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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar conceitos e temáticas centrais da medicalização da alimentação e da nutrição. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão de busca sistematizada seguindo o método Systematic-Search Flow em sete bases de dados, combinando a palavra-chave "medicali?ation" com nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment e eat*. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão, foram selecionados 17 documentos que compuseram o portfólio de análise. A leitura destes documentos permitiu pensar em categorias, sendo elas: medicalização da alimentação: dispositivos de controle do corpo e do comportamento alimentar; dispositivos de prevenção e programas de educação nutricional; alimentos como medicamentos e Nutrição Personalizada. Em todas, foi possível identificar estratégias pelas quais a alimentação e a nutrição foram reduzidas ao olhar da biomedicina, desconsiderando outras dimensões do alimentar-se. Essa redução ocorreu por meio: a) da prescrição de normas de comportamento e dietas; b) de práticas preventivas que moralizam comportamentos considerados de risco, causando estigmatização e culpabilização dos indivíduos pelas suas doenças; c) da concepção dos alimentos como se fossem medicamentos; d) da prescrição individualizada de dietas, de acordo com a Nutrição Personalizada, comprometendo a compreensão do alimentar-se a partir dos aspectos políticos, culturais, históricos e sociais.

Abstract This study aimed to identify concepts and central themes of the medicalization of food and nutrition. To this end, a systematized search review following the Systematic-Search Flow method was conducted in seven databases, combining the keyword "medicali?ation" with nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment and eat*. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 documents were selected to compose the analysis portfolio. The reading of these documents allowed us to think of categories, as follows: medicalization of food: devices to control the body and eating behavior; prevention devices and nutrition education programs; food as medicine and Personalized Nutrition. In all of them, it was possible to identify strategies through which food and nutrition were reduced to the biomedical view, disregarding other dimensions of eating. This reduction occurred through a) the prescription of behavioral norms and diets; b) preventive practices that moralize behaviors considered risky, causing stigmatization and blaming individuals for their diseases; c) the conception of food as if it were medicine; d) the individualized prescription of diets, according to Personalized Nutrition, compromising the understanding of eating from political, cultural, historical, and social aspects.

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SARS-CoV-2 can infect pets under natural conditions, which raises questions about the risk factors related to the susceptibility of these animals to infection. The status of pet infection by SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico is not well-understood. We aimed to estimate the frequency of positive household cats and dogs to viral RNA and antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 during the second wave of human infections in Mexico, and to recognize the major risk factors related to host and pet ownership behaviour. We evaluated two study groups, cats and dogs from COVID-19-infected/-suspected households (n = 44) and those admitted for veterinary care for any reason at several veterinary hospitals in Puebla City, Mexico (n = 91). Using RT-PCR, we identified the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in swabs of four dogs (18.18%) and zero cats in COVID-19-infected/-suspected households; within this group, 31.82% of dogs and 27.27% of cats were tested IgG ELISA-positive; and neutralizing antibodies were detected in one dog (4.55%) and two cats (9.09%). In the random group (pets evaluated at private clinics and veterinary teaching hospital), 25.00% of dogs and 43.59% of cats were ELISA-positive and only one cat showed neutralizing antibodies (2.56%). Older than 4-year-old, other pets at home, and daily cleaning of pet dish, were each associated with an increase in SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.05). Allowing face lick, sharing bed/food with pets and owner tested positive or suspected COVID-19 were not significant risk factors, but more than 4 h the owner spent away from home during the lockdown for COVID-19 (OR = 0.37, p = 0.01), and outdoor pet food tray (OR = 0.32, p = 0.01) significantly decreased the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets, suggesting that time the owner spends with their pet is an important risk factor.

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Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are considered the group of insects that most impacts human health. Land use change, conversion of conserved sites into agricultural environments, urbanization, defaunation, and introduction of domestic animals can affect mosquito diversity positively or negatively, increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. Here, we describe the diversity of adult mosquitoes in two environments (deciduous forest and anthropized zone) over 2 yr (2014-2016), using eight CDC traps at each site in three climatic seasons (rainy, cold, and dry). We captured 795 individuals belonging to 22 species. We constructed rank-abundance curves to determine spatial and temporal changes in the mosquito communities. We measured alpha diversity using the Shannon index (H'), Shannon exponential (eH) and Simpson dominance (Ds), and beta diversity using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity (Ij). The most abundant species were Culex quinquefasciatus (40.5%), Culex coronator (18.3%), and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (12.4%). The highest mosquito diversity was in the deciduous forest during the rainy season. Beta diversity analysis showed that species overlap varied among climatic seasons, with the sites sharing 65% species during the rainy season, but only 33% of species during the dry season. We found differences in the diversity of mosquitoes at the two sites, and the mosquito assemblage of the anthropized zone was significantly different from that of the deciduous forest.

