RESUMO
Between 2015 and 2019, Brazil recorded the two most serious disasters involving mining dams of the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to offer an understanding of these disasters as systemic risks. They involve from global and national processes related to social determinants that materialize in a complex system of dams distributed throughout the country with their intrinsic risks. When they occur, result in a set of impacts with potential damage and immediate effects combined with secondary and tertiary impacts that can trigger chain reactions, which promote risk factors of heterogeneous and complex occurrence. Approaching these events from the point of view of systemic risk allows for a broader understanding of both the singularity of each of these disasters and their multiple exposure, risk and disease processes, as well as the structural characteristics in which social, political processes and dynamics and economic factors reproduce in multiple territories a common pattern of disasters and their effects. We conclude that the promotion of population health and sustainable territories should guide the organization of production processes and not the opposite, with the externalization of human, environmental and social costs of mining and its disasters.
Assuntos
Desastres , Humanos , BrasilRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Between 2015 and 2019, Brazil recorded the two most serious disasters involving mining dams of the 21st century. The purpose of this article is to offer an understanding of these disasters as systemic risks. They involve from global and national processes related to social determinants that materialize in a complex system of dams distributed throughout the country with their intrinsic risks. When they occur, result in a set of impacts with potential damage and immediate effects combined with secondary and tertiary impacts that can trigger chain reactions, which promote risk factors of heterogeneous and complex occurrence. Approaching these events from the point of view of systemic risk allows for a broader understanding of both the singularity of each of these disasters and their multiple exposure, risk and disease processes, as well as the structural characteristics in which social, political processes and dynamics and economic factors reproduce in multiple territories a common pattern of disasters and their effects. We conclude that the promotion of population health and sustainable territories should guide the organization of production processes and not the opposite, with the externalization of human, environmental and social costs of mining and its disasters.
RESUMO: Entre 2015 e 2019, o Brasil registrou os dois mais graves desastres envolvendo barragens de mineração do século XXI. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer a compreensão desses desastres como riscos sistêmicos, que envolvem desde processos globais e nacionais relacionados aos determinantes sociais que se concretizam em um complexo sistema de barragens distribuídas pelo País com seus riscos intrínsecos. Quando ocorrem, resultam em um conjunto de impactos com potencial de danos e efeitos imediatos combinados com impactos secundários e terciários que podem desencadear reações em cadeia, promovendo fatores de riscos de ocorrência heterogênea e complexa. Abordar esses eventos com base no conceito de risco sistêmico permite uma compreensão mais ampla tanto da singularidade de cada um desses desastres e seus múltiplos processos de exposição, riscos e doenças, como também das características estruturais com que os processos e dinâmicas sociais, políticas e econômicas reproduzem, em múltiplos territórios, um padrão comum de desastres e seus efeitos. Concluímos que a promoção da saúde da população e de territórios sustentáveis deve orientar a organização dos processos produtivos e não o contrário, com a externalização dos custos humanos, ambientais e sociais da mineração e seus desastres.
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A mobilização social para o enfrentamento da dengue, zika, chikungunya e controle do Aedes aegypti tem sido um desafio no país. Esse artigo apresenta o processo de elaboração de uma plataforma virtual, incluindo a composição do seu acervo e a análise exploratória do seu uso, como ferramenta, numa proposta de mobilização social que envolve a criação de comitês populares nos territórios para o enfrentamento das três doenças e vetor. A construção da plataforma considerou: facilidade para usuário; acesso; armazenamento de material; interatividade e banco para monitoramento de dados. A seleção do acervo baseou-se em critérios: técnico, referente à fonte e autoria; acurácia, concordância entre informação e evidência em saúde; e legibilidade, garantindo a compreensão por diferentes grupos. A análise exploratória utilizou o banco de dados da plataforma. Os resultados apontaram a plataforma como uma ferramenta que pode contribuir com a comunicação e informação em saúde nessa proposta de mobilização social.
Social mobilization for dengue, zika and chikungunya prevention and control of Aedes aegypti has been a challenge in the country. This paper presents the process of elaboration of a virtual platform, including the composition of its collection and the exploratory analysis of its use, as a tool in a social mobilization proposal that encompasses the creation of popular committees in the territories for the confrontation of the three diseases and vector. The construction of the platform considered: ease of use; access; material storage; interactivity and database for data monitoring. The selection of the collection was based on the following criteria: technical, considering source and authorship; accuracy, regarding the agreement between health information and evidence; legibility, ensuring the understanding by different groups. The exploratory analysis used the platform database. The results showed the platform as a tool which can contribute to health communication and information in this proposal of social mobilization.
