RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if ADHD/ODD symptoms are better represented by a bifactor model of disruptive behavior [general disruptive behavior factor along with specific inattention (IN), specific hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and specific oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) factors] than an ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD three-factor model. METHOD: Mothers' and fathers' ratings of ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms in a community sample of 4,658 children and adolescents (53% female) from Brazil, Thailand, and the US were used to evaluate the measurement models. RESULTS: The bifactor model of disruptive behavior provided a better fit than the three factor model. The bifactor model also occurred with mothers' and fathers' ratings of male and female children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with predictions derived from recently articulated dual-pathway and trait-impulsivity models of externalizing liability, and from behavioral genetics studies indicating near complete overlap in vulnerability to ADHD and ODD, ADHD and ODD symptoms arose from a single, general disruptive behavior factor, which accounted for all of the variance in HI subscale scores and over half of the variance IN and ODD subscales. Thus, IN, HI, and ODD subscale scores strongly reflect a general disruptive behavior factor not the specific content of their respective constructs.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/etiologia , Comportamento Impulsivo , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/psicologia , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Agitação Psicomotora/psicologia , Fatores Sexuais , Tailândia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This study examined the latent structure and validity of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptomatology. We evaluated mother and teacher ratings of ADHD and SCT symptoms in 140 Puerto Rican children (55.7% males), ages 6 to 11 years, via factor and regression analyses. A three-factor model (inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and SCT) provided the best fit for both sets of ratings. Inattention was the strongest correlate of lower scores on neuropsychological, achievement, and psychosocial measures. Externalizing problems were most strongly associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity, and internalizing problems were most strongly associated with parent-rated SCT and teacher-rated Inattention. SCT was not associated with executive function but was negatively associated with math. Inattention accounted for a disproportionate amount of ADHD-related impairment, which may explain the restricted discriminant validity of DSM-IV types. The distinct factors of hyperactivity-impulsivity and SCT had unique associations with impairing comorbidities and are roughly equivalent in predicting external correlates of ADHD-related impairment.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Atenção , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Logro , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/etnologia , Criança , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Hipercinese/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/psicologia , Inteligência , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo , Mães , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Resolução de Problemas , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Desempenho Psicomotor , Porto Rico , EnsinoRESUMO
The effects of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg methylphenidate were analyzed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in which 17 boys (ages 7.8-9.9 years) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) played in baseball games. Drug effects were evaluated on children's attention during the game, as indicated by their on-task behavior on the field and their ability to answer questions about the status of the game at all times. Judgment during batting, batting skill during the game, and performance on skill drills prior to the game were also assessed as a function of medication. Results revealed that methylphenidate had a beneficial effect on attending during the game.