez , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine and report the rate and pattern of HIV testing among pregnant women receiving ambulatory prenatal care, and the total number of positive cases in pregnant women in Managua, Nicaragua. METHODS: A retrospective epidemiological review was conducted to assess HIV testing rates among pregnant women in Managua attending district-level health centers in 2010 and 2011, with a focus on a single district (District 6.1). RESULTS: A total of 39.4% of pregnant women receiving prenatal care at Managua health centers in 2010 received an HIV test, and this number increased to 49.8% in 2011 (P < 0.001; phi statistic, 0.10). In 2010, 27 pregnant women in Managua were found to be HIV positive, corresponding to 0.17% of those who were tested. In 2011, 31 tested positive (0.12% of those who were tested). Comparisons between 2010 and 2011 at the District 6.1 level reflect an increase in women who received HIV tests from 24.2% in 2010 to 49.3% in 2011 (P < 0.001; phi statistic, 0.26). In District 6.1, two pregnant women were identified as HIV positive in 2010 and three in 2011, corresponding to 0.32% and 0.13% of pregnant women tested, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant improvements in HIV testing rates from 2010 to 2011, the numbers tested remain below the goal recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in order to achieve virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission by 2015 (> 95%). Patterns of testing demonstrated increased rates coinciding with a health fair in District 6.1, but effects were short-lived. Therefore, new approaches are necessary to bolster prenatal HIV screening efforts within Managua and District 6.1 in Nicaragua.
OBJETIVO: Determinar y notificar la tasa de realización de pruebas de detección del VIH, los patrones obtenidos y el número de casos positivos en las mujeres embarazadas que recibieron asistencia prenatal ambulatoria, en Managua, Nicaragua. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un examen epidemiológico retrospectivo para evaluar las tasas de realización de pruebas de detección del VIH en mujeres embarazadas que acudieron a centros de salud de distrito en Managua en el 2010 y el 2011, centrándose en un solo distrito (distrito 6.1). RESULTADOS: El 39,4% de las mujeres embarazadas que recibieron asistencia prenatal en los centros de salud de Managua en el 2010 se sometieron a pruebas de detección del VIH, y esta cifra aumentó a 49,8% en 2011 (P <0,001; ϕ = 0,10). En el 2010, 27 mujeres embarazadas de Managua presentaron resultados positivos en las pruebas de detección del VIH, lo que corresponde a 0,17% de las que se sometieron a estas pruebas; en el 2011, 31 tuvieron resultados positivos, es decir, 0,12% de las embarazadas a las que se realizaron pruebas de detección del VIH. Las comparaciones entre el 2010 y el 2011 en el distrito 6.1 reflejan un aumento de las mujeres que se sometieron a pruebas de detección del VIH de 24,2% en 2010 a 49,3% en 2011 (P < 0,001; ϕ = 0,26). En ese distrito, 2 mujeres embarazadas presentaron resultados positivos en el 2010 y 3 en el 2011, lo que corresponde, respectivamente, a 0,32% y 0,13% de las mujeres embarazadas a las que se les realizaron dichas pruebas. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de las mejoras considerables en las tasas de realización de pruebas de detección del VIH entre el 2010 y el 2011, las cifras se mantuvieron por debajo de la meta recomendada (> 95%) por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para lograr la eliminación virtual de la transmisión maternoinfantil para el 2015. Los patrones de realización de pruebas evidenciaron que las tasas aumentaron en coincidencia con una feria de salud en el distrito 6.1, aunque los efectos duraron poco. Por consiguiente, es necesario utilizar nuevas estrategias para reforzar las pruebas de detección sistemática del VIH prenatales en Managua y en el distrito 6.1.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Programas de Rastreamento , Nicarágua , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Soroprevalência de HIV , Gestantes , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Nicarágua , Soroprevalência de HIV , Gestantes , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Programas de Rastreamento , Nicarágua , Infecções por HIV , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We have limited information regarding the sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive individuals in Argentina. It is important to understand these behaviors in order to develop strategies oriented at decreasing unsafe sex practices. A random sample of 140 HIV-positive individuals was recruited from an HIV primary care clinic in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between August and September 2005. Participants responded survey questions regarding their sexual behaviors in the previous three months. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with inconsistent condom use during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Of the 140 participants surveyed, 69% were male, the mean age was 38 years old, 29% reported having less than a high school education, and 84% reported having engaged in vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex in the past 3 months. Of 53 participants who reported engaging in anal sex, 60% were men who have sex with men, and 40% were heterosexuals. Inconsistent condom use was reported by 31% of participants engaging in anal sex, 39% of participants engaging in vaginal sex, and 71% of participants engaging in oral sex. When adjusting for other factors, participants reporting symptoms of depression were 5.2 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during vaginal sex, and 4.3 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during anal sex compared to participants reporting no depression symptoms. Providers should assess sexual risk practices of HIV-positive individuals reporting symptoms of depression, and provide counseling regarding the importance of consistent condom use to those patients who are engaging in unsafe sex practices.