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Global change and ecosystem transformation at regional and local scales during recent decades have facilitated the exponential increase of outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquito-borne pathogens are responsible for millions of infections, mainly in tropical regions where marginalized human populations are located, and where in recent years processes of landscape anthropization have occurred. Anthropogenic landscape transformation is known to change species assemblages. However, the magnitude of these effects is largely unknown, and the effects of anthropogenic landscape transformation on sylvatic mosquito assemblages are poorly known in Mexican ecosystems. We evaluate how mosquito abundance, richness, and diversity change along a gradient of three human-modified landscapes-one highly anthropized, one moderately anthropized, and one slightly anthropized-within a tropical forest matrix in a Protected Natural Area in Chiapas. A total of 4 538 mosquitoes belonging to 23 species were captured and identified at the three sites. We found differences in the structure and abundance of the three mosquito assemblages. The species assemblage of the highly anthropized site was significantly different from the other sites, and the relative abundance of the assemblages increased with landscape anthropization. Our results suggest that landscape anthropization alters the composition and structure of mosquito assemblages, modifying the abundance and species richness of mosquitoes associated with sylvatic ecosystems. This could support the hypothesis of intermediate disturbance that suggests the diversity is maximized when late and early successional species coexist in these ecosystems. This information is essential to understand the ecology of potential sylvatic vectors and the environmental factors that are involved in the emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases.

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Most mosquito species are active during a certain part of the day, but climatic factors such as light intensity and relative humidity play an important role in the control of their activity. We selected three types of land use that were sampled in state of Campeche in 2018 (low semi-evergreen forest, secondary low semi-evergreen forest, and mango plantation), using ten CDC light traps baited with CO2 , that were active during nine hours of three activity periods (dawn, noon, and nightfall). A GLM was used to investigate changes in the assembly of mosquitoes between different types of land use and temporal variations. Rank abundance curves were used to detect changes in the spatial and activity period of the mosquitoes and we then calculated the Exponential Shannon Index. A total of 6,110 mosquitoes belonging to 23 species were captured. The greatest richness and abundance were found in the secondary low semi-evergreen forest, with greater richness and lower abundance than the mango plantation which showed more abundance. Of the activity periods, dusk had the greatest abundance and richness followed by dawn and finally noon.

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For efficient conversion of light into useful energy sources, it is very important to study and describe the first steps of primary charge-transfer process in natural structures and artificial devices. The time scale of these processes in artificial photosynthetic and photovoltaic devices is on the order of femto- to picoseconds and involves vibronic coupling of electrons and nuclei and also nuclear alleviation to enhance charge separation. Here we present an atomistic description of the photoexcited electron dynamics in a noncovalently bonded system formed by an hydrogenated nanodiamond as donor and a perylene diimide as an acceptor. The complex shows extremely fast charge transfer, separation, and stabilization within 90 fs. This stabilization is purely electronic in nature. To the best of our knowledge, these results show for the first time that it is possible to stabilize charge without polaron formation or nuclear relaxation, reaching a steady state enhanced by a pure electronic reorganization.

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Arboviruses are important zoonotic agents with complex transmission cycles and are not well understood because they may involve many vectors and hosts. We studied sympatric wild mammals and hematophagous mosquitoes having the potential to act as hosts and vectors in two areas of southern Mexico. Mosquitoes, bats, and rodents were captured in Calakmul (Campeche) and Montes Azules (Chiapas), between November 2010 and August 2011. Spleen samples from 146 bats and 14 rodents were tested for molecular evidence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) using PCR protocols. Bat ( Artibeus lituratus , Carollia sowelli , Glossophaga soricina , and Sturnira parvidens) and rodent ( Sigmodon hispidus and Oryzomys alfaroi ) species were positive for VEEV. No individuals were positive for WNV, EEEV, or WEEV. A total of 1,298 mosquitoes were collected at the same sites, and five of the mosquito species collected were known VEEV vectors (Aedes fulvus, Mansonia indubitans, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora cilipes, and Psorophora confinnis). This survey simultaneously presents the first molecular evidence, to our knowledge, of VEEV in bats and rodents from southern Mexico and the identification of potential sympatric vectors. Studies investigating sympatric nonhuman hosts, vectors, and arboviruses must be expanded to determine arboviral dynamics in complex systems in which outbreaks of emerging and reemerging zoonoses are continuously occurring.

