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BACKGROUND: Simple radiography in conjunction with pertinent medical history and a comprehensive physical examination is typically adequate for diagnosing chronic osteomyelitis (CO). However, radiographic manifestations of CO lack specificity; therefore, the concordance among specialists in this regard has not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to compare and evaluate the proficiency of orthopedic surgeons and radiologists in identifying radiographic indicators present in simple radiographs for diagnosing CO. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was a correlational investigation utilizing plain radiographs obtained from a cohort of 60 patients diagnosed with CO. Comprehensive assessments of the demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and microbiological parameters were conducted. Additional variables included the anatomical location of the CO, existence of fistulas, disease duration, and presence of pseudoarthrosis. This study meticulously documented the presence or absence of six specific findings: bone destruction, which incorporates erosion and radiolucencies around implants; bone sclerosis; cortical thinning concomitant with erosion; cortical thickening; sequestrum formation; and soft-tissue swelling. RESULTS: Most patients were men (75%), with a mean age of 45.1 years. Hematogenous etiology of CO represented 23%. Bone sclerosis (71.3%) and cortical thickening (67.7%) were the most common radiographic findings, followed by soft-tissue swelling (51.3%), sequestration (47.3%), bone destruction (33.3%), and cortical erosion (30.3%). The mean agreement was 74.2%, showing a marked disagreement rate of 25.8% among all radiographic findings. The presence or absence of soft tissue edema, a prominent radiographic finding that was more important than the other findings, showed the greatest disagreement. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic findings in CO were universally observed in all patients, demonstrating a high degree of concordance among specialists, with the exception of soft tissue swelling.

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Objective To evaluate a proposed three-dimensional (3D) printing process of a biomodel developed with the aid of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology based on computed tomography (CT) scans of an individual with nonunion of a coronal femoral condyle fracture (Hoffa's fracture). Materials and Methods Thus, we used CT scans, which enable the evaluation of the 3D volumetric reconstruction of the anatomical model, as well as of the architecture and bone geometry of sites with complex anatomy, such as the joints. In addition, it enables the development of the virtual surgical planning (VSP) in a computer-aided design (CAD) software. This technology makes it possible to print full-scale anatomical models that can be used in surgical simulations for training and in the choice of the best placement of the implant according to the VSP. In the radiographic evaluation of the osteosynthesis of the Hoffa's fracture nonunion, we assessed the position of the implant in the 3D-printed anatomical model and in the patient's knee. Results The 3D-printed anatomical model showed geometric and morphological characteristics similar to those of the actual bone. The position of the implants in relation to the nonunion line and anatomical landmarks showed great accuracy in the comparison of the patient's knee with the 3D-printed anatomical model. Conclusion The use of the virtual anatomical model and the 3D-printed anatomical model with the additive manufacturing (AM) technology proved to be effective and useful in planning and performing the surgical treatment of Hoffa's fracture nonunion. Thus, it showed great accuracy in the reproducibility of the virtual surgical planning and the 3D-printed anatomical model.

