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OBJECTIVE: To assess the experience, prevalence, need for treatment and economic impact of caries among students 6-12 years old in four cities in Mexico. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical study. SETTING: Elementary public schools. PARTICIPANTS: 500 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. METHOD: Oral clinical examinations using WHO criteria for caries in the primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentitions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indicators of caries in the primary and permanent dentitions: experience, prevalence, severity and the Significant Caries Index. In addition, we calculated the treatment needs, dental care rate and cost of care. RESULTS: dmft in the primary dentition was 2.59±2.83, and DMFT was 0.82±1.44 in the permanent dentition. Caries prevalence reached 67.7% in the primary and 34.1% in permanent dentition. The treatment needs index was 85.9% and 91.3% in the primary and permanent dentitions, respectively; the dental care index was 13.9% and 8.5%, respectively. The cost of care for caries in the primary dentition was estimated at $22.087 millions of international dollars (PPP US$) when amalgam was the restorative material used, and PPP US$19.107 millions for glass ionomer. For the permanent dentition, the cost was PPP US$7.431 millions when amalgam was used and PPP US$7.985 millions when resin/composite was used as restorative material. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and experience of caries in the primary dentition were 50% greater than those of other studies carried out in Mexico. In the permanent dentition they were less. There is considerable need for the treatment of caries and minimal experience with restorative care. The cost of care for caries may be assumed to be high for a health system such as Mexico's.
Assuntos
Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Cárie Dentária , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Índice CPO , Amálgama Dentário , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Prevalência , Dente DecíduoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Determine the association between key dental outcomes and added sugar intake using a survey instrument to assess added sugars, which was specifically tailored to immigrant and US-born adults of Mexican origin. METHODS: Hispanic adults of Mexican origin (n = 326; 36.2 ± 12.1 years) completed a self-administered survey to gather acculturation, self-reported dental experiences and self-care practices (eg brushing, flossing, pain, bleeding gums), and socio-demographic information. The survey included a culturally tailored 22-item Added Sugar Intake Estimate (ASIE) that assessed added sugar intake from processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire format. Linear regression, 2-sample t test, and ANOVA were used to evaluate associations of demographic and dental outcomes with daily added sugar intake. RESULTS: Of the mean total daily added sugar intake (99.6 ± 94.6 g), 36.5 ± 44.4 g was derived from sugar-containing foods and snacks, and 63.1 ± 68.2 g from beverages. Participants who reported greater added sugar intake were more likely to have reported the presence of a toothache in the preceding 12 months, having been prescribed antibiotics for dental reasons, being less likely to floss daily, have reported eating or drinking within 1 hour before bed and have lower psychological acculturation (P < .05 for all). Results were comparable when assessing intake from sugar-containing foods/snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the association between added sugar intake and self-reported dental outcomes among adults of Mexican origin and points to an urgent need to improve dietary behaviours in this population.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/etnologia , Açúcares da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Americanos Mexicanos , Aculturação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bebidas Gaseificadas/efeitos adversos , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Bucal , Higiene Bucal , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We used data from the TalaSurvey study to examine associations between dental health experiences, social network characteristics, and levels of behavioral and psychological acculturation in one location in the American Midwest. METHODS: Starting in parishes and community organizations, we identified adults of Mexican origin living in Indianapolis, who were 1st- or 2nd-generation immigrants from Tala, Mexico. Using a social networks methodology and following extensive formative research, we created an egocentric social network survey and administered it via face-to-face interviews. We identified the peers (alters) in interviewees' (egos) personal networks. We asked egos about multiple oral health and dental care variables for self and for alters. Acculturation (psychological and behavioral) was measured with a validated tool. Through logistic and negative binomial regression, we examined the effects of acculturation and network composition on ego's dental insurance status, dental office visits, and the reason for most recent dental office visit. RESULTS: A total of 332 egos (mean age 36; 63% female) were interviewed: 90% were born in Mexico; 45% had completed elementary school or lower; and most had low income. Each ego named 3.9 (SD±1.9) alters in his/her personal network, for a total of 1299 alters (mean age 39; 61% female). Both behavioral acculturation and psychological acculturation were moderately associated with dental insurance coverage, and greater behavioral acculturation predicted more frequent dental care. More psychologically acculturated egos were more likely to seek preventive care. Further, egos with more highly educated networks sought care more frequently and for preventive purposes, net of ego's own education and acculturation. CONCLUSIONS: This study contextualizes acculturation of Mexican Americans within the personal networks in which oral health discussion takes place. The findings underscore the critical importance of acculturation and social network factors in shaping a subgroup of Latinos' orientation toward dental care.