RESUMO
Our objective was to compare HIV prevalence between two national surveys among men who have sex with men in Brazil in 2009 and 2016. HIV prevalence was estimated stratifying by age and socioeconomic status. HIV prevalence increased from 11.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.9-14.3], in 2009, to 19.1% (95% CI: 16.5 - 22.0), in 2016 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.3] increasing 320% among Young MSM of low SES. Political leadership is needed to develop a scientifically sound and inclusive solution.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the preventive policies adopted, reduction in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been limited. The risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among the most vulnerable population groups, including MSM. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HCV infection and to assess risky practices among MSM from 12 Brazilian cities. METHODS: This study was carried out from June to December 2016 using respondent driven sampling (RDS). Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect behavioral, socioeconomic, and demographic variables. In addition, the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for HCV was offered. Positive results were sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz for confirmation. RESULTS: A total of 4,176 participants were recruited and 23 samples were sent for confirmation. Of these, 16 were confirmed, resulting in a prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3%-1.7%). The Southeast region showed a prevalence of 0.9% (95% CI: 0.3-2.6), followed by the South region, with 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-2.1). The Northeast region had a prevalence of 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1-1.0) and the Midwest 0.1% (95% CI: 0.0-0.7). No positive cases were found in the North. Single men aged 40 years or older were the majority of participants exposed to HCV. High levels of alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, irregular condom use, in addition to infection with other STIs, were associated with exposure to HCV. CONCLUSIONS: STIs continue to be important health problems in Brazil and globally. Many STIs are inapparent for many years until they bring more serious consequences. Extra investment in HCV is also warranted, given that it can be eliminated. Relying solely on clinical data to provide information about inapparent infection, especially in stigmatized populations, will make that goal more difficult to achieve. Surveillance studies, such as the one reported here need to be repeated over time to demonstrate trends and to provide information for evaluation, program and policies. Investments in the most vulnerable populations are critical to achieve the World Health Organization global health goals including the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Hepatite C , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Masculino , Humanos , Hepacivirus/genética , Homossexualidade Masculina , Estudos Transversais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Cidades/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health problem and requires specific prevention actions, particularly focusing on the key populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed at assessing the prevalence of HBV infection, among MSM, in a multicity study in Brazil. In 2016, we conducted a survey using a respondent-driven sampling methodology in 12 Brazilian cities. Rapid tests (RT) were performed on 3178 samples from those MSM. Positive results were tested for HBV DNA and sequenced. If negative for HBV DNA, samples were tested for serological markers. The prevalence rate of HBV exposure and clearance was 10.1% (95% CI: 8.1-12.6), and 1.1% (95%; CI: 0.6-2.1) were confirmed to be HBsAg-positive. Of those samples tested for anti-HBs (n = 1033), only 74.4% presented a serological profile analogous to that elicited by hepatitis B vaccination. Among HBsAg-positive samples (n = 29), 72.4% were HBV DNA-positive, and from these, 18 were sequenced. HBV genotypes A, F, and G were found in 55.5%, 38.9%, and 5.6%, respectively. This study indicates high prevalence rates of MSM HBV exposure and a low positivity index for the serological marker of HBV vaccine immunity. These findings may contribute to the discussion of strategies to prevent hepatitis B and reinforce the importance of promoting HBV vaccination in this key population.
RESUMO
Garbage codes, such as external causes with no specific information, indicate poor quality cause of death data. Investigation of garbage codes via an effective instrument is necessary to convert them into useful data for public health. This study analyzed the performance and suitability of the new investigation of deaths from external causes (IDEC) form to improve the quality of external cause of death data in Brazil. The performance of the IDEC form on 133 external garbage codes deaths was compared with a stratified matched sample of 992 (16%) investigated deaths that used the standard garbage codes form. Consistency between these two groups was checked. The percentage of garbage codes from external causes reclassified into valid causes with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was analyzed. Reclassification for specific causes has been described. Qualitative data on the feasibility of the form were recorded by field investigators. Investigation using the new form reduced all external garbage codes by -92.5% (95%CI: -97.0; -88.0), whereas the existing form decreased garbage codes by -60.5% (95%CI: -63.5; -57.4). The IDEC form presented higher effectivity for external-cause garbage codes of determined intent. Deaths that remained garbage codes mainly lacked information about the circumstances of poisoning and/or vehicle accidents. Despite the fact that field investigators considered the IDEC form feasible, they suggested modifications for further improvement. The new form was more effective than the current standard form in improving the quality of defined external causes.
Assuntos
Atestado de Óbito , Sistemas de Informação , Humanos , Causas de Morte , Brasil , Confiabilidade dos DadosRESUMO
Garbage codes, such as external causes with no specific information, indicate poor quality cause of death data. Investigation of garbage codes via an effective instrument is necessary to convert them into useful data for public health. This study analyzed the performance and suitability of the new investigation of deaths from external causes (IDEC) form to improve the quality of external cause of death data in Brazil. The performance of the IDEC form on 133 external garbage codes deaths was compared with a stratified matched sample of 992 (16%) investigated deaths that used the standard garbage codes form. Consistency between these two groups was checked. The percentage of garbage codes from external causes reclassified into valid causes with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was analyzed. Reclassification for specific causes has been described. Qualitative data on the feasibility of the form were recorded by field investigators. Investigation using the new form reduced all external garbage codes by -92.5% (95%CI: -97.0; -88.0), whereas the existing form decreased garbage codes by -60.5% (95%CI: -63.5; -57.4). The IDEC form presented higher effectivity for external-cause garbage codes of determined intent. Deaths that remained garbage codes mainly lacked information about the circumstances of poisoning and/or vehicle accidents. Despite the fact that field investigators considered the IDEC form feasible, they suggested modifications for further improvement. The new form was more effective than the current standard form in improving the quality of defined external causes.