La movilización social para combatir el dengue, zika, chikungunya y control de Aedes ha sido un desafío. Este artículo presenta el proceso de elaboración de una plataforma virtual, que incluye la composición de su acervo y el análisis exploratorio de su uso, como herramienta en una propuesta de movilización social que implica la creación de comités populares en los territorios para enfrentar las enfermedades y el vector. La construcción de la plataforma consideró: facilidad para usuario; acceso; almacenamiento de material; interactividad y bases de datos para el monitoreo. La selección del acervo se basó en criterios: técnico, con fuente y autoría; precisión, concordancia entre información y evidencia en salud; legibilidad, para garantizar la comprensión por diferentes grupos. El análisis utilizó datos de la plataforma. Los resultados mostraron que la plataforma puede ser una herramienta para contribuir a la comunicación e información de salud en esta propuesta de movilización social.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Arbovirus , Participação da Comunidade , Comunicação em Saúde , Mídias Sociais , Promoção da Saúde , Vírus Chikungunya , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Aedes , Dengue , Zika virusRESUMO
In this study, the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obtained from bone marrow in the treatment of dorsal melanoma B16-F10. The MSC cells were obtained from the bone marrow of isogenic C57BL/6J mice, characterized and inoculated by two routes, intratumor (it) and intravenous (iv). The hematological profile, expression markers and receptors, phases of the cell cycle and mitochondrial electrical potential were evaluated by flow cytometry. The dorsal tumor mass showed a significant reduction after treatment by the two routes of administration with a significant effect by the intravenous route. MSC showed immunomodulatory potential and did not induce an increase in the markers involved in tumor control and progression. The number of cells in the sub-G1 phase increased significantly after treatments compared to the control group. The percentage of cells in phases G0/G1, S and G2/M decreased, with only the group (it) showing a significant reduction. The intratumor group showed a significant decrease in the G2/M phase. Treatment with MSC provided a significant decrease in the percentage of metabolically active tumor cells, demonstrating its intrinsic effect in the control of cell proliferation. Regarding the mechanism of cell death, MSCs modulated the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, angiogenesis receptors and pro-apoptotic proteins by intrinsic and extrinsic routes. Therefore, the use of undifferentiated MSC, administered intratumor and intravenous is possibly a promising treatment for melanoma.
Assuntos
Melanoma Experimental/cirurgia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Proteínas Angiogênicas/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Carga TumoralRESUMO
In this study, the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obtained from bone marrow in the treatment of dorsal melanoma B16-F10. The MSC cells were obtained from the bone marrow of isogenic C57BL/6J mice, characterized and inoculated by two routes, intratumor (it) and intravenous (iv). The hematological profile, expression markers and receptors, phases of the cell cycle and mitochondrial electrical potential were evaluated by flow cytometry. The dorsal tumor mass showed a significant reduction after treatment by the two routes of administration with a significant effect by the intravenous route. MSC showed immunomodulatory potential and did not induce an increase in the markers involved in tumor control and progression. The number of cells in the sub-G1 phase increased significantly after treatments compared to the control group. The percentage of cells in phases G0/G1, S and G2/M decreased, with only the group (it) showing a significant reduction. The intratumor group showed a significant decrease in the G2/M phase. Treatment with MSC provided a significant decrease in the percentage of metabolically active tumor cells, demonstrating its intrinsic effect in the control of cell proliferation. Regarding the mechanism of cell death, MSCs modulated the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, angiogenesis receptors and pro-apoptotic proteins by intrinsic and extrinsic routes. Therefore, the use of undifferentiated MSC, administered intratumor and intravenous is possibly a promising treatment for melanoma.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cardiovascular involvement in children and adolescents with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and to characterize the main risk factors associated with this outcome. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 69 children and adolescents at renal transplantation and 33 healthy individuals matched by age and gender. The study outcomes were left ventricular mass z-score (LVMZ) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). The potential risk factors considered were age, gender, CKD etiology, use of oral vitamin D and calcium-based phosphate binders, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index z-score, time since diagnosis, dialysis duration, serum levels of ionic calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor (FGF 23), uric acid, homocysteine, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D and hemoglobin. