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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of broiler breeder age and incubator type on hatching parameters, hatch window, embryo diagnosis results, and hatchling physical quality. The treatments consisted of a combination of three broiler breeder ages (29, 35 and 59 weeks of age) and two incubator types (single stage, SS; or and multiple stage, MS). A completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement was applied. In Experiment I, 1,896 eggs were used and 360 eggs in Experiment II. There was an interaction between breeder age and incubator type only for hatchling physical quality score. Independently of incubator type, hatchability rate, late embryo mortality, and egg contamination were higher in the eggs laid by older breeders (59-wk-old). Early mortality (0-4 days) was higher in the embryos from young breeders (29-wk-old). A shorter hatch window birth was obtained in the SS incubator, resulting in higher hatchling body weight relative to egg weight, and better hatchling physical quality score. Both types of incubators provide good conditions for embryo development; however, the physical quality of chicks derived from eggs from intermediate-aged breeders (35-wk-old) is better when eggs are incubated in SS incubators.(AU)

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of broiler breeder age and incubator type on hatching parameters, hatch window, embryo diagnosis results, and hatchling physical quality. The treatments consisted of a combination of three broiler breeder ages (29, 35 and 59 weeks of age) and two incubator types (single stage, SS; or and multiple stage, MS). A completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement was applied. In Experiment I, 1,896 eggs were used and 360 eggs in Experiment II. There was an interaction between breeder age and incubator type only for hatchling physical quality score. Independently of incubator type, hatchability rate, late embryo mortality, and egg contamination were higher in the eggs laid by older breeders (59-wk-old). Early mortality (0-4 days) was higher in the embryos from young breeders (29-wk-old). A shorter hatch window birth was obtained in the SS incubator, resulting in higher hatchling body weight relative to egg weight, and better hatchling physical quality score. Both types of incubators provide good conditions for embryo development; however, the physical quality of chicks derived from eggs from intermediate-aged breeders (35-wk-old) is better when eggs are incubated in SS incubators.

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Foram estudados parâmetros de incubação e de qualidade física de codornas japonesas neonatas oriundas de ovos submetidos a diferentes condições de armazenamento. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de combinações entre temperaturas e períodos de armazenamento dos ovos férteis. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x5, temperaturas (ambiente (28±1,5ºC) e refrigerada (14ºC)) x períodos de armazenamento (um, três, seis, nove ou doze dias), totalizando 10 tratamentos com 105 repetições, sendo cada ovo uma unidade experimental. Os ovos foram incubados nas condições de 37,9ºC e 60% de umidade relativa (UR). Houve aumento de perda de peso do ovo com o período de armazenamento, com efeito linear positivo. Observou-se maior taxa de eclosão/ovos férteis para os ovos armazenados sob refrigeração. Houve efeito linear negativo para o período de armazenamento sobre a taxa de eclosão somente para os ovos armazenados em 28ºC. Para o peso da codorna neonata, houve efeito linear negativo, independentemente da temperatura de armazenamento. O comprimento do intestino delgado em temperatura ambiente sofreu influência do período de armazenamento, sendo que o período de 12 dias apresentou pior resultado. O pior escore de qualidade física foi encontrado em codornas neonatas oriundas de ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente por 12 dias. Pode-se concluir que, para melhorar a eclosão e a qualidade física da progênie, ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados por até nove dias e em temperatura de 14ºC.

Incubation parameters and physical quality of neonate Japanese quails hatched from eggs that were subject to different storage conditions were evaluated. The treatments consisted of a combination of temperatures and storage periods of hatching eggs from breeder quails. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement 2x5, with two storage temperatures (ambient temperature ± 28°C and refrigerated temperature 14°C) and five storage periods (one, three, six, nine and twelve days), totaling 10 treatments with 105 repetitions, each egg considered to be an experimental unit. The eggs were incubated at 37.9°C with 60% of relative humidity (RH). There was a positive linear effect between egg weight loss and storage period. Higher rates of hatching/fertile eggs were observed for eggs stored in refrigerated conditions. A negative linear effect was observed between storage period and hatching rate when the eggs where stored at a temperature of 28ºC. There was a negative effect for neonate quail weight, independent of storage temperatures. The intestine length was influenced by storage period and 12 days of storage showed the shortest intestine length. Lower scores of physical quality were observed in quails that hatched from eggs stored in ambient temperatures during 12 days. In this context, to improve hatching rates and physical quality of neonate quails the eggs should be stored up to nine days at a temperature of 14°C.