Códigos garbage (códigos inespecíficos ou incompletos), como causas externas sem informações específicas, indicam dados de má qualidade sobre a causa da morte. É necessário investigar os códigos garbage com um instrumento efetivo para convertê-los em dados úteis para a saúde pública. Este estudo analisou o desempenho e a adequação do novo formulário de investigação de óbitos por causas externas (IDEC) para melhorar a qualidade dos dados de causa externa de morte no Brasil. O desempenho deste formulário em 133 óbitos com códigos garbage de causas externas foi comparado com uma amostra estratificada e pareada de 992 (16%) óbitos investigados que utilizaram o formulário padrão de códigos garbage existente. A consistência entre esses dois grupos foi verificada. Analisou-se o percentual de códigos garbage de causas externas reclassificados em causas válidas com um intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A reclassificação para causas específicas foi descrita. Dados qualitativos sobre a viabilidade do formulário foram registrados por pesquisadores de campo. A investigação com o novo formulário reduziu todos os códigos garbage de causas externas em -92,5% (IC95%: -97,0; -88,0) enquanto o formulário existente diminuiu os códigos garbage em -60,5% (IC95%: -63,5; -57,4). O formulário IDEC foi mais eficaz para os códigos garbage de causa externa sem intenção indeterminada. As mortes que permaneceram como códigos garbage careciam principalmente de informações detalhadas sobre as circunstâncias do envenenamento e dos acidentes de trânsito. O formulário IDEC foi considerado viável pelos investigadores de campo, no entanto, eles sugeriram modificações para um maior aperfeiçoamento. O novo formulário foi mais eficaz do que o formulário padrão atual na melhoria da qualidade das causas externas definidas.
Códigos garbage (códigos inespecíficos o incompletos), como causas externas inespecíficas, son los indicadores de datos de mala calidad sobre la causa de muerte. Es necesario investigar los códigos garbage con un instrumento eficaz para convertirlos en datos útiles para la salud pública. Este estudio analizó el desempeño y la adecuación del nuevo formulario de investigación de muertes por causas externas (IDEC) para mejorar la calidad de los datos de causa externa de muerte en Brasil. El desempeño de este formulario en 133 muertes con códigos garbage de causas externas se comparó con una muestra estratificada y emparejada de 992 (16%) muertes investigadas que usaron el formulario estándar de códigos garbage existente. Se comprobó la consistencia entre estos dos grupos. Se analizó el porcentaje de códigos garbage por causas externas reclasificados en causas válidas con un intervalo del 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se procedió a una reclasificación por causas específicas. Los datos cualitativos sobre la viabilidad del formulario fueron registrados por investigadores de campo. La investigación con el nuevo formulario tuvo una reducción de todos los códigos garbage de causas externas en -92,5% (IC95%: -97,0; -88,0), mientras que el formulario existente redujo todos los códigos garbage de causas externas en -60,5% (IC95%: -63,5; -57,4). El formulario IDEC fue el más efectivo para códigos garbage de causa externa sin intención indeterminada. Las muertes que quedaron como códigos garbage carecían principalmente de información detallada sobre las circunstancias de envenenamiento y de accidentes de tránsito. Los investigadores de campo confirmaron la viabilidad del formulario IDEC, además de sugerir modificaciones para mejorarlo. El nuevo formulario fue el más efectivo que el formulario estándar actual en cuanto a la mejora de la calidad de las causas externas definidas.
RESUMO
Resumo Neste artigo discute-se as correlações entre habitação, meio ambiente e saúde na comunidade da Vila Santa Luzia, no Distrito Federal. O objetivo geral do trabalho é conhecer as percepções, interpretações e representações da amostra de um grupo de moradores e líderes comunitários acerca das referidas vinculações. Em termos teóricos, o projeto fundamentou-se no enfoque da promoção da saúde e habitação saudável. Metodologicamente, os dados foram coletados com a técnica da entrevista. O principal resultado alcançado sugere que existe disposição entre as partes para alcançar uma resolução satisfatória, razoável e republicana ao conflito em questão. A conclusão do texto assinala que a experiência socioambiental e sanitária da Vila Santa Luzia é relevante e significativa, quer em termos empíricos, quer em termos analíticos (políticas públicas).
Abstract The article discusses the correlations between housing, environment and health in the Vila Santa Luzia community, Federal District, Brazil. It purports to investigate the perceptions, interpretations and representations of residents and community leaders about such correlations based on health promotion and healthy housing theoretical framework. Data were collected by means of interviews. Results point to a willingness between the parties to reach a satisfactory, reasonable and republican resolution for the conflict in question. In conclusion, the socio-environmental and health experience of Vila Santa Luzia is relevant and significant, both in empirical and analytical (public policies) terms.