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The rational design of new materials as prototype systems for organic solar cells remains challenging. Perylene diimide has emerged as a promising material to replace fullerene derivatives because of its synthetic flexibility, leading to the manipulation of their optical properties. As a result of their fused aromatic core that favors π-π stacking interactions, the aggregation of these molecules can reach highly ordered nanostructures as one-dimensional nanofibers, with a fast photoinduced charge transfer mechanism. In this article, we present an atomistic description of the photoexcited exciton dynamics in noncovalently bonded perylene diimides by time integration of the electron density in the presence of external time varying electric fields. We show that our approach is able to capture and explain the physics that underlies the charge transport mechanism through perylene diimide aggregates.

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BACKGROUND: Land-use change has led to a dramatic decrease in total forest cover, contributing to biodiversity loss and changes of ecosystems' functions. Insect communities of medical importance can be favored by anthropogenic alterations, increasing the risk of novel zoonotic diseases. The response of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) abundance and richness to five land-use types (shade coffee plantation, cattle field, urban forest, peri-urban forest, well-preserved montane cloud forest) and three seasons ("dry", "rainy" and "cold") embedded in a neotropical montane cloud forest landscape was evaluated. METHODS: Standardized collections were performed using 8 CDC miniature black-light traps, baited with CO2 throughout the year. Generalized additive mixed models were used to describe the seasonal and spatial trends of both species richness and abundance. Rank abundance curves and ANCOVAs were used to detect changes in the spatial and temporal structure of the mosquito assemblage. Two cluster analyses were conducted, using 1-ßsim and the Morisita-Horn index to evaluate species composition shifts based on incidences and abundances. RESULTS: A total of 2536 adult mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 9 genera and 10 species; the dominant species in the study were: Aedes quadrivittatus, Wyeomyia adelpha, Wy. arthrostigma, and Culex restuans. Highest richness was recorded in the dry season, whereas higher abundance was detected during the rainy season. The urban forest had the highest species richness (n = 7) when compared to all other sites. Species composition cluster analyses show that there is a high degree of similarity in species numbers across sites and seasons throughout the year. However, when considering the abundance of such species, the well-preserved montane cloud forest showed significantly higher abundance. Moreover, the urban forest is only 30 % similar to other sites in terms of species abundances, indicating a possible isolating role of the urban environment. CONCLUSION: Mosquito assemblage was differentially influenced by land-use change and seasonality, but at the same time the assemblage is rather homogeneous across the studied landscape, suggesting a high degree of spatial connectivity. Information generated in this study is potentially useful in the development of urban planning and surveillance programs focused mainly on mosquito species of medical and veterinary importance.

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Mobile unit (MU) HIV testing is an alternative method of providing healthcare access. We compared demographic and behavioural characteristics, HIV testing history and HIV prevalence between participants seeking testing at a MU vs. fixed clinic (FC) in Lima, Peru. Our analysis included men and transgender women (TW) in Lima aged ≥ 18 years old seeking HIV testing at their first visit to a community-based MU or FC from October 2007 to November 2009. HIV testing history, HIV serostatus and behavioural characteristics were analysed. A large percentage of MU attendees self-identified as transgender (13%) or heterosexual (41%). MU attendees were more likely to engage in transactional sex (24% MU vs. 10% FC, p < 0.001), use alcohol/drugs during their last sexual encounter (24% MU vs. 20% FC, p < 0.01) and/or be a first-time HIV tester (48% MU vs. 41% FC, p < 0.001). MU HIV prevalence was 9% overall and 5% among first-time testers (49% in TW and 11% in men who have sex with men [MSM] first-time testers). MU testing reached large numbers of at-risk (MSM/TW) populations engaged in unsafe sexual behaviours, making MU outreach a worthy complement to FC testing. Investigation into whether MU attendees would otherwise access HIV testing is warranted to determine the impact of MU testing.

