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The high levels of antibiotic resistance registered worldwide have become a serious health problem, threatening the currently available treatments for a series of infectious diseases. With antibiotics becoming less and less effective, it is becoming increasingly difficult and, in some cases, impossible to treat patients with even common infectious diseases, such as pneumonia. The inability to meet the ever-increasing demand to control microbial infection requires both the search for new antimicrobials and improved site-specific delivery. On the one hand, bacterial secondary metabolites are known for their diverse structure and antimicrobial potential and have been in use for a very long time in diverse sectors. A good deal of research is produced annually describing new molecules of bacterial origin with antimicrobial properties and varied applications. However, very few of these new molecules reach the clinical phase and even fewer are launched in the market for use. In this review article, we bring together information on these molecules with potential for application, in particular, for human and veterinary medicine, and the potential added value of the use of liposomes as delivery systems for site-specific delivery of these drugs with the synergistic effect to overcome the risk of antibiotic resistance.
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OBJECTIVE: Focused US examinations of the liver in the routine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening reduce the time spent on evaluating other structures deemed irrelevant to the clinical setting. It is still unknown, however, if such a strategy may additionally improve the frequency of nodules detection. We aimed to assess the impact of an HCC surveillance program in high-risk patients by means of targeted liver US following LI-RADS technical guidelines in comparison to a complete upper abdominal scan. METHODS: In this IRB-approved, single-center, prospective study, patients at high-risk for HCC enrolled from 06/2016 to 09/2019 were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 institutional protocols: Group A (targeted liver US) or Group B (complete upper abdominal scan). Twenty examiners with similar experience in abdominal US were randomly assigned to perform the examinations exclusively in 1 of the groups (10 in each group). Frequency of hepatic nodules between groups was compared by using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-five patients were enrolled, with no significant differences in both groups regarding sex, age, etiology of liver disease, MELD scores, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. A significantly higher frequency of nodules detection was found in Group A (230 patients; 23 nodules detected; 10% of the sample) in comparison to Group B (235 patients; 3 nodules; 1.3% of the sample) (p <.001). Five patients in Group A and 1 in Group B were positive for HCC after full diagnostic work-up. CONCLUSION: Adopting an HCC screening program based on targeted liver US improved the detection of hepatic nodules among high-risk individuals.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagem , Meios de Contraste , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy that develops in cirrhotic livers. Its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates vary according to geographical region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile, epidemiological characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment and survival of patients with HCC. Material and methods. Patients with HCC seen between 2000 and 2012 were studied. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis according to variables in question. Results. The study included 247 patients with a mean age of 60 ± 10 years. There was a predominance of males (74%). The main etiologies of HCC were HCV infection (55%), excessive alcohol consumption (12%), and HBV infection (8%). Liver cirrhosis was present in 92% of cases. The mean tumor number and diameter were 2 and 5 cm, respectively. Patients meeting the Milan criteria corresponded to 43% of the sample. Liver transplantation was performed in 22.4% of patients of the Milan subset and in 10% of the whole sample. The overall mean survival was 60 months, with a 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability of 74%, 40% and 29%, respectively. Lower survival was observed among patients with alcoholic etiology. Survival was higher among patients submitted to liver transplantation (P < 0.001), TACE (P < 0.001), or any kind of treatment (P < 0.001). However, no difference was found for surgical resection (P = 0.1) or sorafenib (P = 0.1). Conclusion. Patients with HCC were mainly older men diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment was associated with better overall survival, but few patients survived to be treated.
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Humanos , Transplante de Fígado , Quimioembolização Terapêutica , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Técnicas de Ablação , Hepatectomia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Tempo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/efeitos adversos , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/mortalidade , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carga Tumoral , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Hepatectomia/efeitos adversos , Hepatectomia/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy that develops in cirrhotic livers. Its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates vary according to geographical region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile, epidemiological characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment and survival of patients with HCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with HCC seen between 2000 and 2012 were studied. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis according to variables in question. RESULTS: The study included 247 patients with a mean age of 60 ± 10 years. There was a predominance of males (74%). The main etiologies of HCC were HCV infection (55%), excessive alcohol consumption (12%), and HBV infection (8%). Liver cirrhosis was present in 92% of cases. The mean tumor number and diameter were 2 and 5 cm, respectively. Patients meeting the Milan criteria corresponded to 43% of the sample. Liver transplantation was performed in 22.4% of patients of the Milan subset and in 10% of the whole sample. The overall mean survival was 60 months, with a 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability of 74%, 40% and 29%, respectively. Lower survival was observed among patients with alcoholic etiology. Survival was higher among patients submitted to liver transplantation (P < 0.001), TACE (P < 0.001), or any kind of treatment (P < 0.001). However, no difference was found for surgical resection (P = 0.1) or sorafenib (P = 0.1). CONCLUSION: Patients with HCC were mainly older men diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment was associated with better overall survival, but few patients survived to be treated.