Assuntos
Saúde Pública , Saúde da População Urbana , Vulnerabilidade em Saúde , Ambiente Construído , HabitaçãoRESUMO
This article aims to analyze the association between characteristics of death - type of certifier and place of death - and the odds of an external cause death being certified as unspecified in Brazil. Cross-sectional study of deaths due to external causes from the Mortality Information System, 2017. Unspecified external cause (UEC) is the outcome variable in the models. Type of certifier physician, place of death and the interaction of these variables were the explanatory variables. Confounders were controlled by multiple logistic regression. UEC were the initial underlying cause for 22% of the 159,720 deaths from external causes in Brazil and 31% of hospital deaths issued by coroners. After adjustment for confounders, the odds of UEC in a hospital death certified by a coroner was 98% greater (OR=1.98; 95%CI: 1.53; 2.56) than in a home/street death issued by another certifier. This was greater than the odds for certifications by coroners (OR=1.23; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.33) and hospital deaths (OR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.32; 1.58). External causes certified by coroners and/or occurring in hospitals have a higher presence of UEC than other deaths; and indicate the need for coordinated initiatives by the health and public security sectors.
Assuntos
Certificação , Atestado de Óbito , Brasil/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Estudos Transversais , HumanosRESUMO
Abstract This article aims to analyze the association between characteristics of death - type of certifier and place of death - and the odds of an external cause death being certified as unspecified in Brazil. Cross-sectional study of deaths due to external causes from the Mortality Information System, 2017. Unspecified external cause (UEC) is the outcome variable in the models. Type of certifier physician, place of death and the interaction of these variables were the explanatory variables. Confounders were controlled by multiple logistic regression. UEC were the initial underlying cause for 22% of the 159,720 deaths from external causes in Brazil and 31% of hospital deaths issued by coroners. After adjustment for confounders, the odds of UEC in a hospital death certified by a coroner was 98% greater (OR=1.98; 95%CI: 1.53; 2.56) than in a home/street death issued by another certifier. This was greater than the odds for certifications by coroners (OR=1.23; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.33) and hospital deaths (OR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.32; 1.58). External causes certified by coroners and/or occurring in hospitals have a higher presence of UEC than other deaths; and indicate the need for coordinated initiatives by the health and public security sectors.
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a associação entre características do óbito - tipo de certificador e local do óbito - e a chance de um óbito por causa externa ser certificado como inespecífico no Brasil. Estudo transversal com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade de 2017. Causa externa inespecífica (CEI) é a variável desfecho nos modelos. As exposições de interesse foram tipo de médico certificador, local do óbito e a interação destas variáveis. Variáveis confundidoras foram controladas por regressão logística múltipla. As CEI foram a causa básica inicial de 22% dos 159,7 mil óbitos por causas externas no Brasil e 31% dos óbitos hospitalares emitidos por médicos-legistas. Após ajuste para confundidores, a chance de CEI em um óbito hospitalar certificado por legista foi 98% maior (OR=1,98; IC95%: 1,53; 2,56) do que em um óbito domiciliares/via pública emitido por outro certificador. Esta foi maior do que as chances para certificação por legista (OR=1,23; IC95%: 1,14; 1,33) e óbito hospitalar (OR=1,44; IC95%: 1,32; 1,58). As causas externas certificadas por médicos-legistas e/ou ocorridas em hospitais têm maior presença de CEI do que outras mortes; e indicam a necessidade de iniciativas coordenadas dos setores da saúde e segurança pública.
RESUMO
This study analyzes the spatial pattern of implementation of Primary Health Care (PHC) teams in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. This is an ecological study on the rates of Community Health Workers (ACS), Family Health Team (eSF), Oral Health Team (eSB), and Family Health Extended Center (NASF) based on data from the Ministry of Health (MoH). The analysis of the area data identified patterns of spatial dependence of the municipalities for the rates, using Moran indices and scatterplots to visualize critical areas' clusters (95% confidence). Municipalities of the North (n=450) and Northeast (n=1,794) had 132,174 ACS, 18,405 eSF, 13,017 eSB, and 2,205 NASF. The proportion of municipalities with rates within the recommended by the MoH were: ACS (>1.33), 96% in the North and 98.5% in the Northeast; eSF (>2.9/1,000), 54% and 80% in the respective regions; eSB (>2.9/10,000) 28% and 59% in these respective regions. NASF teams were deployed in 70% of the North and 89% of the Northeast. Except for ACS, the North was a critical team area, mainly in Pará, Rondônia, Amazonas, and Amapá. In the Northeast, these areas were smaller and concentrated mainly in western Bahia and eastern Maranhão. The Northeast showed a better composition of teams and a smaller extent of critical areas.
Objetiva-se analisar o padrão espacial de implantação de equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil em 2017. Estudo ecológico das taxas de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), equipes Saúde da Família (eSF), equipes Saúde Bucal (eSB) e Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família (NASF), a partir de dados do Ministério da saúde (MS). A análise dos dados de área permitiu a identificação de padrões de dependência espacial dos municípios para as taxas, utilizando os índices e mapas de Moran para visualizar clusters de áreas críticas (95% de confiança). Os municípios do Norte (n=450) e Nordeste (n=1.794) apresentaram 132,2 mil ACS, 18,4 mil eSF, 13 mil eSB e 2,2 mil NASF. A proporção de municípios com taxas dentro do preconizado pelo MS: ACS (>1,33/mil) 96% no Norte e 98,5% no Nordeste; eSF (>2,9/10 mil) 54% e 80% nas respectivas regiões; eSB (>2,9/10 mil) 28% e 59% nestas respectivas regiões. Equipes NASF foram implantadas em 70% do Norte e 89% do Nordeste. Exceto ACS, a região Norte constituiu-se em área crítica de equipes, principalmente no Pará, Rondônia, Amazonas e Amapá. No Nordeste, essas áreas foram menores e concentradas a oeste da Bahia e leste do Maranhão. O Nordeste exibiu melhor composição de equipes e menor extensão de áreas críticas.
