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In this work, a colorimetric indicator based on gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and a biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer (sodium alginate, Alg.), was developed for the real-time detection of fish spoilage products. The AuNPs and the colorimetric indicator were characterized using UV-VIS, FTIR spectroscopies, TGA, DSC, XRD, TEM, and colorimetry. The UV-VIS spectrum and TEM showed the successful synthesis, the spherical shape, and the size of AuNPs. The results indicated color changes of the indicator in packaged fish on day 9 of storage at a refrigerated temperature (5 °C. These results showed the successful application of the colorimetric indicator in the detection of TVB-N in packaged fish.

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Background: Trained immunity is the enhanced innate immune response resulting from exposure to pathogens or vaccines against an unrelated pathogen stimulus. Certain vaccines induce a memory like response in monocytes and NK cells, leading to modulation in cytokine production, metabolic changes, and modifications in histone patterns. Here, we hypothesized that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 could induce the training of monocytes in addition to stimulating the adaptive immune response. Methods: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunophenotyping, cytokine and metabolic profile of monocytes from individuals who were completely immunized with two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine or non-replicating viral vector vaccine. Subsequently, we investigated the epigenetic mechanisms underlying monocyte immune training. As a model of inflammatorychallenge, to understand if the monocytes were trained by vaccination and how they were trained, cells were stimulated in vitro with the endotoxin LPS, an unrelated stimulus that would provoke the effects of training. Results: When challenged in vitro, monocytes from vaccinated individuals produced less TNF-α and those who received inactivated vaccine produced less IL-6, whereas vaccination with non-replicating viral vector vaccine induced more IL-10. Inactivated vaccine increased classical monocyte frequency, and both groups showed higher CD163 expression, a hallmark of trained immunity. We observed increased expression of genes involved in glycolysis and reduced IRG1 expression in vaccinated subjects, a gene associated with the tolerance phenotype in monocytes. We observed that both vaccines reduced the chromatin accessibility of genes associated with the inflammatory response, the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine trained monocytes to a regulatory phenotype mediated by histone modifications in the IL6 and IL10 genes, while the non-replicating viral vector COVID-19 vaccine trained monocytes to a regulatory phenotype, mediated by histone modifications in the IL6, IL10, TNF, and CCL2 genes. Conclusions: Our findings support the recognized importance of adopting vaccination against SARS CoV-2, which has been shown to be effective in enhancing the adaptive immune response against the virus and reducing mortality and morbidity rates. Here, we provide evidence that vaccination also modulates the innate immune response by controlling the detrimental inflammatory response to unrelated pathogen stimulation.

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A obra reúne a produção de um conjunto de investigadores e profissionais atuantes em serviços de saúde, procedentes de diferentes regiões e instituições do país, com interesse na temática da Pesquisa qualitativa em serviços de saúde. A primeira parte examina conceitos e temas fundamentais para o entendimento da abordagem. Na seqüência, os organizadores apresentam nove estudos empíricos sobre temas relacionados aos serviços de saúde em diferentes países, regiões e contextos sociais, fundamentados em referenciais teóricos distintos.

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OBJETIVO: Adaptar y evaluar una herramienta de autodiagnóstico de la capacidad de los equipos de gestión de salud para utilizar la investigación, con énfasis en su adquisición, análisis, adaptación y aplicación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La herramienta se tradujo al español y se elaboró un manual sometido a la autorización de la Comisión de Ética del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, antes de su aplicación durante el periodo de abril a noviembre del 2007 en 122 unidades (tasa de respuesta de 84.4 por ciento) para cubrir una amplia gama de instituciones en seis entidades contrastantes de México, según el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). Se validó la herramienta de manera interna y externa con métodos estadísticos. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias en la capacidad de los equipos para cada fase de utilización, sin importar cuáles fueran su composición por género, experiencia o estudios, pero sí la participación en la atención a los pacientes, de acuerdo con el IDH de los estados. CONCLUSIONES: La herramienta se validó de modo interno y externo para su aplicación en diversas condiciones de México. Puede aplicarse en cualquier país de habla hispana.

OBJECTIVE: A tool was adapted and evaluated for the self-assessment by health management teams of their capacity to utilize research, distinguishing between its acquisition, analysis, adaptation and application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tool was translated into Spanish and a manual was created. The manual was submitted for authorization to the Ethics Committee of the National Public Health Institute of Mexico. The kit was sent to 122 units (response rate of 84.4 percent), covering a wide range of institutions in six contrasting states of Mexico according to the Human Development Index (HDI). The tool was validated internally and externally using statistical methods. RESULTS: Differences were observed in the teams' research utilization capacity within each phase, regardless of their composition by gender, experience or academic level but with differences according to the extent of involvement in patient care and to the states' HDI. CONCLUSIONS: The tool was validated both internally and externally for its application under widely varying conditions in Mexico. The tool can be applied in any Spanish speaking country.