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Foram estudados parâmetros de incubação e de qualidade física de codornas japonesas neonatas oriundas de ovos submetidos a diferentes condições de armazenamento. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de combinações entre temperaturas e períodos de armazenamento dos ovos férteis. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x5, temperaturas (ambiente (28±1,5ºC) e refrigerada (14ºC)) x períodos de armazenamento (um, três, seis, nove ou doze dias), totalizando 10 tratamentos com 105 repetições, sendo cada ovo uma unidade experimental. Os ovos foram incubados nas condições de 37,9ºC e 60% de umidade relativa (UR). Houve aumento de perda de peso do ovo com o período de armazenamento, com efeito linear positivo. Observou-se maior taxa de eclosão/ovos férteis para os ovos armazenados sob refrigeração. Houve efeito linear negativo para o período de armazenamento sobre a taxa de eclosão somente para os ovos armazenados em 28ºC. Para o peso da codorna neonata, houve efeito linear negativo, independentemente da temperatura de armazenamento. O comprimento do intestino delgado em temperatura ambiente sofreu influência do período de armazenamento, sendo que o período de 12 dias apresentou pior resultado. O pior escore de qualidade física foi encontrado em codornas neonatas oriundas de ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente por 12 dias. Pode-se concluir que, para melhorar a eclosão e a qualidade física da progênie, ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados por até nove dias e em temperatura de 14ºC(AU)

Incubation parameters and physical quality of neonate Japanese quails hatched from eggs that were subject to different storage conditions were evaluated. The treatments consisted of a combination of temperatures and storage periods of hatching eggs from breeder quails. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement 2x5, with two storage temperatures (ambient temperature ± 28°C and refrigerated temperature 14°C) and five storage periods (one, three, six, nine and twelve days), totaling 10 treatments with 105 repetitions, each egg considered to be an experimental unit. The eggs were incubated at 37.9°C with 60% of relative humidity (RH). There was a positive linear effect between egg weight loss and storage period. Higher rates of hatching/fertile eggs were observed for eggs stored in refrigerated conditions. A negative linear effect was observed between storage period and hatching rate when the eggs where stored at a temperature of 28ºC. There was a negative effect for neonate quail weight, independent of storage temperatures. The intestine length was influenced by storage period and 12 days of storage showed the shortest intestine length. Lower scores of physical quality were observed in quails that hatched from eggs stored in ambient temperatures during 12 days. In this context, to improve hatching rates and physical quality of neonate quails the eggs should be stored up to nine days at a temperature of 14°C(AU)

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Uma busca foi realizada na literatura, visando sumarizar as pesquisas realizadas e obter informações acerca da utilização de plantas medicinais no processo de cicatrização de feridas. Utilizaram-se os descritores: Plantas Medicinais e Cicatrização de Feridas e seus equivalentes em inglês e espanhol, com o operador booleano "AND" em três bases eletrônicas de dados (PubMed, LILACS e COCHRANE). Foram selecionados 57 artigos para compor a revisão. Os resultados apontam que um total de 52 plantas medicinais e um composto de ervas foram estudados experimentalmente ou clinicamente, quanto aos seus efeitos no auxílio do processo de cicatrização, sendo que a maioria (88,5%) apresentou eficácia. Com isso, verifica-se que a utilização de plantas medicinais trata de importante alternativa no tratamento de feridas, que começa a fazer parte da atenção à saúde brasileira, o que sugere novos estudos de comprovação clínica, custos, e benefícios e a constante atualização acerca das publicações realizadas.

It was done a literature search aiming to sumarize earlier conducted researches and in order to obtain information on the use of medicinal plants in wound healing process. The descriptors used were as follows: Medicinal Plants and Wound Healing and their equivalents in English and Spanish with the Boolean operator "AND" in three electronic databases (PubMed, LILACS and COCHRANE). Fifty seven articles were chosen to compose the review. The findings from a total of fifty two medicinal plants and one herbal compound that were experimentally or clinically studied in respect to their effects in wound healing process indicate that the majority of them (eighty eight point five per cent) showed efficacy. Thus, it can be seen that the use of medicinal plants is an important alternative in wounds treatment that becomes part of Brazilian health care, suggesting further studies of clinical evidence, costs and benefits and constantly updating on produced publications.