Assuntos
Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV-1 , Heterossexualidade , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine the HIV care needs and hospital admission patterns of HIV-positive Haitian-born blacks (Haitians) and compare them with those of US-born blacks (Blacks). METHODS: We abstracted the medical records of 635 Blacks and Haitians consecutively admitted to the adult HIV Service at Jackson Memorial Hospital during 2004 for information on demographics, use of antiretroviral therapy, CD4 cell counts, primary and secondary diagnoses at admission, and substance use. The probability of being prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined by country of origin. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in likelihood to be prescribed HAART. In controlled analyses, however, Haitians were 76% more likely than Blacks to have a CD4 count <51 cells/mm3 and tended to be more recently diagnosed with HIV Moreover, tuberculosis was the most prevalent opportunistic infection for Haitians compared with candidiasis for Blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that barriers to medical care may exist for Haitians at an early stage of the access continuum and that prevention efforts among the Haitian HIV-positive population should be directed at promoting the need for timely use of health services.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/etiologia , Infecções por HIV , Hospitalização/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/estatística & dados numéricos , População Negra , Contagem de Linfócito CD4/estatística & dados numéricos , Candidíase/etiologia , Feminino , Florida/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Urbanos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose/etiologiaRESUMO
In order to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection in hard-to-reach intravenous drug users, 199 subjects from high-risk inner-city locales, the so called "shooting galleries", were consented, interviewed, and tested in Miami, FL, US. Positive HIV-1 status was based on repeatedly reactive ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Positive HCV status was based on reactive ELISA and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction techniques. Overall, 50 (25 percent) were not infected with either virus, 61 (31 percent) were HIV-1/HCV co-infected, 17 (8 percent) infected by HIV-1 only, and 71 (36 percent) infected by HCV only. The results of the multivariable analyses showed that more years using heroin was the only significant risk factor for HCV only infection (odds ratio = 1.15; 95 percent confidence interval = 1.07, 1.24) and for HIV-1/HCV co-infection (odds ratio = 1.17; 95 percent confidence interval = 1.09, 1.26). This paper demonstrates that HIV-1/HCV co-infection is highly prevalent among so called "shooting galleries".