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Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, histórico, realizado a partir de análise documental, e fundado na analítica interpretativa de Michael Foucault. Pretende-se refletir sobre o conceito brinquedo terapêutico presente na produção científica do campo/território da Enfermagem brasileira no período de 1980 a 2005, e as medidas administrativas, jurídicas e de práticas ligadas a este dispositivo. O referencial teórico está ancorado, igualmente, em Michael Foucault, a partir das noções de biopoder, disciplinarização e dispositivo, e possibilitou a compreensão dos efeitos sobre os saberes e práticas ligadas ao brincar que se passa no território hospitalar. As categorias que emergiram do corpus constituído foram brincar/jogar e técnica ou uma associação desses. Concluiu-se que o brinquedo terapêutico é muito mais do que uma técnica, constituindo-se em um dispositivo que concentra um conjunto de práticas discursivas e não discursivas, de regulamentações jurídicas, de conhecimentos e saberes que constituem uma verdadeira política do corpo e da subjetividade nas enfermarias pediátricas dos hospitais. Percebeu-se, também, que a partir da construção dos saberes ligados à psicologia, o brincar foi sendo aprisionado primeiro pelo saber acadêmico, para depois ser construído ao seu redor uma série de medidas administrativas e legislativas para disciplinarizar e medicalizar, quase como condição de entrada, senão de permanência no hospital. Observou-se que ainda hoje a preocupação principal é a de continuar justificando o valor de uma prática, de uma técnica, derivada da origem dos subsídios teóricos adquiridos pelos profissionais para organizar, gerenciar, conduzir atividades ligadas ao brincar da criança hospitalizada. Finalmente, verificou-se que a banalização do brincar, o fetichismo que faz do objeto brinquedo o valor a ser exaltado e não ser o valor, o fazer e o criar, onde encontrar através da ludicidade (ilusão) a verdade do sujeito não faz mais que reafirmar...

This study uses a qualitative, historical approach carried out through documental analysis. It is founded upon the analytical interpretation of Michael Foucault. The intention of this study is to reflect on the concept of the therapeutic toy present in the scientific production of the /territory of Brazilian Nursing during the period of 1980 to 2005, as well as the administrative, legal, and practical measures of this device. The theoretical reference is anchored, equally, in Michael Foucault, from the notions of biopower, disciplinization, and device, and made it possible to comprehend the effects on knowledge and practices linked to playing as it occurs in the hospital territory. The categories that emerged from the consisting corpus were playing and technique, or an association of these. One concludes that the therapeutic toy is much more than a technique, consisting of a device that concentrates a set of discursive and non-discursive practices, of legal regulations, and knowledge that constitute a true policy of the body and of subjectivity in the pediatric wards of hospitals. It was also perceived that from the construction of knowledge related to psychology, that playing was being imprisoned first by academic knowledge, and later was used to construct a series of administrative and legislative measures in order to discipline and to medicate, almost as a condition for entrance, or for permanence in the hospital. It was observed that still today the main concern is to continue justifying the value of a practice or of a technique, derived from the origin of the theoretical subsidies acquired by the professionals to organize, to manage, to conduct activities related to the hospitalized child's playing. Finally, it was verified that making playing common and simple, the fetishism that makes the object toy the value to be exalted and not to be the value, making and creating, where to find the truth of each citizen through lucidity (illusion) does not do anymo...

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Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, histórico, realizado a partir de análise documental, e fundado na analítica interpretativa de Michael Foucault. Pretende-se refletir sobre o conceito brinquedo terapêutico presente na produção científica do campo/território da Enfermagem brasileira no período de 1980 a 2005, e as medidas administrativas, jurídicas e de práticas ligadas a este dispositivo. O referencial teórico está ancorado, igualmente, em Michael Foucault, a partir das noções de biopoder, disciplinarização e dispositivo, e possibilitou a compreensão dos efeitos sobre os saberes e práticas ligadas ao brincar que se passa no território hospitalar. As categorias que emergiram do corpus constituído foram brincar/jogar e técnica ou uma associação desses. Concluiu-se que o brinquedo terapêutico é muito mais do que uma técnica, constituindo-se em um dispositivo que concentra um conjunto de práticas discursivas e não discursivas, de regulamentações jurídicas, de conhecimentos e saberes que constituem uma verdadeira política do corpo e da subjetividade nas enfermarias pediátricas dos hospitais. Percebeu-se, também, que a partir da construção dos saberes ligados à psicologia, o brincar foi sendo aprisionado primeiro pelo saber acadêmico, para depois ser construído ao seu redor uma série de medidas administrativas e legislativas para disciplinarizar e medicalizar, quase como condição de entrada, senão de permanência no hospital. Observou-se que ainda hoje a preocupação principal é a de continuar justificando o valor de uma prática, de uma técnica, derivada da origem dos subsídios teóricos adquiridos pelos profissionais para organizar, gerenciar, conduzir atividades ligadas ao brincar da criança hospitalizada. Finalmente, verificou-se que a banalização do brincar, o fetichismo que faz do objeto brinquedo o valor a ser exaltado e não ser o valor, o fazer e o criar, onde encontrar através da ludicidade (ilusão) a verdade do sujeito não faz mais que reafirmar...