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AIM: This study evaluated the effect of microwave irradiation as an alternative method for disinfection of different types of denture base acrylic resins. METHODS: Twenty-four samples for each conventional, microwaved and characterized heat-cured acrylic resin were made and subjected to sterilization with ethylene oxide for the groups: 1) irradiated samples; 2) non-irradiated samples; and 3) samples without yeast. Each group was subdivided according to inoculation with C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis. The samples were inoculated with 100 µL of inoculum of each species of Candida and later placed in an incubator at 37 °C for 1 hr to perform the first adhesion. After this time, each well was supplemented with sterile media and the plate was once again taken to a stove for incubation at 37 °C for 6 hr. The samples were immersed in 100 mL of sterile water and irradiated with microwave at 650 W for 3 min. Control samples were considered as the non-irradiated group. After incubation for 48 hr, irradiated and non-irradiated samples were subjected to a digital colony counter. RESULTS: Control group (non-irradiated) showed microbial growth for resins and the means of ufc/mL were without statistically significant differences. Microwave irradiated samples (experimental group) promoted no viable colonies for all Candida species and types of acrylic resins. The means of ufc/mL were without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Microwave irradiation was an effective method for disinfection of the acrylic resins inoculated with C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis.

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AIM: This study verified the effect of polymerizing cycles on the linear dimensional change, hardness and impact strength of denture acrylic resins. METHODS: One hundred and twenty samples (N.=10) each for the Classico and Vipi acrylic resins were made according to the manufacturers' instructions. The polymerization cycles were: 1- water bath at 74 ºC for 9 hr; 2- water bath at 74ºC for 8 hr and temperature increased to 100 ºC for 1 hr; 3- water bath at 74 ºC for 2 hr and temperature increased to 100 ºC for 1 hr; and 4- water bath at 120ºC and 60 pounds pressure for 1 hr. Samples were deflasked after flask cooling and submitted to finishing. Linear distances between referential points in the samples were measured at deflasking and after water storage for 7 and 30 days with a comparator microscope with an accuracy of 0.0005 mm. Knoop hardness test was accomplished in a durometer with a load of 25 gf for 10 sec and an average of three indentations was considered for the sample hardness. Impact strength (kgf/cm²) was measured by the Charpy system with load of 40 kpcm. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). RESULTS: Dimensional changes in the A-B and A-C distances, hardness values and impact strength for Classico and Vipi resins were differently influenced by the polymerization cycles, when deflasking and water storage for 7 and 30 days were considered. CONCLUSION: Linear dimensional change, hardness and impact strength of denture acrylic resins were differently affected by the polymerization cycles.