Assuntos
Saúde da Família , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Brasil , Cidades , Humanos , Análise EspacialRESUMO
Resumo Objetiva-se analisar o padrão espacial de implantação de equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil em 2017. Estudo ecológico das taxas de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), equipes Saúde da Família (eSF), equipes Saúde Bucal (eSB) e Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família (NASF), a partir de dados do Ministério da saúde (MS). A análise dos dados de área permitiu a identificação de padrões de dependência espacial dos municípios para as taxas, utilizando os índices e mapas de Moran para visualizar clusters de áreas críticas (95% de confiança). Os municípios do Norte (n=450) e Nordeste (n=1.794) apresentaram 132,2 mil ACS, 18,4 mil eSF, 13 mil eSB e 2,2 mil NASF. A proporção de municípios com taxas dentro do preconizado pelo MS: ACS (>1,33/mil) 96% no Norte e 98,5% no Nordeste; eSF (>2,9/10 mil) 54% e 80% nas respectivas regiões; eSB (>2,9/10 mil) 28% e 59% nestas respectivas regiões. Equipes NASF foram implantadas em 70% do Norte e 89% do Nordeste. Exceto ACS, a região Norte constituiu-se em área crítica de equipes, principalmente no Pará, Rondônia, Amazonas e Amapá. No Nordeste, essas áreas foram menores e concentradas a oeste da Bahia e leste do Maranhão. O Nordeste exibiu melhor composição de equipes e menor extensão de áreas críticas.
Abstract This study analyzes the spatial pattern of implementation of Primary Health Care (PHC) teams in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. This is an ecological study on the rates of Community Health Workers (ACS), Family Health Team (eSF), Oral Health Team (eSB), and Family Health Extended Center (NASF) based on data from the Ministry of Health (MoH). The analysis of the area data identified patterns of spatial dependence of the municipalities for the rates, using Moran indices and scatterplots to visualize critical areas' clusters (95% confidence). Municipalities of the North (n=450) and Northeast (n=1,794) had 132,174 ACS, 18,405 eSF, 13,017 eSB, and 2,205 NASF. The proportion of municipalities with rates within the recommended by the MoH were: ACS (>1.33), 96% in the North and 98.5% in the Northeast; eSF (>2.9/1,000), 54% and 80% in the respective regions; eSB (>2.9/10,000) 28% and 59% in these respective regions. NASF teams were deployed in 70% of the North and 89% of the Northeast. Except for ACS, the North was a critical team area, mainly in Pará, Rondônia, Amazonas, and Amapá. In the Northeast, these areas were smaller and concentrated mainly in western Bahia and eastern Maranhão. The Northeast showed a better composition of teams and a smaller extent of critical areas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Saúde da Família , Brasil , Cidades , Análise EspacialRESUMO
The objective was to characterize sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical aspects in young Brazilian military recruits according to prevalence of syphilis. This was a descriptive study based on a nationwide population-based survey in 2016 with a probabilistic sample of military recruits 17 to 22 years of age. A confidential self-applied questionnaire was used. Blood samples were drawn from participants for treponemal and non-treponemal syphilis tests. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate syphilis prevalence rates and distribution of frequencies between the target variables, considering 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), after weighting the data. Of the total of 37,282 participants, 73.7% were sexually initiated. Prevalence rates for lifetime and confirmed syphilis were 1.6% and 1.1%, respectively. The following population variables showed higher prevalence of syphilis: lack of Internet access at home; initiation of sexual activity before 14 years of age; men who have sex with men; more than five sexual partners; having received presents, drugs, or other incentives in exchange for sex; and prior history of symptoms of sexually transmissible infections. An increase was observed in syphilis in Brazilian military recruits when compared to previous surveys. This increase emphasizes the importance of this sentinel population for performing active surveillance in order to support healthcare strategies for youth, including in the school system.
O objetivo foi caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínicos entre conscritos brasileiros, segundo a prevalência de sífilis. Estudo descritivo desenvolvido valendo-se de pesquisa nacional de base populacional, realizada em 2016, com amostra probabilística de jovens conscritos de 17 a 22 anos de idade. Realizou-se autoaplicação de questionários confidenciais. As amostras de sangue total dos participantes foram coletadas para testagem de sífilis, com a utilização de testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos. Empregaram-se técnicas de estatística descritiva para estimar as prevalências de sífilis e a distribuição de frequências entre as variáveis pesquisadas, considerando os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), após a ponderação dos dados. Do total de 37.282 participantes, 73,7% haviam iniciado a vida sexual. As prevalências de sífilis na vida e de sífilis confirmada foram de 1,6% e 1,1%, respectivamente. As seguintes variáveis populacionais apresentaram maior prevalência de sífilis: ausência de acesso à Internet no domicílio; início da atividade sexual antes dos 14 anos; categoria de exposição homens que fazem sexo com homens; práticas sexuais com mais de cinco parcerias; recebimento de presentes, drogas ou outros incentivos em troca de sexo; e história prévia de sintomatologia de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Observou-se o aumento de sífilis entre os jovens conscritos brasileiros, em comparação aos inquéritos anteriores. Tal incremento reforça a importância dessa população sentinela para realizar vigilância ativa, de forma a subsidiar estratégias de atenção à saúde dos jovens, incluindo cenários escolares.