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with LVMZ were dialysis duration, age, systolic blood pressure, serum hemoglobin and HDL cholesterol levels. Regarding CIMT, in the multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure was the only factor associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Children exhibited important cardiovascular involvement at the time of the renal transplantation. Both of the studied outcomes were independently associated with systolic blood pressure. For this reason, controlling blood pressure seems to be the main therapy to minimize cardiovascular involvement in children with ESRD.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Adolescente , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Diálise/efeitos adversos , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos 23 , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Função Ventricular EsquerdaRESUMO
AIM: To investigate if calcification and intimal media thickness (IMT) of arteries are present in children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease and to describe the risk factors associated with these alterations. METHODS: In an observational, cross-sectional prospective study, 68 patients were evaluated at the time of renal transplantation. A fragment of the inferior epigastric artery was removed during surgery for histopathological analysis to verify the presence or not of arterial calcification. Two outcomes were considered: the presence of calcium deposition and the measurement of the IMT of the artery. The potential exposure variables were: age, chronic kidney disease aetiology, diagnosis time, systolic blood pressure (SBP), use of oral active vitamin D, homocysteine and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: No arterial calcification was observed in the studied sample. The median value of the IMT of the inferior epigastric artery was 166 µm (interquartile range = 130-208). SBP standard deviation score and age were the only factors associated with this outcome. There was no statistical interaction between SBP and age with the IMT (P = 0.280). CONCLUSION: Arterial calcification is rare in children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. The factors associated with IMT were age and SBP.
Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Calcificação Vascular/etiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Sístole , Túnica Íntima/patologia , Túnica Média/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cardiovascular involvement in children and adolescents with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and to characterize the main risk factors associated with this outcome. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 69 children and adolescents at renal transplantation and 33 healthy individuals matched by age and gender. The study outcomes were left ventricular mass z-score (LVMZ) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). The potential risk factors considered were age, gender, CKD etiology, use of oral vitamin D and calcium-based phosphate binders, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index z-score, time since diagnosis, dialysis duration, serum levels of ionic calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor (FGF 23), uric acid, homocysteine, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D and hemoglobin. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with LVMZ were dialysis duration, age, systolic blood pressure, serum hemoglobin and HDL cholesterol levels. Regarding CIMT, in the multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure was the only factor associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Children exhibited important cardiovascular involvement at the time of the renal transplantation. Both of the studied outcomes were independently associated with systolic blood pressure. For this reason, controlling blood pressure seems to be the main therapy to minimize cardiovascular involvement in children with ESRD.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Fatores de Tempo , Ecocardiografia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Modelos Lineares , Estudos Transversais , Análise Multivariada , Fatores de Risco , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Medição de Risco , Diálise/efeitos adversos , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Hipertensão/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/terapiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Loxoscelism is a clinical condition involving spiders of the genus Loxosceles. One of the most severe complications is acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to investigate AKI and other complications associated with loxoscelism. METHODS: We analyzed cases diagnosed with loxoscelism in an area where most accidents were caused by Loxosceles amazonica from January 2010 to December 2015. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO criteria. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were recorded: 95.6% presented characteristic necrotic skin lesions and 13.3% AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Loxoscelism could cause kidney involvement which is uncommon and could lead to the death of these patients.