This study uses a qualitative, historical approach carried out through documental analysis. It is founded upon the analytical interpretation of Michael Foucault. The intention of this study is to reflect on the concept of the therapeutic toy present in the scientific production of the /territory of Brazilian Nursing during the period of 1980 to 2005, as well as the administrative, legal, and practical measures of this device. The theoretical reference is anchored, equally, in Michael Foucault, from the notions of biopower, disciplinization, and device, and made it possible to comprehend the effects on knowledge and practices linked to playing as it occurs in the hospital territory. The categories that emerged from the consisting corpus were playing and technique, or an association of these. One concludes that the therapeutic toy is much more than a technique, consisting of a device that concentrates a set of discursive and non-discursive practices, of legal regulations, and knowledge that constitute a true policy of the body and of subjectivity in the pediatric wards of hospitals. It was also perceived that from the construction of knowledge related to psychology, that playing was being imprisoned first by academic knowledge, and later was used to construct a series of administrative and legislative measures in order to discipline and to medicate, almost as a condition for entrance, or for permanence in the hospital. It was observed that still today the main concern is to continue justifying the value of a practice or of a technique, derived from the origin of the theoretical subsidies acquired by the professionals to organize, to manage, to conduct activities related to the hospitalized child's playing. Finally, it was verified that making playing common and simple, the fetishism that makes the object toy the value to be exalted and not to be the value, making and creating, where to find the truth of each citizen through lucidity (illusion) does not do anymo...

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Apesar das enfermeiras chamarem a si mesmas de profissionais do cuidado e acreditarem que a essência da enfermagem é o cuidado, nós sabemos que ainda não está suficientemente claro o que é cuidado, suas características e seus objetivos. Nesse sentido, muitas concepções de cuidado coexistem e têm influenciado as práticas de enfermagem. Essas concepções variam conforme perspectivas teóricofilosóficas e ambientes da prática. Uma dessas concepções que mais tem influenciado a prática de enfermagem brasileira é da teoria de autocuidado de Dorothea Orem. No entanto, mais recentemente, uma outra perspectiva vem emergindo no contexto da enfermagem brasileira; a noção de cuidado de si de Michel Foucault. O principal propósito desse trabalho é analisar criticamente e problematizar a noção de cuidado de si mesmo e o conceito de autocuidado para, num segundo momento, tentar fazer dialogar uma e outra concepção, colocando alguns elementos que consideramos significativos, a fim de estabelecer, se possível, algum tipo de complementaridade.

Although nurses call themselves care professionals and believe that the essence of nursing is care, we have noticed that it is not yet sufficiently clear what care means; what its characteristics are; its objectives and so on. Thus, many conceptions of care co-exist and have influenced current nursing practices, which vary according to their respective theoretic-philosophical perspectives and practice environments. Based on this, we can say that one of the most influential nursing theories within Brazilian nursing is Dorothea Orem's theory of self-care. However, more recently, another perspective has emerged within the context of Brazilian nursing; Michel Foucault's Care of the self. The main purpose of this paper is to critically examine the Foucault notion of Care of the self and Orem's concept of Self-care in order to establish, if possible, a dialogue between one and the other notion within the context of care practice in Nursing.

Aunque las enfermeras se denominen a sí mismas como las profesionales del cuidado y consideren este último como la esencia de la enfermería, sabemos que todavía no está suficientemente claro cuál es el significado del concepto de cuidado, cuáles son sus características y sus objetivos. Varias concepciones de cuidado coexisten y vienen influenciando cotidianamente las prácticas de enfermería, las cuales son distintas de acuerdo con la perspectiva teórico filosófica y con el contexto de la práctica. En relación a este punto, una de las teorías de enfermería más influyentes en Brasil es la teoría de autocuidado de Dorotea Orem. Recientemente, otra perspectiva fue surgiendo en el contexto de la enfermería brasileña a partir del concepto cuidado de sí mismo de Michel Foucault. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar críticamente la noción foucaultiana del cuidado de sí mismo y el concepto de autocuidado de Orem en el contexto de las prácticas de cuidado en enfermería. El principal propósito de este trabajo es analizar críticamente y problematizar la noción de Cuidado de sí mismo y el concepto de Autocuidado para que en un momento se haga dialogar una y otra concepción, colocando algunos de los elementos que consideramos significativos con la finalidad de establecer, si posible, algún tipo de complementariedad.