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Assistência Odontológica/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Apoio Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Odontologia Preventiva , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers and beliefs influencing oral health and dental care-seeking among Mexican-Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN: Interviews and Likert-scale survey questions were utilized to explore urgent and preventive dental care-seeking, oral hygiene habits and lifestyle practices. Thirty-three interviews were conducted with 16 adults (ages 33-52), and 17 adolescents (ages 14-19). RESULTS: Teens identified the same main barriers to accessing dental care as adults: high cost, financial limitations and lack of insurance. Most Mexican-Americans agreed with the belief that everyone will need urgent dental treatment and the majority believed that going to a dentist in private practice instead of the Emergency Room was important. Although adults recognized the importance of preventive dental care, half reported being unlikely to seek such care while half of teens reported that they were likely to do so. Adults reported relying equally on themselves and on peers to make dental care decisions, while teens mostly depended on others to make decisions about urgent and preventive care. Virtually all respondents believed regular brushing to be important and many flossing too. A major barrier to flossing was being unsure of the proper technique. Another barrier to better oral health was not having seen messages encouraging changes in lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that Mexican-American teens and adults may experience oral health similarly. Teens do not have more positive oral health beliefs and encounter mostly the same barriers to care as adults.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Saúde Bucal , Adolescente , Adulto , Assistência Ambulatorial , Assistência Odontológica/psicologia , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Seguro Saúde , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Higiene Bucal/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Prática Privada , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Escovação Dentária/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of collectivist orientation (often called familismo when applied to the Latino sub-group in the United States) in oral health discussion networks. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Through respondent-driven sampling and face-to-face interviews, we identified respondents' (egos) personal social network members (alters). Egos stated whom they talked with about oral health, and how often they discussed dental problems in the preceding 12 months. PARTICIPANTS: An urban community of adult Mexican-American immigrants in the Midwest United States. We interviewed 332 egos (90% born in Mexico); egos named an average of 3.9 alters in their networks, 1,299 in total. METHOD: We applied egocentric network methods to examine the ego, alter, and network variables that characterize health discussion networks. RESULTS: Kin were most often leveraged when dental problems arose; egos relied on individuals whom they perceive to have better knowledge about dental matters. However, reliance on knowledgeable alters decreased among egos with greater behavioral acculturation. CONCLUSIONS: This paper developed a network-based conceptualization of familismo. We describe the structure of oral health networks, including kin, fictive kin, peers, and health professionals, and examine how networks and acculturation help shape oral health among these Mexican-Americans.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Americanos Mexicanos , Saúde Bucal , Apoio Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for which erupted third molars (3M) are extracted in a sample of Mexican patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 83 patients attending exodontia (minor oral surgery) clinics of a public university in Mexico (Autonomous University of Hidalgo State). The outcome variable was the reason for extractions using Kay and Blinkhorn's classification. The independent variables were age, gender, arch and tooth number according to the World Health Organization (WHO). For statistical analysis, we used the Chi-squared test in Stata 9.0. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients underwent 150 3M extractions. Mean age was 38.67 ± 13.96 years, and 71.1% were female. The four reasons for 3M extraction were prosthetic (44.0%), followed by orthodontic (24.7%), dental caries (20.0%) and periodontal disease (11.3%). Differences were observed in the reasons for 3M extractions across age groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences existed between men and women (p > 0.05), or the WHO tooth number (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Women and patients 18 to 34 years of age had erupted 3M extracted more frequently, primarily for prosthetic reasons. The age profile indicated a trend in demand for services that differ from those of overall tooth extractions, but not for the trend across gender.