RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare a standard diet and a protein-enriched diet in critically ill children. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective randomized controlled trial in critically ill children, all patients received enteral nutrition exclusively and were randomly assigned to a standard diet or a protein-enriched diet (1.1 g protein/100 mL of feeding formula). Blood and urine tests, nitrogen balance assessment, and energy expenditure testing by indirect calorimetry were performed before the beginning of the nutrition regimen and at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 5 days after initiation. Demographic data and pediatric mortality risk scores were recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-one children were randomized, and 41 completed the study. Of these, 21 patients received standard formula and 20 received a protein-enriched formula. There were no between-group differences in terms age, sex, diagnosis, or mortality risk scores. There was a greater positive trend in levels of prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, and total protein in the protein-enriched diet group. These differences were significant only for retinol-binding protein. The positive nitrogen balance trend was also higher in the protein-enriched diet group; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. No adverse effects or hyperproteinemia were detected in the protein-enriched diet group. CONCLUSIONS: The standard diet provides insufficient protein delivery to critically ill children. Enteral protein supplementation is safe and can improve some biochemical parameters of protein metabolism.
Assuntos
Estado Terminal/terapia , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Albuminas/metabolismo , Criança , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Alimentos Formulados , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Masculino , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Pré-Albumina/metabolismo , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: It is possible that the exportation of North American and European models has hindered the creation of a structured cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training programme in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to describe the design and present the results of a European paediatric and neonatal CPR training programme adapted to Honduras. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A paediatric CPR training project was set up in Honduras with the instructional and scientific support of the Spanish Group for Paediatric and Neonatal CPR. The programme was divided into four phases: CPR training and preparation of instructors; training for instructors; supervised teaching; and independent teaching. RESULTS: During the first phase, 24 Honduran doctors from paediatric intensive care, paediatric emergency and anaesthesiology departments attended the paediatric CPR course and 16 of them the course for preparation as instructors. The Honduran Paediatric and Neonatal CPR Group was formed. In the second phase, workshops were given by Honduran instructors and four of them attended a CPR course in Spain as trainee instructors. In the third phase, a CPR course was given in Honduras by the Honduran instructors, supervised by the Spanish team. In the final phase of independent teaching, eight courses were given, providing 177 students with training in CPR. CONCLUSIONS: The training of independent paediatric CPR groups with the collaboration and scientific assessment of an expert group could be a suitable model on which to base paediatric CPR training in Latin American developing countries.
Assuntos
Reanimação Cardiopulmonar/educação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação Médica Continuada , Honduras , Pediatria/educaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To review the most frequent recommendations, doses and routes of administration of sedatives, analgesics, and muscle relaxants in children, as well as the methods for monitoring the level of sedation. SOURCES: Review of the literature using the MEDLINE database and review of the experience in pediatric intensive care units. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The continuous administration of analgesics and sedatives prevents the development of undersedation and is less demanding in terms of care than intermittent administration. Midazolam is the most commonly used drug for continuous sedation of critically ill children. Opioid derivatives and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used analgesics in critically ill children. Opioids combined with benzodiazepines, given in continuous infusion, are the drugs of choice in mechanically ventilated children, especially morphine and fentanyl. The use of protocols and monitoring through clinical scores and objective methods (e.g. bispectral index) allow adjusting medication more appropriately, preventing oversedation, undersedation, and the withdrawal syndrome. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as music therapy, noise control, adequate use of light, massage, conversation with the patient, are ancillary measures that help children to adapt to the adverse hospital environment. CONCLUSIONS: Sedation should be tailored to each child for each specific situation. Protocols that facilitate the correct selection of drugs, their appropriate administration and careful monitoring improve the quality of sedation and analgesia and avoid their adverse effects.