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Técnicas de Ablação , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Quimioembolização Terapêutica , Hepatectomia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Transplante de Fígado , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Técnicas de Ablação/efeitos adversos , Técnicas de Ablação/mortalidade , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/efeitos adversos , Quimioembolização Terapêutica/mortalidade , Feminino , Hepatectomia/efeitos adversos , Hepatectomia/mortalidade , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Fígado/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Niacinamida/efeitos adversos , Niacinamida/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Fenilureia/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Sorafenibe , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga TumoralRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: The criterion of Milan (CM) has been used as standard for indication of liver transplantation (LTx) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide for nearly 20 years. Several centers have adopted criteria expanded in order to increase the number of patients eligible to liver transplantation, while maintaining good survival rates. In Brazil, since 2006, the criterion of Milan/Brazil (CMB), which disregards nodules <2 cm, is adopted, including patients with a higher number of small nodules. Aim: To evaluate the outcome of liver transplantation within the CMB. Methods: The medical records of patients with HCC undergoing liver transplantation in relation to recurrence and survival by comparing CM and CMB, were analyzed. Results: 414 LTx for HCC, the survival at 1 and 5 years was 84.1 and 72.7%. Of these, 7% reached the CMB through downstaging, with survival at 1 and 5 years of 93.1 and 71.9%. The CMB patient group that exceeded the CM (8.6%) had a survival rate of 58.1% at five years. There was no statistical difference in survival between the groups CM, CMB and downstaging. Vascular invasion (p<0.001), higher nodule size (p=0.001) and number of nodules >2 cm (p=0.028) were associated with relapse. The age (p=0.001), female (p<0.001), real MELD (p<0.001), vascular invasion (p=0.045) and number of nodes >2 cm (p<0.014) were associated with worse survival. Conclusions: CMB increased by 8.6% indications of liver transplantation, and showed survival rates similar to CM.
RESUMO Racional: O critério de Milão (CM) vem sendo utilizado como padrão para indicação do transplante hepático (TxH) por hepatocarcinoma (HCC) em todo mundo há quase 20 anos. Diversos centros têm adotado critérios expandidos com intuito de aumentar o número de pacientes candidatos ao transplante, mantendo bons índices de sobrevida. No Brasil, desde 2006, o critério de Milão/Brasil (CMB), que desconsidera nódulos <2 cm, é adotado, incluindo pacientes com maior número de nódulos pequenos. Objetivo: Avaliar o resultado do transplante hepático dentro do CMB. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários dos pacientes com HCC submetidos ao TxH em relação à recidiva e sobrevida através da comparação entre CM e CMB. Resultados: Em 414 TxH por HCC, a sobrevida em 1 e 5 anos foi de 84,1 e 72,7%. Destes, 7% atingiram o CMB através de downstaging, com sobrevida em 1 e 5 anos de 93,1 e 71,9%. O grupo de pacientes do CMB que excederam o CM (8,6%) teve sobrevida de 58,1% em cinco anos. Não houve diferença estatística na sobrevida entre os grupos CM, CMB e downstaging. A invasão vascular (p<0,001), tamanho do maior nódulo (p=0,001) e número de nódulos >2 cm (p=0,028) associaram-se com recidiva. A idade (p=0,001), sexo feminino (p<0,001), MELD real (p<0,001), invasão vascular (p=0,045) e o número de nódulos >2 cm (p<0,014) estiveram associados com a piora na sobrevida. Conclusões: O CMB aumentou em 8,6% as indicações de TxH e apresentou índices de sobrevida semelhantes ao CM.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante de Fígado , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Brasil , Taxa de Sobrevida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Itália , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidadeRESUMO
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento das práticas relacionadas à mobilização dos pacientes internados em uma UTI geral, comparando-os por tipo de intervenção (clínica ou cirúrgica). Trata-se de análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Ministro Costa Cavalcanti, na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu (PR), dos quais foram retiradas as seguintes informações: tempo decorrido para sentar fora do leito pela primeira vez, realização de exercícios ativos, desmame da ventilação mecânica, internação em UTI, diagnóstico, gênero e idade. Foram incluídos na pesquisa 105 participantes, sendo 44 (41,9%) pacientes cirúrgicos, 61 (58,1%) do gênero masculino, com média de 61,1 anos (±18,5) para pacientes clínicos e 60,4 (±14,9) para cirúrgicos. Foi observada diferença estatística em relação ao tempo decorrido para sentar fora do leito, transcorrendo 3 ± 4 dias para os clínicos e 3,1 ± 4,5 para os cirúrgicos (p = 0,02). Não foram observadas diferenças entre pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos na realização dos exercícios ativos.