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare a limited array of chewing-stimulated saliva features (salivary flow, pH and buffer capacity) in a sample of elderly Mexicans with clinical, sociodemographic and socio-economic variables. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 139 adults, 60 years old and older, from two retirement homes and a senior day care centre in the city of Pachuca, Mexico. Sociodemographic, socio-economic and behavioural variables were collected through a questionnaire. A trained and standardized examiner obtained the oral clinical variables. Chewing-stimulated saliva (paraffin method) was collected and the salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity were measured. The analysis was performed using non-parametric tests in Stata 9.0. RESULTS: Mean age was 79.1 ± 9.8 years. Most of the subjects included were women (69.1%). Mean chewing-stimulated salivary flow was 0.75 ± 0.80 mL/minute, and the pH and buffer capacity were 7.88 ± 0.83 and 4.20 ± 1.24, respectively. Mean chewing-stimulated salivary flow varied (p < 0.05) across type of retirement home, tooth brushing frequency, number of missing teeth and use of dental prostheses. pH varied across the type of retirement home (p < 0.05) and marginally by age (p = 0.087); buffer capacity (p < 0.05) varied across type of retirement home, tobacco consumption and the number of missing teeth. CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory data add to the body of knowledge with regard to chewing-stimulated salivary features (salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity) and outline the variability of those features across selected sociodemographic, socio-economic and behavioural variables in a group of Mexican elders.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of daily tooth brushing and evaluate some variables associated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 320 schoolchildren six to nine years old in Campeche, Mexico. Information on sociodemographic and socio-economic variables, oral hygiene practices and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. The frequency of tooth brushing was categorized as "0" = fewer than seven times/week, "1" = at least once a day. In the analysis, nonparametric tests were used. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.99 +/- 1.00 years, 52.5% were boys. The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was 81.6%. In bivariate analysis, the prevalence of tooth brushing was higher (p < 0.05) among the children of mothers with higher schooling (9.80 years vs 8.47 years, p < 0.05), and in younger children (84.6% in 6-7-year olds vs 71.2% in 8-9-year olds, p < 0.05). A slight, non-significant association (p < 0.10) was noted between the current frequency of tooth brushing and an earlier age when the child first started brushing with toothpaste. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the frequency of tooth brushing by gender or by the mother's attitude toward the oral health of her child. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was high compared to other studies. Mother's maximum level of schooling (as an indicator of socio-economic position) was associated with higher frequency of tooth brushing. Maternal characteristics are associated with the oral health behaviour of their children.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Escolaridade , Educação em Saúde Bucal , Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Etários , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Demografia , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Cremes DentaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Treatment Needs Index (TNI) for dental caries, the restorative Care Index (CI), and to introduce a Tooth Extractions Index (TEI) to estimate past and current treatment needs among Mexican adolescents. SUBJECT AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1538 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, to collect decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) data to describe TNI, CI and TEI indices. RESULTS: Higher TNI was identified in younger male teenagers who had always lived in the same community, without dental visits in the last year, and who had poorer socio-economic markers. Higher CI was found in older, female subjects who had moved in their lifetimes to a new community in the area, with dental visits in the last year and who had better socio-economic markers. Higher TEI was found in older, female teenagers who had moved in their lifetimes to a new community in the area, without dental visits in the last year, and who had worse socio-economic markers. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high rates of treatment needs for dental caries and little experience of restorative treatment. While dental extractions due to advanced caries should ideally be zero, relatively few adolescents had this treatment experience. Despite the fact that the overall background of these adolescents is rather homogeneous, it was still possible to find that treatment needs'indices (past and present needs) appeared to be modified by sociodemographic and socio-economic variables.
