RESUMO
Selected alternative treatments for preventing or controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep under field conditions were evaluated using a systematic review-meta-analysis methodology. Forty-three publications reporting 51 studies (21 controlled studies (CS) and 30 challenge studies (ChS)) and 85 unique treatment comparisons were included in the review. The alternative treatment categories were nutraceuticals (28 studies), breeding for genetic resistance (12), nutritional manipulation (6), homeopathies (2), administration of copper oxide wire particles (2), and biological control (1). Random effect meta-analyses (MA) and meta-regression were performed with the natural logarithm of the difference in means (lnMD) between the control and treatment groups, for fecal egg counts per gram of wet feces (FEC), worm counts (WC) or fecal egg counts per gram of dry matter (FECDM) as the outcome. Treatment effect estimates (lnMD) were back-transformed to their count ratios (CR), a relative measure of effect for controlled versus treated groups, for presentation of results. Significant heterogeneity was observed for both CS and ChS that evaluated nutraceuticals, genetic resistance and nutrition treatments. MA of ChS that investigated nutraceuticals resulted in a significant overall CR of 1.62 (P<0.01) and 1.64 (P<0.01) for FEC and FECDM, respectively and a marginal significant CR of 1.14 (P=0.06) for WC, all favoring the treated groups. MA of CS and ChS that investigated genetic resistance resulted in a significant overall CR of 5.89 and 15.42, respectively (P<0.01), again favoring treated groups. MA of CS that investigated homeopathies with FEC as an outcome were homogenous (I(2)=0.0%) and resulted in a non-significant pooled CR of 1.61. ChS investigating copper oxide wire particle treatments and WC as an outcome, were homogenous (I(2)=0.0%) and had a marginally significant pooled CR of 1.68 (P=0.06). Publication bias was observed for ChS with WC outcomes, indicating that small size studies reporting non-significant CR, were less likely to be published than similar studies that found a significant CR. In a meta-regression, randomization (6.2%) and study size (29.2%) were the main factors contributing to the total variation when the outcome was FEC, and none of the variables contributed to between study heterogeneity. When the outcome was WC, type of treatment was the only significant covariate, explaining 6% of the heterogeneity and 38.5% of the total variation. The methodological soundness and reporting of primary research in the selected studies were low. Our results indicate that from the studied alternative treatments, nutraceuticals and use of genetically resistant sheep might be more promising for control of GINs in sheep.
Assuntos
Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Terapias Complementares/veterinária , Cobre/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Ovinos/terapia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Antinematódeos/administração & dosagem , Cobre/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Trato Gastrointestinal , Infecções por Nematoides/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Nematoides/terapia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/patologia , Carneiro Doméstico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La Ciencia de la Información ha incorporado a su quehacer algunos de los avances tecnológicos más importantes de las ciencias computacionales que, sin duda, permean las estructuras de representación de esta especialidad. Uno de los campos que más expresiones de cambio ofrece es la representación y organización de la información; y dentro de esta, la indización y el resumen es uno de los estratos que, desde el punto de vista metodológico, necesita más apropiarse de las herramientas lógicas que la inteligencia artificial desarrolla...
Assuntos
Processamento Eletrônico de Dados , Indexação e Redação de ResumosRESUMO
A speciation study was carried out in aqueous solution of the anti-inflammatory drug tenoxicam (Htenox), under quasi-physiological conditions (temperature of 37 degrees C and ionic strength 0.15 M NaCl) in order to determine the acidity constants from spectrophotometric studies, the pK(a) values found being pK(1)=1.143+/-0.008 and pK(2)=4.970+/-0.004. Subsequently, the spectrophotometrical speciation of the different complexes of Cu(II) with the drug was performed under the same conditions of temperature and ionic strength, observing the formation of Cu(Htenox)(2)(2+) with log beta(212)=20.05+/-0.01, Cu(tenox)(2) with log beta(012)=13.6+/-0.1, Cu(Htenox)(2+) with log beta(111)=10.52+/-0.08, as well as Cu(tenox)(+) with log beta(011)=7.0+/-0.2, all of them in solution, and solid species Cu(tenox)(2)(s) with an estimated value of log beta(012)(s) approximately 18.7. The crystalline structure of the complex [Cu(tenox)(2)(py)(2)]. EtOH, was also determined, and it was observed that tenoxicam employs the oxygen of the amide group and the pyridyl nitrogen to bond to the cation.