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/toxicidade , Picada de Aranha/complicações , Venenos de Aranha/toxicidade , Adulto , Animais , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: HIV-related mortality is still high, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated to death in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with all HIV adult patients admitted to a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil, from January 2013 to December 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Demo-graphical, clinical and laboratory data were compared and a logistic regression was performed in order to investigate risk factors for death. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients with mean age of 39 years were including in the study, 69.5% males. Fifteen patients (7.5%) died. Non-survivors presented a higher percentage of males (93.3 vs. 67.3%, p = 0.037). Non-survivors presented AKI (73.3 vs. 10.3%, p < 0.001), liver dysfunction (33.3 vs. 11.5, p = 0.031), dyspnea (73.3 vs. 33.0%, p = 0.002) and disorientation (33.3 vs. 12.4%, p = 0.025) more frequently. Non-survivors also had higher levels of urea (73.8 ± 52.7vs. 36.1 ± 29.1 mg/dL, p < 0.001), creatinine (1.98 ± 1.65 vs. 1.05 ± 1.07 mg/dL, p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (130.8 vs. 84.8 U/L, p = 0.03), alanine aminotransferase (115.6 vs. 85.4 U/L, p = 0.045) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (1208 vs. 608 U/L, p = 0.012), as well as lower levels of bicarbonate (18.0 ± 4.7 vs. 21.6 ± 4.6 mEq/L, p = 0.016) and PCO2 (27.8 ± 7.7 vs. 33.0 ± 9.3 mmHg, p = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, disorientation (p = 0.035, OR = 5.523, 95%CI = 1.130 - 26.998), dyspnoea (p = 0.046, OR = 4.064, 95%CI = 1.028 - 16.073), AKI (p < 0.001, OR = 18.045, 95%CI = 4.308 - 75.596) and disseminated histoplasmosis (p = 0.016, OR = 12.696, 95%CI = 1.618 - 99.646) and LDH > 1000 U/L (p = 0.038, OR = 4.854, 95%CI = 1.093 - 21.739) were risk factors for death.]CONCLUSION: AKI and disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) were the main risk factors for death in the studied population. Neurologic and respiratory impairment as well as higher levels of LDH also increased mortality in HIV-infected patients.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Confusão/complicações , Confusão/mortalidade , Estudos Transversais , Dispneia/complicações , Dispneia/mortalidade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Histoplasmose/complicações , Histoplasmose/mortalidade , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Sobreviventes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Loxoscelism is a clinical condition involving spiders of the genus Loxosceles. One of the most severe complications is acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to investigate AKI and other complications associated with loxoscelism. METHODS: We analyzed cases diagnosed with loxoscelism in an area where most accidents were caused by Loxosceles amazonica from January 2010 to December 2015. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO criteria. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were recorded: 95.6% presented characteristic necrotic skin lesions and 13.3% AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Loxoscelism could cause kidney involvement which is uncommon and could lead to the death of these patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Picada de Aranha/complicações , Venenos de Aranha/toxicidade , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/toxicidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Brasil , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Upper digestive tract (UDT) cancer is rare in cattle, however in Southern Brazil, the UDT squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are relatively common and have been associated with bracken fern consumption and the presence of papillomas. Although a theory of pathogenesis considers bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) as a cofactor in the development of these SCCs, some aspects of the etiopathogenesis of this disease need to be more investigated. In fact, detection of BPV-4 in UDT papillomas is scarce in other regions of the world and has not been performed in Brazil. Therefore, this study had two aims: 1) to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of 100 natural cases of SCCs in the UDT of cattle grazing on bracken fern (Pteridium arachnoideum) highly contaminated areas, investigating the associations between these parameters; and 2) to investigate the presence of papillomavirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the UDT papillomas (n = 47) from 30 cattle that also had UDT SCCs. There were statistically significant associations between clinical signs and tumor localization in the UDT; between histological grade of differentiation and tumor localization; and a trend towards significant association between histological grade of differentiation and presence of metastases. The average age of cattle with oropharyngeal SCCs was 7.39 years, with statistically significant difference comparing to cattle with esophageal SCCs (8.6 years). No statistical association was observed among other clinical-pathological parameters (growth pattern and primary site of the tumor) analyzed. No BPV DNA was detected in papillomas by PCR. Therefore, these results suggest the possibility that papillomas of the UDT are not necessarily associated with BPV infection.