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O objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre a necessidade de fazer uma aproximação histórico-discursiva para contextualizar e analisar criticamente os discursos e as práticas hospitalares e de enfermagem relacionadas aos espaços para o brincar nas enfermarias pediátricas nos hospitais. O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente promulgado por Lei Federal em 1990 é um documento norteador de uma nova visão, ligada ao campo da infância e da juventude. Dentre as conseqüências do ECA, está a de estabelecer um modo diferente do adulto se relacionar com as crianças e, que os efeitos sobre os cuidados em saúde, deveriam supor e concretizar mudanças e transformações no cotidiano hospitalar. Tentamos mostrar a necessidade de problematizar e contextualizar como o nosso cotidiano hospitalar está determinado por discursividades que operam silenciosamente. Para resistir aos efeitos destes dispositivos, as práticas da saúde e as de enfermagem devem ser repensadas e retificadas nos seus respectivos dispositivos disciplinares.

The purpose of this study is to reflect on the need to perform a historical-discursive approach to contextualize and analyze in a critical way hospital and nursing discourses and practices related to spaces to play in pediatric infirmaries at hospitals. The Statute of the Children and Adolescents, made into a Federal Law in 1990, is a document that guides a new vision concerning the field of childhood and youth. Among the consequences of the ECA, there is the establishment of a different mode for the adult to relate with children, and that the effects on healthcare should assume and effect changes and transformations in the hospital scenario. We have tried to show the need to problematize and contextualize how our hospital scenario is determined by discourses that operate silently. In order to resist to the effects of such devices, health and nursing practices should be rethought and rectified in their respective disciplinary devices.

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre la necesidad de hacer una aproximación histórico-discursiva para contextualizar y analizar críticamente los discursos y las prácticas hospitalarias y de enfermería relacionadas a los espacios para el jugar en las salas de internación de pediatría en los hospitales. El Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente promulgado por Ley Nacional en 1990 es un documento que indica el camino para una nueva visión relacionada al campo de la infancia y de la juventud. Entre las consecuencias del ECA, está la de establecer una forma diferente de relación entre el adulto y el niño y que los efectos sobre los cuidados de la salud deberían suponer concretizar cambios y transformaciones del cotidiano hospitalario. Intentamos mostrar la necesidad de problematizar y contextualizar cómo nuestro cotidiano hospitalario está determinado por discursos que operan silenciosamente. Para resistir a los efectos de estos dispositivos, las prácticas de salud y de enfermería se deben repensar y rectificar en sus respectivos dispositivos disciplinarios.

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The purpose of this study is to reflect on the need to perform a historical-discursive approach to contextualize and analyze in a critical way hospital and nursing discourses and practices related to spaces to play in pediatric infirmaries at hospitals. The Statute of the Children and Adolescents, made into a Federal Law in 1990, is a document that guides a new vision concerning the field of childhood and youth. Among the consequences of the ECA, there is the establishment of a different mode for the adult to relate with children, and that the effects on healthcare should assume and effect changes and transformations in the hospital scenario. We have tried to show the need to problematize and contextualize how our hospital scenario is determined by discourses that operate silently. In order to resist to the effects of such devices, health and nursing practices should be rethought and rectified in their respective disciplinary devices.

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El proyecto "Diseño de la Red Boliviana de Comunicaciones VSAT" propone: la implementacion de una red de comunicaciones para servicios de voz y datos en topologia estrella. El segmento espacial a utilizar esta en la banda Ku y el segmento terrestre utiliza antenas de 1.8 m. de diametro, para los servicios de voz se propone la tecnologia dama y para los servicios de datos la tecnologia TDMA. La demanda potencial del servicio a traves de terminales VSAT al inicio del proyecto alcanza a: 112 para telefonia rural y 159 para servicios empresariales. El diseño de la red optimiza los recursos del segmento espacial y terrestre, la rentabilidad del proyecto es positiva justificandose y economicamente su implementacion.

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El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de contribuir al reconocimiento, promoción y desarrollo de la Medicina Tradicional; en el marco del respeto de los derechos indígenas, quienes en nuestro medio la practican, aunque no exclusivamente, como un valor cultural propio o como único medio disponible para satisfacer sus necesidades de Salud integral, y que por otro lado se desconoce, se reprime y paulatinamente se ha ido abandonando.

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