El objetivo fue caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentales y clínicos entre reclutas brasileños, según la prevalencia de sífilis. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado a partir de una investigación nacional de base poblacional, realizada en 2016, con una muestra probabilística de jóvenes reclutas de 17 a 22 años de edad. Se realizó una autoaplicación de cuestionarios confidenciales. Las muestras de sangre total de los participantes fueron recogidas para la prueba de sífilis, con la utilización de pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas. Se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva para estimar las prevalencias de sífilis y distribución de frecuencias entre las variables investigadas, considerando intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%), tras la ponderación de los datos. Del total de 37.282 participantes, un 73,7% habían iniciado su vida sexual. Las prevalencias de sífilis en la vida y de sífilis confirmada fueron de 1,6% y 1,1%, respectivamente. Las siguientes variables poblacionales presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sífilis: ausencia de acceso a Internet en el domicilio; inicio de la actividad sexual antes de los 14 años; categoría de exposición hombres que practican sexo con hombres; prácticas sexuales con más de cinco personas; recibimiento de regalos, drogas u otros incentivos a cambio de sexo; e historia previa de sintomatología de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles. Se observó el aumento de sífilis entre los jóvenes reclutas brasileños, en comparación con las encuestas anteriores. Tal incremento refuerza la importancia de esa población centinela para realizar una vigilancia activa, de forma que se apoyen estrategias de atención a la salud de los jóvenes, incluyendo escenarios escolares.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Militares , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Sífilis , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual , Sífilis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This article aims to Identify factors associated with knowledge and use of combined HIV prevention strategies among female sex workers (FSW). Cross-sectional epidemiological study, using the Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) method. Descriptive analyzes were performed after adjustments required by the RDS method. To investigate factors associated with knowledge of PEP and PrEP and use of the female condom, Poisson regression was applied, using odds ratio as an association measure. FSW not affiliated with NGOs, who did not receive informational material on prevention and / or participated in lectures in the last six months and who do not identify themselves as FSW in healthcare service facilities have less knowledge about PEP and PrEP and use the female condom less frequently. In general, FSW do not have sufficient knowledge and access to combined HIV prevention methods to take advantage of their benefits. We believe that the adoption of different models of care for FSW in partnership with NGOs can be an effective strategy for expanding knowledge and use of HIV prevention methods in Brazil.
O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados ao conhecimento e utilização de estratégias de prevenção combinada do HIV entre mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo (MTS). Estudo epidemiológico transversal, utilizando o método Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Foram realizadas análises descritivas após ajustes requeridos pelo método RDS. Para investigar fatores associados ao conhecimento de PEP e PrEP e utilização do preservativo feminino foi usada a regressão de Poisson, utilizando como medida de associação o Odds Ratio. MTS sem vínculo com ONGs, que não receberam material informativo sobre prevenção e/ou participaram de palestras nos últimos seis meses e que não se identificam como MTS nos serviços de saúde têm menos conhecimento sobre PEP e PrEP e utilizam com menor frequência o preservativo feminino. De maneira geral, as MTS não têm conhecimento e acesso suficiente às tecnologias de prevenção combinada do HIV a ponto de usufruir de seus benefícios. Consideramos que a adoção de modelos diferenciados de cuidados voltados para MTS em parceria com ONGs pode ser uma estratégia efetiva para ampliação do conhecimento e utilização das tecnologias de prevenção do HIV no Brasil.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Profissionais do Sexo , Brasil , Cidades , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency and factors associated with recording deaths due to unspecified external causes in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of Mortality Information System data for the year 2017. Univariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of nonspecific recording according to the explanatory variables - (hospital deaths and deaths certified by coroners). RESULTS: Brazil registered 159,720 deaths from external causes; 38.9% occurred in hospital, 83.4% were certified by coroners and 21.7% were from unspecified causes. Factors associated with the recording of unspecified external causes were hospital death (OR=2.00 - 95%CI 1.96;2.05) and the coroner's certification (OR=1.08 - 95%CI 1.04;1.11). CONCLUSION: The frequency of recording unspecified external causes is greater for hospital deaths than for coroner's certification.
Assuntos
Médicos Legistas , Sistemas de Informação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Estudos Transversais , HumanosRESUMO
Descriptive epidemiological studies are of relevance, given that there are inconsistencies in the literature with regard to their nomenclature and classification. We reviewed 19 international and six national academic textbooks on epidemiology, where the main criterion was to have them available in order to undertake an in-depth review of chapters on descriptive epidemiology and study types. In 11 books, the authors prioritize analytical studies. Twelve foreign texts and two from Brazil include descriptive studies, although the majority did not specifically refer to a category with this name. We propose a classification based on the answers to research questions, including the following types of study: case report, case series, clinical cohort, prevalence study, incidence study (cohort) and descriptive ecological study. We discuss potential uses, implementation of novel data analysis methods and their relevance in health surveillance.