OBJETIVO: Determinar las necesidades de tratamiento para caries dental (INT), el índice de cuidados restauradores (IC) así como proponer un índice que haga referencia a las extracciones dentales (IE), para estimar necesidades de tratamiento actual y pasada en adolescentes mexicanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en 1538 adolescentes de 12 y 15 años en el Estado de Hidalgo, México. Empleando el índice CPOD se calcularon los índices TNI e IC; asimismo se propone un IE a las que ha estado expuesta la población. RESULTADOS: El INT fue mayor en los de 12 años, hombres, los que vivieron siempre en la misma comunidad, que no tuvieron visita al dentista en el último año, y con marcado nivel socioeconómico bajo. El IC fue mayor en los sujetos de 15 años, las mujeres, con migración interna, que si tuvieron visita al dentista en el último año, y con mejor nivel socioeconómico. El IE fue mayor en los de 15 años, mujeres, con migración interna, que no tuvieron visita al dentista en el último año, y con peores condiciones socioeconómicas. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron altas necesidades insatisfechas de tratamiento para caries dental y poca experiencia de tratamiento restaurador. Las extracciones se observaron en pocos adolescentes, considerando cero como ideal. A pesar de que los antecedentes de estos adolescentes es bastante homogéneo, fue posible encontrar que los índices de necesidades de tratamiento (necesidades presentes y pasadas) parecen ser modificados por variables socio-demográficas y socioeconómicas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Adolescente , Extração Dentária , Saúde Bucal , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudos Transversais , Avaliação das NecessidadesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of daily tooth brushing and evaluate some variables associated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 320 schoolchildren six to nine years old in Campeche, Mexico. Information on sociodemographic and socio-economic variables, oral hygiene practices and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. The frequency of tooth brushing was categorized as "0" = fewer than seven times/week, "1" = at least once a day. In the analysis, nonparametric tests were used. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.99 ± 1.00 years, 52.5% were boys. The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was 81.6%. In bivariate analysis, the prevalence of tooth brushing was higher (p < 0.05) among the children of mothers with higher schooling (9.80 years vs 8.47 years, p < 0.05), and in younger children (84.6% in 6-7-year olds vs 71.2% in 8-9-year olds, p < 0.05). A slight, non-significant association (p < 0.10) was noted between the current frequency of tooth brushing and an earlier age when the child first started brushing with toothpaste. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the frequency of tooth brushing by gender or by the mother's attitude toward the oral health of her child. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was high compared to other studies. Mother's maximum level of schooling (as an indicator of socio-economic position) was associated with higher frequency of tooth brushing. Maternal characteristics are associated with the oral health behaviour of their children.
OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia del cepillado dental diario y evaluar algunas de las variables asociadas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 320 escolares de seis a nueve años de edad en Campeche, México. La información sobre las variables sociodemográficas y socio-económicas, las prácticas higiénicas orales y las actitudes, fue recopilada mediante un cuestionario. La frecuencia de cepillado dental fue clasificada con las siguientes categorías: "0" = menos de siete veces por semana, "1" = por lo menos una vez al día. En el análisis, se usaron pruebas no paramétricas. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue 6.99 ± 1.00 años, 52.5% fueron varones. La prevalencia del cepillado dental diario fue 81.6%. En el análisis bivariante, la prevalencia del cepillado dental fue más alta (p < 0.05) entre los niños de madres con mayor escolaridad (9.80 años frente a 8.47 años, p < 0.05), y en los niños de menor edad (84.6% en los de 6 a 7 años frente a 71.2% en los de 8 a 9 años, p < 0.05). Una ligera asociación no significativa (p < 0.10) fue observada entre la frecuencia actual del cepillado dental, y la existente en una edad más temprana, cuando el niño comenzara por primera vez a cepillarse con crema dental. No hubo ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p > 0.05) en la frecuencia del cepillado dental por género o por la actitud de la madre hacia la salud oral de su niño. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia del cepillado dental diario fue alta en comparación con la de otros estudios. El máximo nivel escolar de las madres predominio (como indicador de posición socio-económica) estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia del cepillado dental. Las características maternas se encuentran asociadas con la conducta en la relación con la salud oral de sus hijos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Materno , Cremes Dentais/administração & dosagem , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Educação em Saúde Bucal , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Treatment Needs Index (TNI) for dental caries, the restorative Care Index (CI), and to introduce a Tooth Extractions Index (TEI) to estimate past and current treatment needs among Mexican adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1538 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, to collect decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) data to describe TNI, CI and TEI indices. RESULTS: Higher TNI was identified in younger male teenagers who had always lived in the same community, without dental visits in the last year, and who had poorer socio-economic markers. Higher CI was found in older, female subjects who had moved in their lifetimes to a new community in the area, with dental visits in the last year and who had better socio-economic markers. Higher TEI was found in older, female teenagers who had moved in their lifetimes to a new community in the area, without dental visits in the last year, and who had worse socio-economic markers. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high rates of treatment needs for dental caries and little experience of restorative treatment. While dental extractions due to advanced caries should ideally be zero, relatively few adolescents had this treatment experience. Despite the fact that the overall background of these adolescents is rather homogeneous, it was still possible to find that treatment needs' indices (past and present needs) appeared to be modified by sociodemographic and socio-economic variables.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/terapia , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Saúde Bucal , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Extração DentáriaRESUMO
AIM: To determine whether maternal characteristics and treatment needs are associated with dental health services utilization (DHSU) in school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 1373 school children aged 6- 12 years in elementary schools in Campeche, Mexico collected family and sociodemographic characteristics; an oral examination was conducted. The dependent variable was DHSU in the year preceding the study. RESULTS: DHSU prevalence was 65.5%. The variables associated (p<0.05) with DHSU in the final multivariate model were age (OR=1.27), maternal schooling (OR=1.07), mother's attitude toward oral health (OR=1.39), frequency of tooth brushing (OR=1.83), enamel defects (OR=1.55), and unmet oral health needs (moderate: OR=1.42 and high: OR=2.30). CONCLUSION: Specific sociodemographic and maternal variables were associated with DHSU. Strategies are needed to increase appropriate and timely use of services to improve health status.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Comportamento Materno , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Índice CPO , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças/estatística & dados numéricos , Esmalte Dentário/anormalidades , Escolaridade , Características da Família , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Masculino , Idade Materna , México , Mães/educação , Saúde Bucal , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
AIM: To determine if the presence of developmental enamel defects (DED) in the primary dentition is a risk indicator for the presence of DED in the permanent dentition in children with mixed dentition, as well as others factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 1296 school children ages six to 72 years. The DED [FDI; 1982] in both dentitions were identified by means of an oral exam scoring enamel opacities [classified as demarcated or diffused], and enamel hypoplasia. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables were collected through a questionnaire. Socioeconomic status (SES) was determined based on the occupation and maximum level of education of parents. Statistical analysis included logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 8.40 +/- 1.68; 51.6% were boys. DED prevalence was 7.5% in the permanent dentition and 10.0% in the primary dentition. The logistic regression model, adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, showed that for each primary tooth with DED, the odds of observing DED in the permanent dentition increased 7.38 times [95% CI = 1.17-1.64; p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: An association between DED presence in both permanent and primary dentitions was observed. Further studies are necessary to fully characterise such relationship.