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Introduction: 3D object printing technology is a resource increasingly used in medicine in recent years, mainly incorporated in surgical areas like orthopedics. The models made by 3D printing technology provide surgeons with an accurate analysis of complex anatomical structures, allowing the planning, training, and surgery simulation. In orthopedic surgery, this technique is especially applied in oncological surgeries, bone, and joint reconstructions, and orthopedic trauma surgeries. In these cases, it is possible to prototype anatomical models for surgical planning, simulating, and training, besides printing of instruments and implants. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the acquisition and processing from computed tomography images for 3D printing, to describe modeling and the 3D printing process of the biomodels in real size. This paper highlights 3D printing with the applicability of the 3D biomodels in orthopedic surgeries and shows some examples of surgical planning in orthopedic trauma surgery. Patients and Methods: Four examples were selected to demonstrate the workflow and rationale throughout the process of planning and printing 3D models to be used in a variety of situations in orthopedic trauma surgeries. In all cases, the use of 3D modeling has impacted and improved the final treatment strategy. Conclusion: The use of the virtual anatomical model and the 3D printed anatomical model with the additive manufacturing technology proved to be effective and useful in planning and performing the surgical treatment of complex articular fractures, allowing surgical planning both virtual and with the 3D printed anatomical model, besides being useful during the surgical time as a navigation instrument.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate a proposed three-dimensional (3D) printing process of a biomodel developed with the aid of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology based on computed tomography (CT) scans of an individual with nonunion of a coronal femoral condyle fracture (Hoffa's fracture). Materials and Methods Thus, we used CT scans, which enable the evaluation of the 3D volumetric reconstruction of the anatomical model, as well as of the architecture and bone geometry of sites with complex anatomy, such as the joints. In addition, it enables the development of the virtual surgical planning (VSP) in a computer-aided design (CAD) software. This technology makes it possible to print full-scale anatomical models that can be used in surgical simulations for training and in the choice of the best placement of the implant according to the VSP. In the radiographic evaluation of the osteosynthesis of the Hoffa's fracture nonunion, we assessed the position of the implant in the 3D-printed anatomical model and in the patient's knee. Results The 3D-printed anatomical model showed geometric and morphological characteristics similar to those of the actual bone. The position of the implants in relation to the nonunion line and anatomical landmarks showed great accuracy in the comparison of the patient's knee with the 3D-printed anatomical model. Conclusion The use of the virtual anatomical model and the 3D-printed anatomical model with the additive manufacturing (AM) technology proved to be effective and useful in planning and performing the surgical treatment of Hoffa's fracture nonunion. Thus, it showed great accuracy in the reproducibility of the virtual surgical planning and the 3D-printed anatomical model.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar uma proposta de processo de impressão tridimensional (3D) de um biomodelo preparado com o auxílio da tecnologia de modelagem por deposição de material fundido (fused deposition modeling, FDM, em inglês) a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de um indivíduo com pseudartrose de fratura coronal do côndilo femoral (fratura de Hoffa). Materiais e Métodos Para tanto, utilizamos imagens de TC, que permitem estudar a reconstrução volumétrica 3D do modelo anatômico, além da arquitetura e geometria óssea de sítios de anatomia complexa, como as articulações. Também permite o planejamento cirúrgico virtual (PCV) em um programa de desenho assistido por computador (computer-aided design, CAD, em inglês). Essa tecnologia possibilita a impressão de modelos anatômicos em escala real que podem ser utilizados em simulações cirúrgicas para o treinamento e a escolha do melhor posicionamento do implante de acordo com o PCV. Na avaliação radiográfica da osteossíntese da pseudartrose de Hoffa, verificou-se a posição do implante no modelo anatômico impresso em 3D e no joelho do paciente. Resultados O modelo anatômico impresso em 3D apresentou características geométricas e morfológicas semelhantes às do osso real. O posicionamento dos implantes em relação à linha de pseudartrose e pontos anatômicos foram bastante precisos na comparação do joelho do paciente com o modelo anatômico impresso em 3D. Conclusão A utilização do modelo anatômico virtual e do modelo anatômico impresso em 3D com a tecnologia de manufatura aditiva (MA) foi eficaz e auxiliou o planejamento e a realização do tratamento cirúrgico da pseudartrose da fratura de Hoffa. Desta forma, foi bastante preciso na reprodutibilidade do planejamento cirúrgico tanto virtual quanto no modelo anatômico impresso em 3D.

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INTRODUCTION: Low- to high-energy impact trauma may cause from small fissures up to extended bone losses, which can be classified as closed or opened injuries (when they are visible at a naked eye). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of clinical diagnosis of bone trauma through medical infrared thermography, in a hospital emergency room. METHODS: Forty-five patients with suspected diagnosis of bone fracture were evaluated by means of medical infrared images, and the data correlated with the gold standard radiographic images, in the anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views, at the orthopedic emergency department. The control group consisted of thermal images of the contralateral reference limb of the volunteers themselves. Data were acquired with a medical grade infrared camera in the regions of interest (ROIs) of leg, hand, forearm, clavicle, foot, and ankle. RESULTS: In all patients evaluated with a diagnosis of bone fracture, the mean temperature of the affected limb showed a positive difference greater than 0.9 °C (towards the contralateral), indicating the exact location of the bone trauma according, while the areas diagnosed with reduced blood supply, showed a mean temperature with a negative variation. CONCLUSION: Clinical evaluation using infrared imaging indicates a high applicability potential as a tool to support quick diagnosis of bone fractures in patients with acute orthopedic trauma in an emergency medical setting. The thermal results showed important physiological data related to vascularization of the bone fracture and areas adjacent to the trauma well correlated to radiographic examinations.

