RESUMO
Groundwater is present in its purest form beneath the earth's surface. However, metal contamination is potentially a problem faced by many countries. For this reason, the present study aims to make an assessment of the risks associated with groundwater consumption around the Marituba landfill in an Amazon region. The present study was characterized as transversal with the use of primary data. The sampling occurred in a stratified random way, performed in two radii of action being the 1st radius of 2.5 km away from the landfill and the 2nd radius of 3.5 km away from the landfill to the neighborhoods. A total of 184 points were collected. In all communities the average daily dose (ADD) was higher than the reference oral dose (Rfd), for the metals As, Pb and Mn the risk quotient (HQ) was greater than 1 (one) in all neighborhoods, the concentration of Mn in the least exposed neighborhood was greater than 10 µg.L-1, even at a distance of 3.5 km from the landfill. The average concentrations for As and Pb did not exceed the recommended, however, they were more significant for the Beira Rio neighborhood, respectively 1.47 µg.L-1 and 1.9 µg.L-1. And the average concentration for Cu was more significant for the Uriboca neighborhood 18.20 µg.L-1, but within the recommended. The average of the general concentration of Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI) of the water consumed was 80.03, indicating that the water consumed by the population is contaminated by metals.
Assuntos
Água Subterrânea , Metais Pesados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Brasil , Chumbo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Instalações de Eliminação de Resíduos , Medição de Risco , ÁguaRESUMO
The main routes of lead (Pb) absorption are through the airways and orally, and through consumption of contaminated food and beverage, with Pb mainly being absorbed in the atmospheric particulate form. In 2012, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the Pb environmental exposure in two Amazonian districts, Dom Manuel (DMN) and Laranjal (CLA), located in Barcarena City, northern Brazil. CLA is located outside the industrial area of Barcarena (control population), whereas DMN is an old community located in the vicinity of industrial activities. A significant number of residents in these districts participated in an epidemiological inquiry and blood sampling. Total Pb blood levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean Pb blood level in people that live in DMN was 281.60 (98.73-570.80) µg·L-1, approximately nine times higher than the level found in CLA (32.77 µg·L-1). In these districts, the Pb blood levels showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) based on gender, schooling, residence time, and smoking. This is the first evidence of industrial environmental pollutant exposure in the Amazon.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Chumbo/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Analyses of contaminants in sediments, such as trace elements, are fundamental to characterize normality or alterations in aquatic environments. These are important data to evaluate areas used for aquaculture, particularly those where there is a closer interaction between sediments and organisms cultured, as in oyster cultivation. The concentrations of trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg) were assessed in the sediments of six oyster farming areas in the Amazon estuary. Sediment sampling was carried out in the months of November 2013 (dry season) and April 2014 (rainy season) and central areas were prioritized. Levels of trace elements were quantified by induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). Possible effects on aquatic biota were evaluated by comparing the levels of metals in the sediments with the reference values proposed in the TEL and PEL protocols. The concentrations of trace elements in sediments in all evaluated areas were higher in the rainy season, except for copper. Following the order of concentration, in most of the locations Al> Fe> Mg> Cr> Ni> Co> Cu> Cd. Only Cd levels were higher than the TEL and PEL.(AU)
Análises de contaminantes nos sedimentos, como os elementos traços são fundamentais para caracterizar normalidade ou alterações nos ambientes aquáticos. Estas são informações importantes para avaliar áreas usadas para aquicultura, em especial aquelas onde há uma interação mais próxima entre os sedimentos e organismos cultivados, como ocorrem na prática da ostreicultura. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de elementos traços (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg) nos sedimentos de seis áreas de cultivos de ostras no estuário Amazônico. As amostragens de sedimentos foram realizadas nos meses de novembro de 2013 (seco) e abril de 2014 (chuvoso) e priorizaram pontos centrais nestas. Os níveis de elementos traços foram quantificados por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma induzido (ICP- MS). Possíveis efeitos sobre a biota aquática foram avaliados a partir da comparação dos níveis de metais nos sedimentos com os valores de referência proposto nos protocolos TEL e o PEL. As concentrações dos elementos traços nos sedimentos em todas as áreas avaliadas foram superiores no período chuvoso, com exceção do cobre. Seguindo a ordem de concentração, na maioria das localidades Al > Fe > Mg > Cr > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd. Apenas para Cd os níveis foram superiores em referência aos de TEL e PEL.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Metais Pesados/análise , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Aquicultura , Ostreidae , Ecossistema AmazônicoRESUMO
Analyses of contaminants in sediments, such as trace elements, are fundamental to characterize normality or alterations in aquatic environments. These are important data to evaluate areas used for aquaculture, particularly those where there is a closer interaction between sediments and organisms cultured, as in oyster cultivation. The concentrations of trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg) were assessed in the sediments of six oyster farming areas in the Amazon estuary. Sediment sampling was carried out in the months of November 2013 (dry season) and April 2014 (rainy season) and central areas were prioritized. Levels of trace elements were quantified by induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). Possible effects on aquatic biota were evaluated by comparing the levels of metals in the sediments with the reference values proposed in the TEL and PEL protocols. The concentrations of trace elements in sediments in all evaluated areas were higher in the rainy season, except for copper. Following the order of concentration, in most of the locations Al> Fe> Mg> Cr> Ni> Co> Cu> Cd. Only Cd levels were higher than the TEL and PEL.
Análises de contaminantes nos sedimentos, como os elementos traços são fundamentais para caracterizar normalidade ou alterações nos ambientes aquáticos. Estas são informações importantes para avaliar áreas usadas para aquicultura, em especial aquelas onde há uma interação mais próxima entre os sedimentos e organismos cultivados, como ocorrem na prática da ostreicultura. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de elementos traços (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg) nos sedimentos de seis áreas de cultivos de ostras no estuário Amazônico. As amostragens de sedimentos foram realizadas nos meses de novembro de 2013 (seco) e abril de 2014 (chuvoso) e priorizaram pontos centrais nestas. Os níveis de elementos traços foram quantificados por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma induzido (ICP- MS). Possíveis efeitos sobre a biota aquática foram avaliados a partir da comparação dos níveis de metais nos sedimentos com os valores de referência proposto nos protocolos TEL e o PEL. As concentrações dos elementos traços nos sedimentos em todas as áreas avaliadas foram superiores no período chuvoso, com exceção do cobre. Seguindo a ordem de concentração, na maioria das localidades Al > Fe > Mg > Cr > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd. Apenas para Cd os níveis foram superiores em referência aos de TEL e PEL.