A categoria dos estudos epidemiológicos descritivos é tema relevante, uma vez que existem inconsistências na literatura quanto a sua nomenclatura e classificação. Foram revistos livros de textos acadêmicos de epidemiologia, 19 estrangeiros e seis nacionais, sendo o critério principal tê-los disponíveis para revisão detalhada dos capítulos de epidemiologia descritiva e tipos de estudo. Em 11 livros, os autores dão prioridade aos estudos analíticos. Doze textos estrangeiros e dois brasileiros incluem estudos descritivos, apesar de a maioria não explicitar uma categoria específica com esse nome. Propõe-se uma classificação com base nas respostas a questões norteadoras de pesquisa, incluindo os seguintes tipos de estudos: relato de caso, série de casos, coorte clínica, estudo de prevalência, estudo de incidência (coorte) e estudo ecológico descritivo. Discutem-se as potencialidades do seu uso, a implementação de novos métodos de análise e sua relevância na vigilância à saúde.
La categoría de estudios epidemiológicos descriptivos es relevante para los servicios de atención de salud ya que existen inconsistencias en la literatura con relación a su nomenclatura y clasificación. Se revisaron libros de texto académicos de epidemiología con ejemplares disponibles para revisión detallada de capítulos de epidemiología descriptiva y tipos de estudio: 19 extranjeros y 6 brasileños. En 11 libros, los autores no consideran ningún estudio que no sea analítico. Doce textos extranjeros y dos brasileños abarcan estudios descriptivos, aunque la mayoría no reconozca esa categoría explícitamente. Se propone una clasificación basada en las respuestas a preguntas orientadoras de la investigación incluyendo los siguientes tipos de estudios: relato de caso, serie de casos y cohorte clínica; cuatro de ámbito poblacional/comunitario: estudio de prevalencia, estudio de incidencia (cohorte), estudio descriptivo ecológico. Se discuten las potencialidades del uso, la implementación de nuevos métodos de análisis y su relevancia en la vigilancia epidemiológica.
Assuntos
Estudos Transversais , Brasil/epidemiologia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since 2004, Brazil has had a national policy for occupational health and safety. This policy means companies' tax burden is altered according to the numbers of work-related accidents and ill-health amongst their workers. In 2010, a multiplication factor was introduced to this policy, called the Accident Prevention Factor. The idea of this new multiplication factor is to encourage individual employers to take initiatives to prevent accidents and ill health in the workplace. This study was designed to investigate the incidence of work-related accidents and ill-health in Brazil according to their causes, their severity, and the economic activity in which they occur, and to compare the data before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted by analyzing the time series of work-related accidents/ill-health between 2008 and 2014 from the Brazilian social security system (Previdência Social) statistical yearbooks. Incidences were calculated per cause, economic activity, and severity of the accident/ill-health. Data from before and after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor were compared using the Mann-Whitney test per cause and per economic activity. Statistical analyses were made using the SPSS software, with significance set at 5%. RESULTS: A reduction in the incidence of work-related accidents/ill-health was found across all the groups of causes analyzed, except for the groups "external causes of morbidity and mortality" and "factors influencing health status and contact with health services." Greater reductions were found for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and diseases of the nervous system. Reductions in work-related accidents/ill-health were found in the different economic activities and in the different severity groups. The highest reduction after the introduction of the Accident Prevention Factor was in manufacturing and production (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the incidence of accidents/ill-health was found to be on decline, except those with external causes of morbidity and mortality and those involving factors influencing health status and contact with health services. The biggest reduction was found in manufacturing and production. However, generally speaking progress still needs to be made in accident prevention and occupational health across a whole range of work environments.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trabalho , Saúde Ocupacional , Prevenção de Acidentes , Acidentes de Trabalho/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Previdência SocialRESUMO
O objetivo foi caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínicos entre conscritos brasileiros, segundo a prevalência de sífilis. Estudo descritivo desenvolvido valendo-se de pesquisa nacional de base populacional, realizada em 2016, com amostra probabilística de jovens conscritos de 17 a 22 anos de idade. Realizou-se autoaplicação de questionários confidenciais. As amostras de sangue total dos participantes foram coletadas para testagem de sífilis, com a utilização de testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos. Empregaram-se técnicas de estatística descritiva para estimar as prevalências de sífilis e a distribuição de frequências entre as variáveis pesquisadas, considerando os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), após a ponderação dos dados. Do total de 37.282 participantes, 73,7% haviam iniciado a vida sexual. As prevalências de sífilis na vida e de sífilis confirmada foram de 1,6% e 1,1%, respectivamente. As seguintes variáveis populacionais apresentaram maior prevalência de sífilis: ausência de acesso à Internet no domicílio; início da atividade sexual antes dos 14 anos; categoria de exposição homens que fazem sexo com homens; práticas sexuais com mais de cinco parcerias; recebimento de presentes, drogas ou outros incentivos em troca de sexo; e história prévia de sintomatologia de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Observou-se o aumento de sífilis entre os jovens conscritos brasileiros, em comparação aos inquéritos anteriores. Tal incremento reforça a importância dessa população sentinela para realizar vigilância ativa, de forma a subsidiar estratégias de atenção à saúde dos jovens, incluindo cenários escolares.