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BACKGROUND: Thermal imaging has been used as a clinical follow-up technique in several medical specialties. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using medical thermography in the diagnosis and follow-up assessment of a severe orthopedic trauma that requires the use of an external circular fixator. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty clinical follow-ups of thermal imaging correlated with X-ray images were performed in a male volunteer, diagnosed with bone nonunion, during 11 months of treatment, in the hospital trauma and reconstruction department. Data were acquired in the regions of interest of the proximal tibia, diaphysis and distal, with a Flir T530 medical grade infrared camera from Flir Systems®, and the data processed by the Matlab® 2019 custom made software. RESULTS: Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a median temperature of 22.2°C, and thus some periods of interruption in the healing process between the third and twentieth clinical follow-up, and a significant increase of the temperature to 34.6°C synchronous with a diagnosis of bone infection by the eleventh clinical follow-up. The thermal images acquired during the 20 clinical follow-ups allow a correlation with the data from the X-ray exams and also with the contralateral limb of the evaluated patient, showing thermal alterations greater than 0.3°C, which are significant of physiological abnormality. CONCLUSION: The thermography exam can be a useful tool for applying on the follow-up of patients after trauma or bone fracture. The results showed important physiological data related to the vascularization necessary for bone repairing, being therefore a good indicator of the healing process. In addition, as infrared thermography does not use ionizing radiation, it can be used countlessly, in complement to the traditional X-ray exams that focus on anatomical data analysis.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica do tratamento homeopático das fraturas na literatura mundial. O trauma e consequentemente as fraturas tem um impacto social muito grande nos nossos dias, com um número cada vez maior tanto nos jovens como em idosos. O tratamento homeopático visa atenuar o quadro mórbido enquanto são realizados os tratamentos específicos, tanto conservador quanto cirúrgico, das fraturas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica com os seguintes termos: tratamento / homeopatia / homeopático / fratura / Symphytum; nos idiomas: português, inglês, francês, espanhol e alemão e nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs, Homeoindex, e buscadores da internet, durante o período entre fevereiro de 2012 e agosto de 2012. Além disto, foram pesquisadas as matérias médicas referentes aos medicamentos relacionados ao tratamento das fraturas nos livros textos em português dos mais conceituados autores de Matéria Médica Homeopática. Foram encontrados 14 artigos com os critérios de busca citados, desses apenas 11 foram relevantes para este estudo. Constatamos que pouca importância é dada a este assunto devido a sua demanda na prática médica e quase não existem trabalhos ou estudos nesta área. Concluímos que é necessário a realização de mais estudos científicos criteriosos para se estabelecer os efeitos dos medicamentos homeopáticos que agem e interferem na consolidação das fraturas ósseas, e estabelecer critérios da utilização destes medicamentos na prática clínica.

This paper aims to conduct a literature review of homeopathic treatment of fractures in the literature. The trauma and consequently the fractures has a great social impact in our day, with an increasing number in both young and elderly. Homeopathic treatment aims to alleviate the morbid while specific treatments are performed, both conservative and surgical fractures. We performed a literature search with the following terms: treatment / homeopathy / homeopathic / fracture / Symphytum, in the following languages: Portuguese, English, French, Spanish and German and in the following databases: Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs, HOMEOINDEX and seekers internet during the period between February 2012 and August 2012. Furthermore, the subjects were surveyed regarding the medical treatment of drug-related fractures in textbooks in Portuguese of the most respected authors of Homeopathic Materia Medica. Fourteen articles were found with the search criteria cited, only 11 of these were relevant to this study. We found that little importance is given to this subject due to its demand in medical practice and there is a few works or researchs in this area. We conclude that it is necessary to conduct more careful scientific studies to establish the effects of homeopathic medicines that act and interfere in the consolidation of bone fractures, and establish criteria for use of these drugs in clinical practice.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine, by means of comparative biomechanical tests, whether greater compressive load resistance and flexion is presented by 95° angled blade plates or by dynamic condylar screws (DCS), and to correlate the failure type presented during the tests with each type of plate. METHODS: Sixty-five porcine femurs were subjected to 1 cm medial wedge osteotomy, in the metaphysis, to simulate an unstable supracondylar femoral fracture. Osteosynthesis was performed on these pieces: 35 were fixed using 95° lateral blade plates and 30 with DCS plates. Another variable studied was the failure type presented in each group, in an attempt to correlate this with the type of plate. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in biomechanical resistance between the two types of plates, or between the failure type and the plate type used for the osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: The two types of plate behaved in a similar fashion. However, the angled blade plate proved to be superior to the DCS in the flexion test. No statistical difference in failure type or type of plate used was observed.

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OBJETIVO: Demonstrar por meio de ensaios biomecânicos comparativos entre a placa-lâmina de 95º e o parafuso condilar dinâmico (Dynamic Condylar Screw - DCS), qual apresenta maior resistência às cargas compressivas e de flexão, bem como tentar correlacionar o tipo de falha apresentada durante os testes com cada um dos tipos de placa. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e cinco fêmures suínos foram submetidos a osteotomia em cunha de subtração medial de um centímetro (cm), na região metafisária distal do fêmur, com o objetivo de simular fratura supracondiliana instável. Foi realizada osteossíntese dessas peças, sendo 35 fixadas com placa-lâmina 95º e 30 com placas com DCS, submetendo-as a cargas em compressão axial e flexão. Outra variável estudada foi o tipo de falha apresentada em cada grupo com a tentativa de correlacioná-la com o tipo de placa. RESULTADOS: Os resultados não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante na resistência biomecânica entre os dois tipos de placas ou entre o tipo de falha e a placa utilizada na osteossíntese. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois tipos de placas se comportam de maneira semelhante, embora haja um indicativo de que a placa-lâmina seja, no ensaio de flexão, superior à placa DCS. Não foi observada diferença entre o tipo de falha e o tipo de placa utilizada.

