RESUMO
Chemosensory cues play an important role in the daily lives of salamanders, mediating foraging, conspecific recognition, and territorial advertising. We investigated the behavioral effects of conspecific whole-body odorants in axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum, a salamander species that is fully aquatic. We found that males increased general activity when exposed to female odorants, but that activity levels in females were not affected by conspecific odorants. Although males showed no difference in courtship displays across testing conditions, females performed courtship displays only in response to male odorants. We also found that electro-olfactogram responses from the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia were larger in response to whole-body odorants from the opposite sex than from the same sex. In males, odorants from gravid and recently spawned females evoked different electro-olfactogram responses at some locations in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia; in general, however, few consistent differences between the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia were observed. Finally, post hoc analyses indicate that experience with opposite-sex conspecifics affects some behavioral and electrophysiological responses. Overall, our data indicate that chemical cues from conspecifics affect general activity and courtship behavior in axolotls, and that both the olfactory and vomeronasal systems may be involved in discriminating the sex and reproductive condition of conspecifics.
Assuntos
Ambystoma mexicanum/fisiologia , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Olfato/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Ambystoma mexicanum/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Movimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento/fisiologia , Neurônios Aferentes/fisiologia , Mucosa Olfatória/fisiologia , Órgão Vomeronasal/fisiologiaRESUMO
The primary goal in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is to obtain wound closure as expeditiously as possible and prevent the recurrence of foot wounds due to neuropathy, foot deformity, and poor circulation. Interventions that bring about the quick resolution of afoot wound and reduce the rate of recurrence have been shown to lower the risk of developing a secondary infection and decrease the incidence of lower extremity amputation in the diabetic patient.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Pé Diabético/terapia , Sapatos/normas , Desenho de Equipamento , Neuropatias Diabéticas/terapia , Promoção da Saúde , Pé Diabético/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The primary goal in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is to obtain wound closure as expeditiously as possible and prevent the recurrence of foot wounds due to neuropathy, foot deformity, and poor circulation. Interventions that bring about the quick resolution of afoot wound and reduce the rate of recurrence have been shown to lower the risk of developing a secondary infection and decrease the incidence of lower extremity amputation in the diabetic patient.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Pé Diabético/terapia , Sapatos/normas , Pé Diabético/fisiopatologia , Neuropatias Diabéticas/terapia , Desenho de Equipamento , Promoção da Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
Since 1989, heroin production worldwide has risen; in New York City, as its purity rose and prices fell, street-level markets were restructured and offered heroin in addition to cocaine and crack (which had been popular during the 1980s). While officials estimate that there are between 500,000 and one million hard-core, chronic heroin users nationwide, evidence of supplemental users heralding another heroin era includes: more overdoses and overdose deaths, greater demand for treatment, larger seizures of heroin at all levels of distribution and related arrests, and broader media coverage. In this article, the authors describe the characteristics of populations in which there may have been a percentage increase of new users, such as young middle- or upper-class European-Americans, young Puerto Ricans and recent Haitian and Russian immigrants. The abstinence of young African-Americans is also noted. The article ends with a preliminary needs assessment of the new users in the areas of health (including AIDS), housing, employment, treatment, arrest and imprisonment.