RESUMO
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. There is no seroprevalence study in backyard farms, which are characterized by suboptimal hygienic conditions in Brazil. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in backyard pigs in Brazil. Methods: Swine serum samples collected in 2012 (n=731) and 2014 (n=713) were analysed. The presence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G in pig serum was evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the partial ORF1 and ORF2 coding regions. Results: Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 77.6% (567/731; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74.5 to 90.6%) of serum samples in 2012 and 65.5% (467/713; 95% CI 62.0 to 69.0%) in 2014. The herd seroprevalence was 91.7% (187/204; 95% CI 91% to 99%) in 2012 and 83.7% (164/196; 95% CI 78% to 89%) in 2014. Further, HEV RNA was detected in 0.8% (6/713) of samples from 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed three different genotype 3 subtypes with high similarity to human HEV strains. Conclusions: This study showed that backyard pigs are a reservoir of HEV and alerts us to the need to control infection and spillover from backyard farms. GenBank accession numbers: MF438128-MF438135.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite E/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologia , Animais , Brasil , Culinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Variação Genética , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite/genética , Hepatite E/sangue , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Hepatite E/genética , Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Abrigo para Animais/normas , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Carne/virologia , Filogenia , Saneamento/normas , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
This study investigated the occurrence of canine distemper virus (CDV) by evaluating the presence of viral RNA within urine samples of dogs from Uberlândia, MG, with clinical manifestations suggestive of infection by CDV by targeting the CDV N gene. Of the clinical samples collected ( n =33), CDV viruria was detected in 45.5%. Five dogs died spontaneously; all had characteristic CDV-associated histopathological alterations and demonstrated CDV viruria. Statistical analyses revealed that the age, gender, breed, or the organ system of the dog affected had no influence on the occurrence of canine distemper. Myoclonus and motor incoordination were the most significant neurological manifestations observed. A direct association was observed between keratoconjunctivitis and dogs with CDV viruria. These findings suggest that CDV viruria in symptomatic dogs might not be age related, and that symptomatic dogs can demonstrate clinical manifestations attributed to CDV without viruria identified by RT-PCR. Additionally, the results of the sequence identities analysed have suggested that all Brazilian wild-type strains of CDV currently identified are closely related and probably originated from the same lineage of CDV. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are different clusters of wild-type strains of CDV circulating within urban canine populations in Brazil(AU)
A presença do ácido nucleico (RNA) do vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) foi avaliada por meio da amplificação parcial do gene N pela técnica RT-PCR realizada em urina de cães provenientes de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, que apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos de cinomose. Das 33 amostras de urina avaliadas, o CDV foi identificado em 45,5%. Em cinco cães que morreram espontaneamente, além da excreção do CDV na urina, foram observadas alterações histopatológicas associadas à infecção por esse vírus. Análises estatísticas demonstraram que a idade, gênero, raça e o sistema orgânico comprometido dos cães avaliados não exerceram influência no diagnóstico da cinomose canina. Mioclonia e incoordenação motora foram as manifestações neurológicas que apresentaram frequência de ocorrência significativa (P<0,05). Uma associação direta foi observada entre a presença de ceratoconjuntivite e a identificação de virúria pelo CDV. Esses achados sugerem que a excreção do CDV pela urina em cães com sinais clínicos compatíveis com cinomose pode não ser relacionada com a idade do animal, e que animais sintomáticos podem apresentar manifestações clínicas atribuídas ao CDV, porém sem a caracterização de virúria por RT-PCR. Adicionalmente, análises filogenéticas sugerem que várias cepas de CDV podem estar circulando em populações caninas de áreas urbanas no Brasil(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cinomose/diagnóstico , Cinomose/genética , Cinomose/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Urina/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Ceratoconjuntivite/veterináriaRESUMO
This study investigated the occurrence of canine distemper virus (CDV) by evaluating the presence of viral RNA within urine samples of dogs from Uberlândia, MG, with clinical manifestations suggestive of infection by CDV by targeting the CDV N gene. Of the clinical samples collected ( n =33), CDV viruria was detected in 45.5%. Five dogs died spontaneously; all had characteristic CDV-associated histopathological alterations and demonstrated CDV viruria. Statistical analyses revealed that the age, gender, breed, or the organ system of the dog affected had no influence on the occurrence of canine distemper. Myoclonus and motor incoordination were the most significant neurological manifestations observed. A direct association was observed between keratoconjunctivitis and dogs with CDV viruria. These findings suggest that CDV viruria in symptomatic dogs might not be age related, and that symptomatic dogs can demonstrate clinical manifestations attributed to CDV without viruria identified by RT-PCR. Additionally, the results of the sequence identities analysed have suggested that all Brazilian wild-type strains of CDV currently identified are closely related and probably originated from the same lineage of CDV. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are different clusters of wild-type strains of CDV circulating within urban canine populations in Brazil.