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INTRODUCTION: Maternal death is the death of a woman during pregnancy within 42days after delivery. It is one of the most serious violations of human rights of women, because it is a preventable tragedy in 92% of cases and occurs mainly in developing countries. Brazil, a country of continental dimensions has the challenge of reducing maternal deaths; one of the priority regions is Santos, a city in the state of São Paulo. It is felt that efforts are made to the adoption of care that can minimize risks during complicated pregnancy with hypertensive disorders, but not always this service is offered proportionally to postpartum. Perhaps the erroneous concept that the delivery is capable of quickly balancing the harm of maternal hypertensive disorders is implicated in reducing postpartum surveillance, exposing this group of women to undesirable outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Analyze the percentage of postpartum maternal deaths until 42days after delivery for hypertensive disorders in Santos in the period of 1999-2009. METHODS: Data were provided by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in www.datasus.gov.br (accessed February 2012). The number of maternal deaths was divided into maternal death in pregnancy, delivery and abortion and maternal death in puerperium up to 42, considering all causes of maternal death and identifying the proportion of deaths due to hypertensive syndromes. RESULTS: According to the general causes of death, more women die during pregnancy, delivery and abortion (69.7%) than postpartum (30.3%) and hypertensive disorders account for 20% of these outcomes. Analyzing the proportion of deaths due to hypertensive disorders in each period, we observed that during pregnancy the disorder accounts for 16.5% of all causes, however, the percentage reaches 30.3% in the puerperium. CONCLUSION: The increase of death in postpartum due to hypertensive syndromes, regarding all general causes, shows the necessary action to be done by the professional team to offer continuity care in and out of hospital in this period, considering that the challenges persist even after delivery.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of height of healing caps and the use of soft liner materials on the stress distribution in peri-implant bone during masticatory function in conventional complete dentures during the healing period by using finite element analysis. Three-dimensional models of a severely resorbed mandible with two recently placed implants in the anterior region were created and divided into the following situations: (i) submerged implants, (ii) healing cap at gingival level and (iii) 1·5-mm supragingival. All these situations were also analysed for a conventional complete denture and a denture relined with a 3-mm-thick layer of soft liner material. The models were exported to mechanical simulation software that presented two simulations, one with load in the inferior right canine (35 N) and the other in the inferior right first molar (50 N). Data were evaluated using Maximum Principal Stress provided by the software. All models showed a stress concentration in the cortical bone corresponding to the cervical part of the implant. The simulations with non-submerged implants showed higher values of stress concentration than those that were submerged. Likewise, soft liner materials presented better results than when the denture base was not relined. The height of the healing caps seems to have a direct influence on the stress distribution in the peri-implant bone during the healing period. Considering the values obtained in this study, the use of soft liners with submerged implants seems to be the most suitable method to use during the period of osseointegration.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V laser-welded joints with several diameters and joint openings. Sixty dumbbell rods were machined in Ti-6Al-4V alloy with central diameters of 1·5, 2·0 and 3·5 mm. The specimens were sectioned and then welded using two joint openings (0·0 and 0·6 mm). The combination of variables created six groups, which when added to the intact groups made a total of nine groups (n = 10). Laser welding was executed as follows: 360 V per 8 ms (1·5 and 2·0 mm) and 380 V per 9 ms (3·5 mm) with focus and frequency regulated to zero. The joints were finished, polished and submitted to radiographic examination to be analysed visually for the presence of porosity. The specimens were then subjected to a mechanical cyclic test, and the number of cycles until failure was recorded. The fracture surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn test (α = 0·05) indicated that the number of cycles required for fracture was lower for all specimens with joint openings of 0·6 mm, and for 3·5-mm-diameter specimens with joint openings of 0·0 mm. The Spearman correlation coefficient (α = 0·05) indicated that there was a negative correlation between the number of cycles and the presence of porosity. So, laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V structures with a thin diameter provides the best conditions for the juxtaposition of parts. Radiographic examination allows for the detection of internal voids in titanium joints.

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A leptospirose é uma das principais enfermidades responsáveis pela baixa produtividade nos sistemas pecuários bovinos, sendo associada à redução na produção de leite, infertilidade, aborto, natimortalidade, além de aumento nos custos com despesas de assistência veterinária, vacinas e testes laboratoriais. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar dados laboratoriais de sorologia para leptospirose bovina no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante um período de 1996 a 2006, visando detectar tendências na frequência de reagentes e gerar hipóteses sobre a variação da frequência de soropositivos ao longo deste período. Análises de regressão linear e modelo linear generalizado foram realizadas para detectar tendências e verificar fatores que influenciam na frequência de soropositivos, respectivamente. Durante o período de 11 anos, foram analisadas 18.806 amostras de soro, sendo que 9.385 resultaram positivas (49,9%). A análise da série temporal por sorovar revelou uma tendência linear crescente estatisticamente significativa na frequência dos seguintes sorovares: Australis, Autumnalis, Bratislava, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes e Tarassovi (p < 0,01). Por outro lado, foi observada uma tendência decrescente estatisticamente significativa na frequência dos sorovares Hardjo e Wolffi (p < 0,01) ao longo do período avaliado. Houve uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre índices pluviométricos (mm) e o número de soropositivos para Leptospira spp. (p = 0,01, OR = 1,003).

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that causes losses of productivity in cattle due to reduction of milk production, reproductive disorders and calf mortality, while also increasing costs associated with veterinary care, vaccines and diagnostic tests. The objective of this study was to analyze serological findings for bovine leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in order to detect temporal trends in the frequency of seropositive animals and to generate hypothesis about the fluctuation in seroprevalence along the period from 1996 to 2006. Simple linear regression and generalized linear models were used to analyze trends and verify factors influencing the frequency of seropositive animals, respectively. During 11 years, 18,806 serum samples were analyzed, in which 9,385 were positive (49.9%). The time-series analysis by serovars revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in the frequency of the following serovars: Australis, Autumnalis, Bratislava, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes and Tarassovi (p < 0.01). Conversely, a statistically significant decreasing trend was observed for the serovars Hardjo and Wolffi (p < 0.01). There was a significant association between rain precipitation (mm) and the number of samples seropositive for leptospirosis (p = 0.01, OR = 1,003).