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Esmalte Dentário/anormalidades , Dente Decíduo/anormalidades , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Hipoplasia do Esmalte Dentário/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Ocupações , Pais/educação , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Classe SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rates of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CLP) in Mexico between 2003 and 2009 and assess their association with variables at ecological level, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and pollution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An ecological study was conducted with data from the 32 states of Mexico for incidence of CLP, obtained from the Ministry of Health. We included sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and pollution information, obtained from governmental agencies. CLP incidence rates were used as dependent variable; independent variables were socioeconomic, demographic and pollution indicators. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman correlation and chi(2) tests. RESULTS: During the study period 10573 new cases presented (mean 1510.43 per year). The States with the highest rate (per 1000 births) were: in 2003 the Federal District (Mexico City) (1.76), in 2004 Jalisco (2.62), in 2005 Oaxaca (1.66), in 2006 the State of Mexico (1.29), in 2007, 2008 and 2009 Jalisco (2.17, 2.92, and 1.99). For all the years men were more likely affected than women (P<.05). Variables found positively correlated to LPH rates were total population, solid waste, life expectancy, urban solid waste. The variables negatively correlated were population percentages of high alcohol users, and of alcohol abuse or addiction. CONCLUSIONS: The State of Jalisco was one of the most affected locations over the years. Ecologic positive correlations existed between cleft lip and/or palate and sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and pollution factors. Incidence rate was negatively correlated with alcohol use and abuse. More detailed epidemiological studies are needed to fully characterize risk factors in Mexican populations.
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Fenda Labial/epidemiologia , Fissura Palatina/epidemiologia , Poluição Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of edentulism in Mexican elders aged 60 years and older, and the associated risk indicators. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 139 elders living in either of two long-term care (LTC) facilities, or attending an adult day center (ADC) in Pachuca, Mexico. A subject was edentulous when natural teeth were completely absent, determined through a clinical examination. Risk indicators were collected using questionnaires. Analyses were performed using binary logistic regression in STATA 9.0. Mean age was 79.0±9.8 years. Many subjects were women (69.1%). The prevalence of edentulism was 36.7%. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age and sex, the variables that were inversely associated (p<0.05) with edentulism were living with a spouse (odds ratio=OR=0.31), and lacking health insurance (OR=0.70). Variables associated with higher risk of being edentate were lower educational attainment (OR=1.61), having received radiation therapy (OR=4.49), being a smoker (OR=4.82), and having diabetes (OR=2.94) or other chronic illnesses (OR=1.82) (with hypertension approaching significance, p=0.067). In this sample of Mexican elders, diverse variables were associated with edentulism, in particular smoking and past radiotherapy. Oral health programs within and outside LTC/ADC should take into account risk factors specific to the older population.
Assuntos
Boca Edêntula/epidemiologia , Perda de Dente/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Modelos Logísticos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Perda de Dente/etiologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Latin American dental schools are at diverse stages in the continuum of implementation of infection control (IC) programmes that comply with evidence-based recommendations. Poor IC training may result in low compliance and negative attitudes against patients infected with blood borne pathogens (BBP). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate students' knowledge on IC and attitudes toward occupational BBP risks, in six dental schools in Latin America. METHODS: This survey was administered to convenience samples of dental students at one school in Costa Rica; four schools in Mexico, and one in Venezuela. The questionnaire included Likert-type scale evaluations of agreement with statements. Study variables included knowledge about and confidence in recommended IC procedures, degree of concern about HIV and HBV transmission in dental settings, and attitudes toward patients infected with BBP. Possible associations between variables were analysed using Pearson's Chi square and Kruskal Wallis tests. RESULTS: Substantial numbers of students had incomplete knowledge and often lacked confidence on IC and procedures; believed that HIV and HBV could be transmitted during clinical procedures; felt worried about occupational exposure to BBP, and held prejudices towards HIV and HBV infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Educational efforts are needed to enhance IC teaching and compliance. Diverse educational resources and international networks for research collaboration are available from organisations specialised in IC, hopefully paving the way to harmonising regional standards.