The objective was to characterize sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical aspects in young Brazilian military recruits according to prevalence of syphilis. This was a descriptive study based on a nationwide population-based survey in 2016 with a probabilistic sample of military recruits 17 to 22 years of age. A confidential self-applied questionnaire was used. Blood samples were drawn from participants for treponemal and non-treponemal syphilis tests. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate syphilis prevalence rates and distribution of frequencies between the target variables, considering 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), after weighting the data. Of the total of 37,282 participants, 73.7% were sexually initiated. Prevalence rates for lifetime and confirmed syphilis were 1.6% and 1.1%, respectively. The following population variables showed higher prevalence of syphilis: lack of Internet access at home; initiation of sexual activity before 14 years of age; men who have sex with men; more than five sexual partners; having received presents, drugs, or other incentives in exchange for sex; and prior history of symptoms of sexually transmissible infections. An increase was observed in syphilis in Brazilian military recruits when compared to previous surveys. This increase emphasizes the importance of this sentinel population for performing active surveillance in order to support healthcare strategies for youth, including in the school system.
El objetivo fue caracterizar aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentales y clínicos entre reclutas brasileños, según la prevalencia de sífilis. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado a partir de una investigación nacional de base poblacional, realizada en 2016, con una muestra probabilística de jóvenes reclutas de 17 a 22 años de edad. Se realizó una autoaplicación de cuestionarios confidenciales. Las muestras de sangre total de los participantes fueron recogidas para la prueba de sífilis, con la utilización de pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas. Se emplearon técnicas de estadística descriptiva para estimar las prevalencias de sífilis y distribución de frecuencias entre las variables investigadas, considerando intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%), tras la ponderación de los datos. Del total de 37.282 participantes, un 73,7% habían iniciado su vida sexual. Las prevalencias de sífilis en la vida y de sífilis confirmada fueron de 1,6% y 1,1%, respectivamente. Las siguientes variables poblacionales presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sífilis: ausencia de acceso a Internet en el domicilio; inicio de la actividad sexual antes de los 14 años; categoría de exposición hombres que practican sexo con hombres; prácticas sexuales con más de cinco personas; recibimiento de regalos, drogas u otros incentivos a cambio de sexo; e historia previa de sintomatología de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles. Se observó el aumento de sífilis entre los jóvenes reclutas brasileños, en comparación con las encuestas anteriores. Tal incremento refuerza la importancia de esa población centinela para realizar una vigilancia activa, de forma que se apoyen estrategias de atención a la salud de los jóvenes, incluyendo escenarios escolares.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Militares , Comportamento Sexual , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Homossexualidade MasculinaRESUMO
A categoria dos estudos epidemiológicos descritivos é tema relevante, uma vez que existem inconsistências na literatura quanto a sua nomenclatura e classificação. Foram revistos livros de textos acadêmicos de epidemiologia, 19 estrangeiros e seis nacionais, sendo o critério principal tê-los disponíveis para revisão detalhada dos capítulos de epidemiologia descritiva e tipos de estudo. Em 11 livros, os autores dão prioridade aos estudos analíticos. Doze textos estrangeiros e dois brasileiros incluem estudos descritivos, apesar de a maioria não explicitar uma categoria específica com esse nome. Propõe-se uma classificação com base nas respostas a questões norteadoras de pesquisa, incluindo os seguintes tipos de estudos: relato de caso, série de casos, coorte clínica, estudo de prevalência, estudo de incidência (coorte) e estudo ecológico descritivo. Discutem-se as potencialidades do seu uso, a implementação de novos métodos de análise e sua relevância na vigilância à saúde.
La categoría de estudios epidemiológicos descriptivos es relevante para los servicios de atención de salud ya que existen inconsistencias en la literatura con relación a su nomenclatura y clasificación. Se revisaron libros de texto académicos de epidemiología con ejemplares disponibles para revisión detallada de capítulos de epidemiología descriptiva y tipos de estudio: 19 extranjeros y 6 brasileños. En 11 libros, los autores no consideran ningún estudio que no sea analítico. Doce textos extranjeros y dos brasileños abarcan estudios descriptivos, aunque la mayoría no reconozca esa categoría explícitamente. Se propone una clasificación basada en las respuestas a preguntas orientadoras de la investigación incluyendo los siguientes tipos de estudios: relato de caso, serie de casos y cohorte clínica; cuatro de ámbito poblacional/comunitario: estudio de prevalencia, estudio de incidencia (cohorte), estudio descriptivo ecológico. Se discuten las potencialidades del uso, la implementación de nuevos métodos de análisis y su relevancia en la vigilancia epidemiológica.