A presença do ácido nucleico (RNA) do vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) foi avaliada por meio da amplificação parcial do gene N pela técnica RT-PCR realizada em urina de cães provenientes de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, que apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos de cinomose. Das 33 amostras de urina avaliadas, o CDV foi identificado em 45,5%. Em cinco cães que morreram espontaneamente, além da excreção do CDV na urina, foram observadas alterações histopatológicas associadas à infecção por esse vírus. Análises estatísticas demonstraram que a idade, gênero, raça e o sistema orgânico comprometido dos cães avaliados não exerceram influência no diagnóstico da cinomose canina. Mioclonia e incoordenação motora foram as manifestações neurológicas que apresentaram frequência de ocorrência significativa (P<0,05). Uma associação direta foi observada entre a presença de ceratoconjuntivite e a identificação de virúria pelo CDV. Esses achados sugerem que a excreção do CDV pela urina em cães com sinais clínicos compatíveis com cinomose pode não ser relacionada com a idade do animal, e que animais sintomáticos podem apresentar manifestações clínicas atribuídas ao CDV, porém sem a caracterização de virúria por RT-PCR. Adicionalmente, análises filogenéticas sugerem que várias cepas de CDV podem estar circulando em populações caninas de áreas urbanas no Brasil.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cinomose/diagnóstico , Cinomose/epidemiologia , Cinomose/genética , Filogenia , Urina/microbiologia , Ceratoconjuntivite/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterináriaRESUMO
Cerebral cryptococcomas are described in a 5-year-old mixed-breed cow without manifestations of systemic cryptococcosis. Two cryptococcomas were observed grossly. Microscopical examination revealed accumulations of yeast that were morphologically consistent with Cryptococcus neoformans. Immunohistochemistry characterized the organisms as C. neoformans var. grubii.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Criptococose/veterinária , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Meningite Criptocócica/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos de Fungos/análise , Encéfalo/microbiologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Criptococose/microbiologia , Criptococose/patologia , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , Cryptococcus neoformans/imunologia , DNA Fúngico/análise , Feminino , Meningite Criptocócica/microbiologia , Meningite Criptocócica/patologiaRESUMO
PIP: Jet injection was 1st introduced into Brazil's smallpox eradication program in 1965 following field studies in Amapa Territory that confirmed the effectiveness of this technique. Between January 27-February 15, 1965, vaccination teams vaccinated 53,654 people in this territory, representing 89% of the target population. Local personnel with limited training were able to operate the jet injectors with few problems. Vaccination take rates were significantly higher both in primary vaccinees and revaccinees when the jet injectors as opposed to the conventional multiple pressure technique was used. Take rates ranged from 81-90% in the various villages, and there were only 2 complications reported. An average of over 600 vaccinations could be performed per hour with jet injection and total man-hours expended were 1/3 the number involved in the traditional technique. The cost per vaccination was estimated to be US$0.022 for the jet injector technique compared with 0.067 for the multiple pressure approach. Overall, the experience in Amapa Territory indicates that jet injection has obvious advantages, including a reduction in manpower needs, a reduction in transportation needs, increased efficiency, and a reduction in vaccine needs. For best use of the equipment, priority should be given to urban areas.^ieng