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Digestório/veterinária , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Pteridium/intoxicação , Animais , Papillomavirus Bovino 4/genética , Papillomavirus Bovino 4/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Digestório/etiologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Digestório/patologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/etiologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/veterinária , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/etiologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/patologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/veterinária , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/veterinária , Intoxicação por Plantas/complicações , Intoxicação por Plantas/patologiaRESUMO
RESUMO: Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário apicomplexa que infecta animais de sangue quente, podendo ser considerado um dos principais parasitas capazes de infectar os seres humanos. Galinhas domésticas podem ser facilmente infectadas por protozoários, uma vez que estas podem ingerir oocistos encontrados no solo, sendo consideradas boas indicadoras de contaminação ambiental por T. gondii. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em galinhas domésticas criadas extensivamente e avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao protozoário, na zona rural de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. No período de março de 2013 a fevereiro 2014 foram coletadas 597 amostras de sangue de galinhas domésticas em 74 propriedades, oriundas de nove estratos que representam cada distrito da zona rural. Para avaliar os fatores de risco, nessas propriedades foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico aos moradores. As amostras de soro foram testadas por imunofluorescência indireta, e 49,2% (294/597) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos variando de 16 a 4096. Das 74 propriedades analisadas, em 63 (85,1%) houve relatos que os gatos têm acesso ao deposito de alimentos, com associação significativa quando associado à presença de galinhas positivas (p=0,04) e o OR de 4,07. A variável "abate de animais" (aves e bovinos), em 51 (68,9%) das propriedades foi relatado o abate de bovinos e aves na propriedade, com valor de p significativo (p=0,05). A maioria das propriedades 59 (79,7%) foi relatada a presença de gatos domésticos, o que poderia estar associada com a alta soroprevalência encontrada em galinhas e a taxa de contaminação ambiental. A elevada prevalência de anticorpos encontrada neste estudo, além da alta frequência de propriedades com casos positivos, sugere uma grande contaminação ambiental nos distritos pesquisados, sendo assim um risco potencial para a saúde humana e animal.
ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplex protozoan that infects warm-blooded animals and can be considered a major parasite capable of infecting humans. Domestic chickens can be easily infected by protozoa, since they can ingest oocysts found in the soil and are considered good indicators of environmental contamination by T. gondii. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in free range chickens and to evaluate the risks factors associated with the protozoan in rural area of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. From March 2013 to February 2014, 597 blood samples from domestic chickens were collected from 74 farms, from nine layers representing each district in the rural area. To evaluate the risk factors, in these farms an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the residents. Serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence and 49.2% (294/597) were positive for anti-T.gondii antibodies, with titres varying from 16 to 4096. Of the 74 analyzed farms, 63 (85.1%) reported that cats had access to food deposits, with a significant association when positive chickens were present (p = 0.04) and the OR of 4.07. The variable "slaughter of animals" (poultry and cattle) in 51 (68.9%) of the farms was reported the slaughter of cattle and birds in the farm, with significant p value (p = 0.05). Most farms 59 (79.7%) reported the presence of domestic cats, which could be associated with the high seroprevalence found in chickens and the rate of environmental contamination. The high prevalence of antibodies found in this study, in addition to the high frequency of farms with positive cases, suggests a great environmental contamination in the studied districts, thus being a potential risk to human and animal health.
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Toxoplasmose/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterináriaRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário apicomplexa que infecta animais de sangue quente, podendo ser considerado um dos principais parasitas capazes de infectar os seres humanos. Galinhas domésticas podem ser facilmente infectadas por protozoários, uma vez que estas podem ingerir oocistos encontrados no solo, sendo consideradas boas indicadoras de contaminação ambiental por T. gondii. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em galinhas domésticas criadas extensivamente e avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao protozoário, na zona rural de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. No período de março de 2013 a fevereiro 2014 foram coletadas 597 amostras de sangue de galinhas domésticas em 74 propriedades, oriundas de nove estratos que representam cada distrito da zona rural. Para avaliar os fatores de risco, nessas propriedades foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico aos moradores. As amostras de soro foram testadas por imunofluorescência indireta, e 49,2% (294/597) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos variando de 16 a 4096. Das 74 propriedades analisadas, em 63 (85,1%) houve relatos que os gatos têm acesso ao deposito de alimentos, com associação significativa quando associado à presença de galinhas positivas (p=0,04) e o OR de 4,07. A variável abate de animais (aves e bovinos), em 51 (68,9%) das propriedades foi relatado o abate de bovinos e aves na propriedade, com valor de p significativo (p=0,05). A maioria das propriedades 59 (79,7%) foi relatada a presença de gatos domésticos, o que poderia estar associada com a alta soroprevalência encontrada em galinhas e a taxa de contaminação ambiental. A elevada prevalência de anticorpos encontrada neste estudo, além da alta frequência de propriedades com casos positivos, sugere uma grande contaminação ambiental nos distritos pesquisados, sendo assim um risco potencial para a saúde humana e animal.(AU)
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplex protozoan that infects warm-blooded animals and can be considered a major parasite capable of infecting humans. Domestic chickens can be easily infected by protozoa, since they can ingest oocysts found in the soil and are considered good indicators of environmental contamination by T. gondii. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in free range chickens and to evaluate the risks factors associated with the protozoan in rural area of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. From March 2013 to February 2014, 597 blood samples from domestic chickens were collected from 74 farms, from nine layers representing each district in the rural area. To evaluate the risk factors, in these farms an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the residents. Serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence and 49.2% (294/597) were positive for anti-T.gondii antibodies, with titres varying from 16 to 4096. Of the 74 analyzed farms, 63 (85.1%) reported that cats had access to food deposits, with a significant association when positive chickens were present (p = 0.04) and the OR of 4.07. The variable slaughter of animals (poultry and cattle) in 51 (68.9%) of the farms was reported the slaughter of cattle and birds in the farm, with significant p value (p = 0.05). Most farms 59 (79.7%) reported the presence of domestic cats, which could be associated with the high seroprevalence found in chickens and the rate of environmental contamination. The high prevalence of antibodies found in this study, in addition to the high frequency of farms with positive cases, suggests a great environmental contamination in the studied districts, thus being a potential risk to human and animal health.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Toxoplasmose/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterináriaRESUMO
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: HIV-related mortality is still high, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated to death in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with all HIV adult patients admitted to a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil, from January 2013 to December 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Demo-graphical, clinical and laboratory data were compared and a logistic regression was performed in order to investigate risk factors for death. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients with mean age of 39 years were including in the study, 69.5% males. Fifteen patients (7.5%) died. Non-survivors presented a higher percentage of males (93.3 vs. 67.3%, p = 0.037). Non-survivors presented AKI (73.3 vs. 10.3%, p < 0.001), liver dysfunction (33.3 vs. 11.5, p = 0.031), dyspnea (73.3 vs. 33.0%, p = 0.002) and disorientation (33.3 vs. 12.4%, p = 0.025) more frequently. Non-survivors also had higher levels of urea (73.8 ± 52.7vs. 36.1 ± 29.1 mg/dL, p < 0.001), creatinine (1.98 ± 1.65 vs. 1.05 ± 1.07 mg/dL, p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (130.8 vs. 84.8 U/L, p = 0.03), alanine aminotransferase (115.6 vs. 85.4 U/L, p = 0.045) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (1208 vs. 608 U/L, p = 0.012), as well as lower levels of bicarbonate (18.0 ± 4.7 vs. 21.6 ± 4.6 mEq/L, p = 0.016) and PCO2 (27.8 ± 7.7 vs. 33.0 ± 9.3 mmHg, p = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, disorientation (p = 0.035, OR = 5.523, 95%CI = 1.130 - 26.998), dyspnoea (p = 0.046, OR = 4.064, 95%CI = 1.028 - 16.073), AKI (p < 0.001, OR = 18.045, 95%CI = 4.308 - 75.596) and disseminated histoplasmosis (p = 0.016, OR = 12.696, 95%CI = 1.618 - 99.646) and LDH > 1000 U/L (p = 0.038, OR = 4.854, 95%CI = 1.093 - 21.739) were risk factors for death.]CONCLUSION: AKI and disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) were the main risk factors for death in the studied population. Neurologic and respiratory impairment as well as higher levels of LDH also increased mortality in HIV-infected patients.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A mortalidade relacionada ao HIV ainda é alta, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar os fatores associados ao óbito em pacientes com HIV. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com todos os pacientes com HIV admitidos consecutivamente em um hospital terciário de doenças infecciosas em Fortaleza, Nordeste do Brasil, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais foram comparados e análise de regressão logística foi feita para investigação dos fatores de risco para óbito. RESULTADOS: Um total de 200 pacientes, com média de idade de 39 anos, foi incluído no estudo, sendo 69,5% do sexo masculino. Óbito ocorreu em 15 pacientes (7,5%). Os não sobreviventes apresentaram maior percentual de homens (93,3 vs. 67,3%, p = 0,037) e um menor tempo de internação (8 ± 6 vs. 18 ± 15 dias, p = 0,005). Na análise multivariada, desorientação (p = 0,035, OR = 5,523), dispneia (p = 0,046, OR = 4,064), LRA (p < 0,001, OR = 18,045), histoplasmose disseminada (p = 0,016, OR = 12,696) e desidrogenase lática (LDH) > 1.000 U/L (p = 0,038, OR = 4,854) foram fatores de risco para óbito. CONCLUSÕES: LRA e histoplasmose disseminada foram os principais fatores de risco para óbito na população estudada. Distúrbios neurológicos e respiratórios, bem como níveis elevados de LDH, também estiveram associados com o aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com HIV.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Causas de Morte , Sobreviventes/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Sexo , Confusão/complicações , Confusão/mortalidade , Dispneia/complicações , Dispneia/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Histoplasmose/complicações , Histoplasmose/mortalidade , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplex protozoan that infects warm-blooded animals and can be considered a major parasite capable of infecting humans. Domestic chickens can be easily infected by protozoa, since they can ingest oocysts found in the soil and are considered good indicators of environmental contamination by T. gondii. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in free range chickens and to evaluate the risks factors associated with the protozoan in rural area of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. From March 2013 to February 2014, 597 blood samples from domestic chickens were collected from 74 farms, from nine layers representing each district in the rural area. To evaluate the risk factors, in these farms an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the residents. Serum samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence and 49.2% (294/597) were positive for anti-T.gondii antibodies, with titres varying from 16 to 4096. Of the 74 analyzed farms, 63 (85.1%) reported that cats had access to food deposits, with a significant association when positive chickens were present (p = 0.04) and the OR of 4.07. The variable slaughter of animals (poultry and cattle) in 51 (68.9%) of the farms was reported the slaughter of cattle and birds in the farm, with significant p value (p = 0.05). Most farms 59 (79.7%) reported the presence of domestic cats, which could be associated with the high seroprevalence found in chickens and the rate of environmental contamination. The high prevalence of antibodies found in this study, in addition to the high frequency of farms with positive cases, suggests a great environmental contamination in the studied districts, thus being a potential risk to human and animal health.
RESUMO: Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário apicomplexa que infecta animais de sangue quente, podendo ser considerado um dos principais parasitas capazes de infectar os seres humanos. Galinhas domésticas podem ser facilmente infectadas por protozoários, uma vez que estas podem ingerir oocistos encontrados no solo, sendo consideradas boas indicadoras de contaminação ambiental por T. gondii. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em galinhas domésticas criadas extensivamente e avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao protozoário, na zona rural de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. No período de março de 2013 a fevereiro 2014 foram coletadas 597 amostras de sangue de galinhas domésticas em 74 propriedades, oriundas de nove estratos que representam cada distrito da zona rural. Para avaliar os fatores de risco, nessas propriedades foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico aos moradores. As amostras de soro foram testadas por imunofluorescência indireta, e 49,2% (294/597) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos variando de 16 a 4096. Das 74 propriedades analisadas, em 63 (85,1%) houve relatos que os gatos têm acesso ao deposito de alimentos, com associação significativa quando associado à presença de galinhas positivas (p=0,04) e o OR de 4,07. A variável abate de animais (aves e bovinos), em 51 (68,9%) das propriedades foi relatado o abate de bovinos e aves na propriedade, com valor de p significativo (p=0,05). A maioria das propriedades 59 (79,7%) foi relatada a presença de gatos domésticos, o que poderia estar associada com a alta soroprevalência encontrada em galinhas e a taxa de contaminação ambiental. A elevada prevalência de anticorpos encontrada neste estudo, além da alta frequência de propriedades com casos positivos, sugere uma grande contaminação ambiental nos distritos pesquisados, sendo assim um risco potencial para a saúde humana e animal.