Descriptive epidemiological studies are of relevance, given that there are inconsistencies in the literature with regard to their nomenclature and classification. We reviewed 19 international and six national academic textbooks on epidemiology, where the main criterion was to have them available in order to undertake an in-depth review of chapters on descriptive epidemiology and study types. In 11 books, the authors prioritize analytical studies. Twelve foreign texts and two from Brazil include descriptive studies, although the majority did not specifically refer to a category with this name. We propose a classification based on the answers to research questions, including the following types of study: case report, case series, clinical cohort, prevalence study, incidence study (cohort) and descriptive ecological study. We discuss potential uses, implementation of novel data analysis methods and their relevance in health surveillance.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Brasil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a frequência e fatores associados ao registro inespecífico de óbitos por causas externas no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal dos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade de 2017. Utilizou-se regressão logística para obter razões de chances (odds ratio [OR]) e intervalo de confiança (IC95%) de registro inespecífico pelas variáveis de explicação (óbitos hospitalares e certificados por legista). Resultados: O Brasil registrou 159.720 óbitos por causas externas; foram 38,9% de ocorrência hospitalar, 83,4% certificados por legistas e 21,7% atribuídos a causas inespecíficas. Revelaram-se fatores associados ao registro de causa externa inespecífica o óbito hospitalar (OR=2,00 - IC95% 1,96;2,05) e a certificação de médico-legista (OR=1,08 - IC95% 1,04;1,11). Conclusão: A frequência de registro de causa externa inespecífica em óbito hospitalar é superior à encontrada em certificação de legistas.
Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia y factores asociados al registro inespecífico de óbitos por causas externas en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal de datos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad, 2017. Se utilizó la regresión logística para obtener razones de probabilidades (odds ratio [OR]) e intervalo de confianza (IC95%) de registro inespecífico por las variables de explicación (óbitos hospitalarios y certificados por forenses). Resultados: Brasil registró 159.720 óbitos por causas externas; hubo 38,9% en hospitales, 83,4% certificado por forenses y 21,7% por causas inespecíficas. Los factores asociados al registro de causas externas inespecíficas fueron el óbito hospitalario (OR=2,00 - IC95%1,96; 2,05) y la certificación del médico forense (OR=1,08 - IC95% 1,04; 1,11). Conclusión: La causa externa inespecífica en el óbito hospitalario es mayor que la de la certificación de los forenses.
Objective: To analyze the frequency and factors associated with recording deaths due to unspecified external causes in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Mortality Information System data for the year 2017. Univariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of nonspecific recording according to the explanatory variables - (hospital deaths and deaths certified by coroners). Results: Brazil registered 159,720 deaths from external causes; 38.9% occurred in hospital, 83.4% were certified by coroners and 21.7% were from unspecified causes. Factors associated with the recording of unspecified external causes were hospital death (OR=2.00 - 95%CI 1.96;2.05) and the coroner's certification (OR=1.08 - 95%CI 1.04;1.11). Conclusion: The frequency of recording unspecified external causes is greater for hospital deaths than for coroner's certification.
Assuntos
Humanos , Causas de Morte , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Medicina Legal/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Sistemas de Informação , Estudos Transversais , Causas ExternasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between municipalities adhering to the Health Fitness Center Program, noncommunicable chronic disease (NCD) hospitalizations and socioeconomic levels from 2011 to 2017. METHODS: This was an ecological study; HFCP adherence indicators for 2,837 municipalities were calculated, as were NCD hospitalization indicators, according to funding categories and the Firjan Socioeconomic Development Index. RESULTS: The HFCP adherence indicator was higher for municipalities that received Congress funding (1.18), had moderate to high Firjan Socioeconomic Development Indices (0.94) and high NCD hospitalization indicators (1.03) (p<0.001). There were positive correlations (p<0.05) between the two indicators in municipalities receiving Ministry of Health funding (r=0.14) and those receiving both Congress and Ministry of Health funding (r=0.12); whereas correlation was negative in municipalities with moderate to low Firjan Socioeconomic Development Indices (r=-0.09; p=0.013). CONCLUSION: The main form of adherence to the HFCP, according to population size, was through Congress funding. Municipalities with poorer socioeconomic and NCD indicators had lower adherence to the HFCP.
Assuntos
Hospitalização , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Cooperação do Paciente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cidades/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças não Transmissíveis/terapia , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brazil leads the world in number of firearm deaths and ranks sixth by country in rate of firearm deaths per 100,000 people. This study aims to analyze trends in and burden of mortality by firearms, according to age and sex, for Brazil, and the association between these deaths and indicators of possession and carrying of weapons using data from the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study (GBD) 2017. METHODS: We used GBD 2017 estimates of mortality due to physical violence and self-harm from firearms for Brazil to analyze the association between deaths by firearms and explanatory variables. RESULTS: Deaths from firearms increased in Brazil from 25,819 in 1990 to 48,493 in 2017. Firearm mortality rates were higher among men and in the 20-24 age group; the rate was 20 times higher than for women in the same age group. Homicide rates increased during the study period, while mortality rates for suicides and accidental deaths decreased. The group of Brazilian federation units with the highest firearm collection rate (median = 7.5) showed reductions in the rate of total violent deaths by firearms. In contrast, the group with the lowest firearm collection rate (median = 2.0) showed an increase in firearm deaths from 2000 to 2017. An increase in the rate of voluntary return of firearms was associated with a reduction in mortality rates of unintentional firearm deaths (r = -0.364, p < 0.001). An increase in socio-demographic index (SDI) was associated with a reduction in all firearm death rates (r = -0.266, p = 0.008). An increase in the composite index of firearms seized or collected was associated with a reduction in rates of deaths by firearm in the subgroup of females, children, and the elderly (r = -0.269, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: There was a change in the trend of firearms deaths after the beginning of the collection of weapons in 2004. Federation units that collected more guns have reduced rates of violent firearm deaths.