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Educação em Odontologia , Controle de Infecções Dentárias , Estudantes de Odontologia/psicologia , Patógenos Transmitidos pelo Sangue , Costa Rica , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Hepatite B/psicologia , Humanos , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Paciente para o Profissional , Masculino , México , Inquéritos e Questionários , VenezuelaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Professional truck drivers are at high risk of chronic diseases. Further examination of tobacco use and its impact on oral health is warranted - both in terms of the direct association between tobacco use and poor oral health, and in terms of tobacco use being an indicator of poor health behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the possible association between smoking and dental caries experience in a population with high tobacco use. METHODS: Drivers' licenses are periodically re-issued by the Mexican government and as part of the licensing process a physical exam takes place. We administered a free, standardized questionnaire together with an oral examination (WHO criteria) included in the physical exam, targeting a random sample of applicants in Mexico City. RESULTS: A total of 824 dentate males (mean age 35.5 +/- 10 years) took part in the study, of whom 49.2% were current smokers and 23.2% were former smokers. Caries experience was mean DMFT 8.95 (+/- 6.05). Only 18.0% of participants had 'excellent' or 'good' oral hygiene. The prevalence of 'large' cavities increased as the number of cigarettes/day increased from 14.6% (1-3 cigarettes/day) to 33.3% (> or =10 cigarettes/day). Using multiple linear regressions, we found that older age, poorer oral hygiene, higher education, and greater tobacco exposure were significantly associated with higher caries experience (DMFT). An interaction was observed with oral hygiene and tobacco: drivers that smoked and had 'poor' oral hygiene showed the highest number of large cavities and missing teeth. Health promotion interventions are needed in this at-risk population group.
Assuntos
Índice CPO , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Escolaridade , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Meios de TransporteRESUMO
To determine the prevalence of edentulism in adults aged 18 years and older in Mexico and to describe its distribution in 20 of the 32 States in Mexico, highlighting the experience in the WHO age groups. A secondary analysis of the National Performance Evaluation Survey 2002-2003 (representative at the state level and part of the Word Health Survey) was undertaken. The sample design was probabilistic, stratified and through conglomerates. Data on dental conditions were available only for 20 of the 32 states of Mexico, leading to a total of 24 159 households (N = 54 638 654). The percentage of edentulism was determined as the proportion of subjects that self-reported complete loss of teeth. Data were analyzed using the SVY module for complex surveys in STATA 8.2. The mean age was 41.3 +/- 17.0 years (range 18-99). An estimated 6.3% (N = 3 437 816) of the population > or =18 years was edentulous. Lowest prevalences were observed in the states of Tlaxcala, Puebla and the Estado de Mexico with 3.4%, 3.8% and 4.5%, respectively. Highest prevalences were observed in San Luis Potosí, Colima, and Michoacán with 10.3%, 10.2% and 10.1%, respectively. Following the WHO age groups, the prevalence ranged from 2.4% in the 35-44 group through 25.5% in the 65-74 group. No obvious association between socio-economic and socio-demographic indicators at the state level and prevalence of edentulism was found. The prevalence of complete tooth loss observed in the present study varied greatly across states, although no straightforward association was found with socio-economic and socio-demographic indicators at the state level. This study could serve as a baseline to enable future evaluations of the oral status of Mexican adults and elders, following WHO age groups.
Assuntos
Boca Edêntula/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Distribuição por Sexo , Classe SocialRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Oral health status in older people is frequently poor which can contribute to inadequate dietary patterns and nutrition status. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an association between the number of teeth present and dietary fiber intake exists in elderly people living independently, across different geographic and socioeconomic locations. METHODS: A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in three Mexican communities (urban, marginal urban, and rural), incorporating geographic and socio-demographic information and a 24-hour diet recall. Dental status (teeth present, coronal and root caries, and periodontal status) was determined by clinical examination. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson's chi2 and Tukey's range tests. RESULTS: 407 persons 60 years old and over participated in the study. Subjects in the rural community had better dental/periodontal status and more teeth present than urban and marginal-urban participants. Intake of fiber was 8.4 g/day for the urban, 7.6 g/day for the marginal-urban, and 13.5 g/day for the rural community. While gender had no detectable effect, the location of residence and the number of teeth present were associated with mean fiber intake; having more than 21 teeth and/or living in a rural location were associated with increased mean fiber intake.