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Hepatite C , Infecções por HIV , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Western Blotting , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Florida , Hepacivirus , Hepatite C , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
OBJETIVO: En estudios previos de este colectivo de investigadores se encontró que las mujeres pertenecientes a las minorías subatendidas desde el punto de vista médico en la zona del Condado de Miami-Dade, en el estado de la Florida, Estados Unidos de América, necesitaban someterse a un tamizaje para la detección de cáncer de mama y que la disponibilidad, accesibilidad y aceptación de estos servicios planteaban dificultades. En respuesta a ello se elaboró un programa comunitario integral para el tamizaje del cáncer de mama, denominado Programa de Detección Temprana (PDT). El propósito específico de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto que tuvo la participación en el PDT sobre el estadio de la enfermedad en el momento del diagnóstico y sobre el riesgo de muerte. MÉTODOS: Los datos existentes en el Sistema de Datos sobre Cáncer de la Florida ùun registro de cáncer que abarca a todo el estadoù se enlazaron con los datos del PDT. En diciembre de 1998 se conformó una cohorte retrospectiva multiétnica (mujeres afroestadounidenses, hispanas negras, hispanas blancas y blancas no hispanas) según los siguientes criterios de inclusión: mujeres de 40 años de edad o más con cáncer de mama diagnosticado y estadificado en el Jackson Memorial Medical Center (hospital escuela de la Universidad de Miami situado en la ciudad de Miami, Florida) entre enero de 1987 y diciembre de 1997. Las participantes del PDT eran mujeres con necesidades médicas subatendidas, es decir, residían en zonas con malas condiciones socioeconómicas, no tenían un seguro de salud que cubriera los gastos médicos, o tenían un seguro limitado. Se compararon las participantes en el PDT con las mujeres que no participaron en el PDT en cuanto al estadio de la enfermedad en el momento del diagnóstico y el riesgo de muerte. Para el análisis se emplearon modelos de regresión logística y de Cox. RESULTADOS: Las participantes del PDT tuvieron 2,4 veces más posibilidades de tener un cáncer localizado en el momento del diagnóstico que las mujeres que no participaban (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 1,71...
Objective. Earlier studies by this research team found that medically underserved minority women in the Miami-Dade County area of the state of Florida, United States, were in need of breast cancer screening and that there were problems with availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services. In response, a community-based comprehensive breast cancer screening program called the Early Detection Program (EDP) was developed. The specific purpose of this study was to assess the effect that EDP participation had on stage at diagnosis and on hazard of death. Methods. Existing data from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS), a statewide cancer registry, were linked with data from the EDP. In December 1998 we assembled a multiethnic (African-American, black Hispanic, white Hispanic, and white non-Hispanic) retrospective cohort with the following inclusion criteria: all women aged 40 and older with breast cancer Center (which is located in the city of Miami, Florida) from January 1987 through December 1997. EDP participants were medically underserved, that is, they resided in lower socioeconomic areas and/or had limited or no health insurance to cover medical costs. Subjects identified as EDP participants were compared to nonparticipants with respect to disease stage at diagnosis and hazard of death. Logistic regression and Cox regression models were used for analysis. Results. EDP participants were 2.4 times as likely (95% confidence interval = 1.71 to 3.43) to present with a diagnosis of localized cancer as were nonparticipants, even after controlling for race and age at diagnosis. EDP participation was independently associated with both earlier diagnosis and reduced hazard of death. Conclusions. Participation in the EDP increases the likelihood of early detection of breast cancer and reduces the hazard of death for medically underserved women in the Miami-Dade County area of Florida. Interestingly, white Hispanics showed a better survival than did both African-Americans and white non-Hispanics. Our research also demonstrates the value of utilizing existing cancer registry data to evaluate a community-based program such as the EDP.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In order to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection in hard-to-reach intravenous drug users, 199 subjects from high-risk inner-city locales, the so called "shooting galleries", were consented, interviewed, and tested in Miami, FL, US. Positive HIV-1 status was based on repeatedly reactive ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Positive HCV status was based on reactive ELISA and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction techniques. Overall, 50 (25%) were not infected with either virus, 61 (31%) were HIV-1/HCV co-infected, 17 (8%) infected by HIV-1 only, and 71 (36%) infected by HCV only. The results of the multivariable analyses showed that more years using heroin was the only significant risk factor for HCV only infection (odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 1.24) and for HIV-1/HCV co-infection (odds ratio = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09, 1.26). This paper demonstrates that HIV-1/HCV co-infection is highly prevalent among so called "shooting galleries".