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AIM: This study verified the effect of the monomer/polymer proportion on the base adaptation of the complete upper dentures. METHODS: Thirty stone cast-wax baseplate sets were packed in metallic flasks and the acrylic resin polymerized in water at 74 °C for nine hours. Three transverse cuts were made through each stone cast-resin base set, corresponding to regions: A) canines (anterior); B) first molars (median), and C) posterior palate (posterior). Measurements were made using an optical micrometer at five points for each cut to determine base adaptation: left and right marginal limits of the flanges, left and right ridge crests, and midline. Data were analyzed using to ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). RESULTS: In region A there was significant difference among the monomer-polymer proportions, with a greater value of misfit for the content -25% monomer group and lower for the manufacturer's proportion group. In region B there was significant difference between the manufacturer's content (lowest value) and the monomer contents of +25% and -25% (both statistically similar). In region C there was significant difference among the monomer-polymer proportions, with greater value for the -25% monomer group than for the manufacturer's proportion. There was significant difference when the regions were compared in relation to the same monomer content. The best adaptation was in the region A and the worst in the region C. CONCLUSION: The amount of monomer exerted different effects on the adaptation of the denture base. In all regions, the smallest misfit was observed when the manufacturer's recommended proportion was used and the greatest misfit was observed in the -25% monomer.

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Determinar la percepción de los usuarios de la calidad de la atención en los consultorios pediátricos públicos y la accesibilidad a los mismos.

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ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that causes losses of productivity in cattle due to reduction of milk production, reproductive disorders and calf mortality, while also increasing costs associated with veterinary care, vaccines and diagnostic tests. The objective of this study was to analyze serological findings for bovine leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in order to detect temporal trends in the frequency of seropositive animals and to generate hypothesis about the fluctuation in seroprevalence along the period from 1996 to 2006. Simple linear regression and generalized linear models were used to analyze trends and verify factors influencing the frequency of seropositive animals, respectively. During 11 years, 18,806 serum samples were analyzed, in which 9,385 were positive (49.9%). The time-series analysis by serovars revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in the frequency of the following serovars: Australis, Autumnalis, Bratislava, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes and Tarassovi (p 0.01). Conversely, a statistically significant decreasing trend was observed for the serovars Hardjo and Wolffi (p 0.01). There was a significant association between rain precipitation (mm) and the number of samples seropositive for leptospirosis (p = 0.01, OR = 1,003).

RESUMO A leptospirose é uma das principais enfermidades responsáveis pela baixa produtividade nos sistemas pecuários bovinos, sendo associada à redução na produção de leite, infertilidade, aborto, natimortalidade, além de aumento nos custos com despesas de assistência veterinária, vacinas e testes laboratoriais. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar dados laboratoriais de sorologia para leptospirose bovina no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante um período de 1996 a 2006, visando detectar tendências na frequência de reagentes e gerar hipóteses sobre a variação da frequência de soropositivos ao longo deste período. Análises de regressão linear e modelo linear generalizado foram realizadas para detectar tendências e verificar fatores que influenciam na frequência de soropositivos, respectivamente. Durante o período de 11 anos, foram analisadas 18.806 amostras de soro, sendo que 9.385 resultaram positivas (49,9%). A análise da série temporal por sorovar revelou uma tendência linear crescente estatisticamente significativa na frequência dos seguintes sorovares: Australis, Autumnalis, Bratislava, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes e Tarassovi (p 0,01). Por outro lado, foi observada uma tendência decrescente estatisticamente significativa na frequência dos sorovares Hardjo e Wolffi (p 0,01) ao longo do período avaliado. Houve uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre índices pluviométricos (mm) e o número de soropositivos para Leptospira spp. (p = 0,01, OR = 1,003).