OBJECTIVE: to determine, by means of comparative biomechanical tests between the 95o angled blade plate and the dynamic condylar screw (DCS), the one that presents greater compressive load resistance and flexion, and to correlate the failure type presented during the tests with each type of plate. METHODS: Sixty-five porcine femurs were submitted to a 1 cm medial wedge osteotomy, in the metaphysic, to simulate an unstable supracondylar femoral fracture. Osteosynthesis of these pieces was performed: 35 were fixated with a 90o lateral blade plate, and 30 with DCS plates. Another variable studied was the failure type presented in each group, attempting to correlate this with the type of plate. RESULTS: The results showed no statistically significant differences in biomechanical resistance between the two types of plates, or between the failure type and the plate type used in the osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: THE TWO TYpes of plate behaved in a similar fashion. However, the angled blade plate proved to be superior to the DCS in the flexion test. No statistical difference was observed in failure type or type of plate used.

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OBJETIVO: Estudar a variação dos valores da temperatura cutânea (deltaT) do sítio operatório, da proteína C reativa (PCR) e da velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ) primária, tentando estabelecer correlação entre suas curvas ao longo do tempo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Esse estudo clínico prospectivo, avaliou 29 pacientes acompanhados por 12 semanas, sendo aferida a temperatura cutânea em ambos os joelhos e realizada dosagem sérica da PCR e VHS. RESULTADOS: Após a comparação entre as variáveis testadas (deltaT, PCR e VHS), observou-se tanto para o teste de Pearson (avaliação paramétrica), quanto para o de Spearman (avaliação não-paramétrica) que não houve correlação estatística entre elas. A variação da temperatura cutânea segue um padrão diferente do observado tanto para a PCR quanto para a VHS, não existindo correlação entre as curvas. Foi estabelecida a curva padrão das três variáveis, verificando-se redução estatisticamente significativa nos valores da PCR e da VHS entre o pré e o pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi observada correlação entre a temperatura cutânea e os níveis de VHS e PCR em pacientes submetidos a ATJ primária, isenta de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To study the variation of skin temperature values (deltaT) on operative site, of reactive C protein (RCP) and of hemosedimentation speed (HSS) in patients submitted to primary knee total arthroplasty (KTA), in an attempt to establish a correlation among its curves over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective clinical study evaluated 29 patients followed up during 12 weeks, with measurements of skin temperature in both knees and RCP and HSS serum dosages. RESULTS: After comparing the variables tested (deltaT, RCP and HSS), no statistical correlation was observed for both the PearsonÆs test (parametric test) and the SpearmanÆs test (non-parametric test) among variables. Skin temperature variation follows a different pattern from that observed both for RCP and for HSS, with no correlation among curves. A standard curve was established for the three variables, and a statistically significant reduction was seen in RCP and HSS values from pre- to post-operative period. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between skin temperature and HSS and RCP levels in patients submitted to uncomplicated primary KTA.

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The anterolateral limit of the occipital lobe was studied in anatomical specimens and with neuroimaging. Seven human cadaver heads, 103 normal CT-scan and 104 MRJ of the brain were studied. There was a fold of the dura mater on the transverse sinus (preoccipital tentorial plica) and a bony protuberance related directly to the preoccipital notch. It was also determined the mean distance between the parieto-occipital sulcus and the lambdoid suture. In the imaging studies, especially magnetic resonance, it was possible to identify the preoccipital notch and/or a protuberance in the cranial vault related to this notch, besides the parieto-occipital sulcus and lambdoid suture, making possible, therefore, the definition of the anterolateral limit of the occipital lobe.

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Com o objetivo de definir o limite anterolateral do lobo occipital foram estudados sete segmentos cefálicos de cadáveres humanos, 103 exames de tomografia computadorizada e 104 exames de ressonância magnética do encéfalo considerados normais. Foram encontradas uma prega da dura-máter sobre o seio transverso (plica tentorial pré-occipital) e uma protuberância óssea relacionadas diretamente com a incisura pré-occipital. Foi calculada, também, a distância média entre o sulco parieto-occipital e a sutura lambdóide. Nos exames de imagem, especialmente na ressonância magnética, foi possível identificar a incisura pré-occipital e/ou a protuberância na parede craniana relacionada a ela, bem como o sulco parieto-occipital e a sutura lambdóide, referências que permitem a definiçäo do limite anterolateral do lobo occipital

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