RESUMO
Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of embaúba and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bichos-Preguiça , Intestinos/anatomia & histologia , Intestinos/ultraestrutura , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema DigestórioRESUMO
Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of embaúba and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Bichos-Preguiça , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Intestinos/anatomia & histologia , Intestinos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
This study evaluated the acaricidal efficiency of synthetic pyrethroids (SP) associated with organophosphates (OP) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Ticks were collected in 54 cattle farms and tested using in vitro adult immersion test against four commercially available acaricide mixtures of SP and OP. Only one of four acaricides, comprising a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion, had a mean efficiency higher than 95%, and was effective in 94.44% (51/54) of the cattle farms tested. The acaricide with a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronelall had the lowest mean efficiency (62.11%), and was effective in 29.62% (16/54) of cattle farms tested. Furthermore, R. (B.) microplus in Southern Brazil exhibited differing degrees of resistance to SP and OP mixtures. The results suggest that the presence of fenthion contributes to the higher efficiency of the formulation with this active principle. This is possibly due to its recent commercial availability, as tick populations have been lower challenged with this product. Monitoring the resistance of ticks to carrapaticides is essential to maximize the efficiency of these products in the control of R. (B.) microplus.(AU)
Este estudo avaliou a eficiência acaricida de piretroides sintéticos (SP) associados a organofosforados (OP) sobre populações de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Carrapatos foram coletados em 54 fazendas de bovinos, testados in vitro pelo teste de imersão de teleóginas, contra quatro associações acaricidas comercialmente disponíveis de SP e OP. Apenas um dos quatro acaricidas, constituído por associação de cipermetrina, clorpirifós e fenthion, teve eficiência média superior a 95%, sendo eficaz em 94,44% (51/54) das fazendas testadas. O acaricida com associação de cipermetrina, clorpirifós e citronelal teve menor eficiência média (62,11%), sendo efetivo em 29,62% (16/54) das fazendas testadas. Além disso, o R. (B.) microplus no sul do Brasil, apresentou diferentes graus de resistência às associações de SP e OP. Os resultados sugerem que a presença do fenthion contribui para a maior eficiência da formulação com esse princípio ativo. Possivelmente, isso ocorre em função da sua recente introdução no mercado, já que as populações de carrapatos foram pouco desafiadas com este produto. Monitorar a resistência dos carrapatos aos carrapaticidas é fundamental para maximizar a eficiência desses produtos no controle de R. (B.) microplus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Acaricidas/administração & dosagem , Inseticidas Organofosforados , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Inseticidas/síntese química , Piretrinas/administração & dosagem , Piretrinas/síntese química , Rhipicephalus , Carrapatos , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
Abstract This study evaluated the acaricidal efficiency of synthetic pyrethroids (SP) associated with organophosphates (OP) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Ticks were collected in 54 cattle farms and tested using in vitro adult immersion test against four commercially available acaricide mixtures of SP and OP. Only one of four acaricides, comprising a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion, had a mean efficiency higher than 95%, and was effective in 94.44% (51/54) of the cattle farms tested. The acaricide with a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronelall had the lowest mean efficiency (62.11%), and was effective in 29.62% (16/54) of cattle farms tested. Furthermore, R. (B.) microplus in Southern Brazil exhibited differing degrees of resistance to SP and OP mixtures. The results suggest that the presence of fenthion contributes to the higher efficiency of the formulation with this active principle. This is possibly due to its recent commercial availability, as tick populations have been lower challenged with this product. Monitoring the resistance of ticks to carrapaticides is essential to maximize the efficiency of these products in the control of R. (B.) microplus.
Resumo Este estudo avaliou a eficiência acaricida de piretroides sintéticos (SP) associados a organofosforados (OP) sobre populações de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Carrapatos foram coletados em 54 fazendas de bovinos, testados in vitro pelo teste de imersão de teleóginas, contra quatro associações acaricidas comercialmente disponíveis de SP e OP. Apenas um dos quatro acaricidas, constituído por associação de cipermetrina, clorpirifós e fenthion, teve eficiência média superior a 95%, sendo eficaz em 94,44% (51/54) das fazendas testadas. O acaricida com associação de cipermetrina, clorpirifós e citronelal teve menor eficiência média (62,11%), sendo efetivo em 29,62% (16/54) das fazendas testadas. Além disso, o R. (B.) microplus no sul do Brasil, apresentou diferentes graus de resistência às associações de SP e OP. Os resultados sugerem que a presença do fenthion contribui para a maior eficiência da formulação com esse princípio ativo. Possivelmente, isso ocorre em função da sua recente introdução no mercado, já que as populações de carrapatos foram pouco desafiadas com este produto. Monitorar a resistência dos carrapatos aos carrapaticidas é fundamental para maximizar a eficiência desses produtos no controle de R. (B.) microplus.