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Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de la prescripción, la cantidad, el costo medio y la forma de adquisición de la medicación sintomática (MS) en la atención primaria pediátrica.Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico prospectivo, se entrevistó a los padres acerca de la medicación indicada (droga, cantidad, nombre comercial y forma de adquisición). Resultados: Entre los meses de noviembre de 2007 a mayo de 2008 consultaron 35706 pacientes, de los cuales se tomaron al azar 202, considerando la edad el 19% (39/202) eran menores de 1 año, 81%(163/202) tenían entre 1 a 16 años(media5±4), el 52% eran de sexo masculino y todos procedían del departamento central (zonas urbanas). Los 5 motivos de consulta mas frecuentes fueron: tos 31%, fiebre 12%, tos y fiebre 10%, lesiones en piel 6%, odinofagia 5%. Los 4 diagnósticos más frecuentes infecciones respiratorias altas 31%, síndrome bronquial instructivo (SBO) 14%, crisis asmática 6 %, gastroenteritis aguda 5%. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron piodermitis 33%, escabiosis 17% y desnutrición 17%. El 91% de los pacientes recibió MS, de estos el 48% recibió más de una. De las MS mas frecuentemente utilizadas fueron ibuprofeno 22%, paracetamol 18%, salbutamol (nebu) 16%, prednisona 10% entre otros. Considerando el grupo etario los lactantes menores recibieron menos MS que el resto de la población 82% vs 93% respectivamente (p< 0,05). No hubo diferencias entre los grupos etarios en cuanto al número de MS recibida. EL 67% de los pacientes adquirieron la MS por compra exclusivamente, el 18% compraron y además recibieron, o muestras médicas (MM) o a través de la farmacia social (FS) y solo el 15% recibió toda la medicación indicada sin costo (MM o FS).El costo medio de la MS fue de 21236 ±19300 guaraníes por paciente. Considerando la cantidad de MS indicada, cuando era una sola medicación el costo medio fue de 16989±20569, 2 medicaciones 25355 ±17385 y 3 medicaciones 27680±15240 (p= 0,01).

Introduction: A number of medications are offered in the worldwide pharmacological market whose therapeutic values are relative, questionable-to-null, or unacceptable as defined in the qualitative classification of medications of LaPorte. It is therefore necessary to assess the potential risk and benefits in relation to their costs. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prescription of the medication, the amount used, the mean cost, and the way that symptomatic medication (SM) is acquired in primary pediatric care. Methods: A prospective, analytical, observational study. Using a questionnaire with open-ended and closed questions, parents were asked upon exiting the consultation about the medication indicated (drug name, quantity, commercial name, and means of acquisition). Sampling was by convenience. Data were loaded into the EPI INFO program for analysis. Results: In the months from November 200 to May 2008, 35,706 patients were seen, of whom 202 were chosen randomly, with 19% (39) being under age 1 year, 81% (163) between ages 1 and 16 years (mean 5±4 years), while 52% were male and all were from the urban zones of the country's Central Department. The five most common presenting complaints were cough (31%), fever (12%), cough and fever (10%), skin lesions (6%), and odynophagia (5%). The 4 most common diagnoses were upper respiratory infection (31%), bronchial obstruction syndrome (14%), status asthmaticus (6%), and acute gastroenteritis (5%). Most common comorbidities include pyodermia (33%), scabies (17%), and malnutrition (17%). Symptomatic medications were prescribed for 91% of patients, with 48% being given more than one. The symptomatic medications most frequently prescribed were ibuprofen (22%), paracetamol (acetaminophen) (8%), salbutamol (albuterol) (16%), and prednisone (10%). Infants received symptomatic medications less frequently than other age groups (82% vs. 93%, p=0.05)...

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This study evaluated the precision of fit of implant frameworks cast in titanium (cp Ti) and palladium-silver alloy (Pd-Ag), made by the one-piece cast and laser welding techniques. From a metal matrix with five implants, 20 master casts were obtained, to which replicas of implants were incorporated. On these masters 10 frameworks were made for each type of material (cp Ti and Pd-Ag alloy). Half of these were made by the one-piece cast technique and the other half by the laser welding technique. The implant/prosthesis interface was analysed and measured in the vestibular and lingual regions of the central and distal implants with the help of a measuring microscope. The results indicated that in the central cylinders, the Tukey test (P<0.0005) showed a significant difference in the passive fit between the laser-welded frameworks (34.73 microm) and those one-piece cast frameworks (151.39 microm), and as regards materials, the palladium-silver alloy (66.30 microm) showed better results than the titanium (119.83 microm). In the distal cylinders there was no significant difference between the frameworks cast in titanium and palladium-silver by the one-piece technique. However, after laser welding, there was a significant difference for the frameworks cast in titanium (31.37 microm) and palladium-silver (106.59 microm).

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