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OBJETIVO: La capacidad de los gestores de servicios de salud para utilizar la investigación en salud es una habilidad fundamental para su desempeño. Se describe y analiza dicha habilidad en relación con cuatro componentes: adquisición del conocimiento, análisis de su calidad y pertinencia, adaptación a las necesidades del proceso de gestión y aplicación en el contexto de la planeación estratégica y la toma de decisiones. Se describen y analizan asimismo las propuestas para fortalecer la capacidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicaron una herramienta de autodiagnóstico y una guía de discusión, sometidas para su autorización a la Comisión de Ética del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública antes de su aplicación. El trabajo se llevó a cabo durante los meses de abril a noviembre del año 2007 en 122 equipos de gestión en unidades locales de servicio y programación (84.4 por ciento de tasa de respuesta) de instituciones públicas y privadas no lucrativas, en seis entidades contrastantes y representativas de México. RESULTADOS: Se observó un gradiente en la capacidad de utilización entre las entidades. La adquisición del conocimiento es inversamente proporcional al índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre instituciones públicas ni entre el sector público y el privado. La principal necesidad detectada de fortalecimiento radica en la adquisición de investigación. La principal prioridad percibida consiste en incrementar la calificación del personal en investigación en salud. Las entidades con menor IDH tienen necesidades más inmediatas de fortalecimiento. Las medidas de fortalecimiento propuestas a través de los estados varían de acuerdo con su IDH y la sensibilización sobre las bondades de la investigación entre tomadores de decisión es la de mayor mención en las entidades con menor IDH. CONCLUSIONES: Debe impulsarse el autodiagnóstico de la capacidad en las unidades de servicio y programas institucionales...

OBJECTIVE: The perceived capacity of health management teams to utilize research for decision making is assessed, as well as proposals for strengthening such capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 management teams (84.4 percent response rate) from a wide range of institutions in six contrasting and representative states in Mexico were asked to assess their perceived capacity for utilizing research and to propose strategies to strengthen that capacity. Qualitative and statistical techniques were used from April to November 2007, after approval by the Mexico National Institute of Public Health (INSP) Ethics Commission. RESULTS: Significant differences across states were found. Only the acquisition of knowledge is significantly correlated with the human development index. The acquisition of research is identified as the priority for strengthening capacity, through increasing the qualifications of personnel in public health research. States with a lower human development index have more immediate needs for strengthening capacity. Proposals for strengthening capacity also depend on whether decision makers are aware of the importance of research. CONCLUSIONS: The use of self-assessment should be encouraged at the state and institutional levels. Different strategies should be used to address differences among states.

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OBJECTIVE: A tool was adapted and evaluated for the self-assessment by health management teams of their capacity to utilize research, distinguishing between its acquisition, analysis, adaptation and application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tool was translated into Spanish and a manual was created. The manual was submitted for authorization to the Ethics Committee of the National Public Health Institute of Mexico. The kit was sent to 122 units (response rate of 84.4%), covering a wide range of institutions in six contrasting states of Mexico according to the Human Development Index (HDI). The tool was validated internally and externally using statistical methods. RESULTS: Differences were observed in the teams' research utilization capacity within each phase, regardless of their composition by gender, experience or academic level but with differences according to the extent of involvement in patient care and to the states' HDI. CONCLUSIONS: The tool was validated both internally and externally for its application under widely varying conditions in Mexico. The tool can be applied in any Spanish speaking country.

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OBJECTIVE: The perceived capacity of health management teams to utilize research for decision making is assessed, as well as proposals for strengthening such capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 management teams (84.4% response rate) from a wide range of institutions in six contrasting and representative states in Mexico were asked to assess their perceived capacity for utilizing research and to propose strategies to strengthen that capacity. Qualitative and statistical techniques were used from April to November 2007, after approval by the Mexico National Institute of Public Health (INSP) Ethics Commission. RESULTS: Significant differences across states were found. Only the acquisition of knowledge is significantly correlated with the human development index. The acquisition of research is identified as the priority for strengthening capacity, through increasing the qualifications of personnel in public health research. States with a lower human development index have more immediate needs for strengthening capacity. Proposals for strengthening capacity also depend on whether decision makers are aware of the importance of research. CONCLUSIONS: The use of self-assessment should be encouraged at the state and institutional levels. Different strategies should be used to address differences among states.

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Refleja la estructura general de la "Reunion Nacional sobre Familia, Trabajo y Salud: estado actual del conocimiento y perspectivas de investigacion", bajo los auspicios de la Universidad de Guadalajara, el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social-Occidente, el Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica y El Colegio de Sonora. El libro esta dividido en cinco capitulos y un anexo. El mismo parte de mostrar el estado del arte en algunas disciplinas, para llegar a reflexiones teoricas y poder ubicar nuevas propuestas, para finalizar con los estudios de campo de las ciencias sociales y del area de la salud. Todos ellos tienen una caracteristica en comun: la familia.(AU)

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Mediante un diseño de muestreo por conglomerados modificado, se realizó la prueba de reacción cutánea con dos unidades de tuberculina (PPD) en 4 083 niños de primer grado (media de edad 6,7 años) para estimar el riesgo anual de infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en el estado de Jalisco, México. La proporción de reacciones al PPD de 10 mm de diámetro de induración o más fue de 7,6 por ciento en la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara y de 5,5 por ciento en el resto de Jalisco. En toda la muestra, esa proporción fue de 7,4 por ciento en los niños con cicatrices atribuidas a la vacuna BCG y de 4,5 por ciento en los niños sin cicatrices. La proporción ponderada de niños con reacciones de 10 mm o más al PPD fue de 6,8 por ciento en todo el estado. El riesgo medio anual de infección estimado en el grupo que no recibió la vacuna BCG fue de 0,82 por ciento. Los resultados sugieren que la incidencia de tuberculosis pulmonar confirmada por baciloscopia del esputo positiva es casi 10 veces más alta que el número de casos registrados anualmente en Jalisco

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