RESUMEN En este estudio se hizo una búsqueda de prácticas relacionadas con la movilización de pacientes hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), cuanto al tipo de intervención si clínica o quirúrgica. Se trata de un análisis de fichas médicas de pacientes hospitalizados en la UCI del Hospital Ministro Costa Cavalcanti, en la ciudad de Foz de Iguazú (PR, Brasil), de las cuales se sacaron las siguientes informaciones: tiempo transcurrido para sentarse fuera de la cama por primera vez; realización de ejercicios activos; retirada de la ventilación mecánica; hospitalización en la UCI; diagnóstico; género y edad. Participaron del estudio 105 personas, de las cuales 44 (41,9%) eran pacientes quirúrgicos, 61 (58,1%) varones, con un promedio de edad de los pacientes clínicos de 61,1 años (±18,5) y el de los quirúrgicos 60,4 años (±14,9). Se observó significativa diferencia en cuanto al tiempo transcurrido para sentarse fuera de la cama, con 3 ± 4 días para los clínicos y 3,1 ± 4,5 para los quirúrgicos (p = 0,02). Mientras no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes de ambos grupos en cuanto a la realización de ejercicios activos.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to conduct a survey of the practices related to the mobilization of patients admitted to a general ICU, comparing them by type of intervention (clinical or surgical). This is a retrospective study of medical records of patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Ministro Costa Cavalcanti in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, state of Paraná, Brazil, of which the following information were obtained: time to sit out of the hospital bed for the first time, to perform active exercises, to wean mechanical ventilation, of ICU hospitalization; diagnosis; sex; and age. We included 105 patients in the research, being 44 (41.9%) surgical, and 61 (58.1%) males, with an average age of 61.1±18.5 for clinical patients and 60.4±14.9 for surgical patients. We observed statistical difference concerning time to sit out of the bed (3±4 days for clinical patients and 3.1±4.5 for surgical patients) (p=0.02). We did not observe any differences regarding active exercises when comparing clinical and surgical patients.
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Background: The criterion of Milan (CM) has been used as standard for indication of liver transplantation (LTx) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide for nearly 20 years. Several centers have adopted criteria expanded in order to increase the number of patients eligible to liver transplantation, while maintaining good survival rates. In Brazil, since 2006, the criterion of Milan/Brazil (CMB), which disregards nodules <2 cm, is adopted, including patients with a higher number of small nodules. Aim: To evaluate the outcome of liver transplantation within the CMB. Methods: The medical records of patients with HCC undergoing liver transplantation in relation to recurrence and survival by comparing CM and CMB, were analyzed. Results: 414 LTx for HCC, the survival at 1 and 5 years was 84.1 and 72.7%. Of these, 7% reached the CMB through downstaging, with survival at 1 and 5 years of 93.1 and 71.9%. The CMB patient group that exceeded the CM (8.6%) had a survival rate of 58.1% at five years. There was no statistical difference in survival between the groups CM, CMB and downstaging. Vascular invasion (p<0.001), higher nodule size (p=0.001) and number of nodules >2 cm (p=0.028) were associated with relapse. The age (p=0.001), female (p<0.001), real MELD (p<0.001), vascular invasion (p=0.045) and number of nodes >2 cm (p<0.014) were associated with worse survival. Conclusions: CMB increased by 8.6% indications of liver transplantation, and showed survival rates similar to CM.
Racional: O critério de Milão (CM) vem sendo utilizado como padrão para indicação do transplante hepático (TxH) por hepatocarcinoma (HCC) em todo mundo há quase 20 anos. Diversos centros têm adotado critérios expandidos com intuito de aumentar o número de pacientes candidatos ao transplante, mantendo bons índices de sobrevida. No Brasil, desde 2006, o critério de Milão/Brasil (CMB), que desconsidera nódulos <2 cm, é adotado, incluindo pacientes com maior número de nódulos pequenos. Objetivo: Avaliar o resultado do transplante hepático dentro do CMB. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários dos pacientes com HCC submetidos ao TxH em relação à recidiva e sobrevida através da comparação entre CM e CMB. Resultados: Em 414 TxH por HCC, a sobrevida em 1 e 5 anos foi de 84,1 e 72,7%. Destes, 7% atingiram o CMB através de downstaging, com sobrevida em 1 e 5 anos de 93,1 e 71,9%. O grupo de pacientes do CMB que excederam o CM (8,6%) teve sobrevida de 58,1% em cinco anos. Não houve diferença estatística na sobrevida entre os grupos CM, CMB e downstaging. A invasão vascular (p<0,001), tamanho do maior nódulo (p=0,001) e número de nódulos >2 cm (p=0,028) associaram-se com recidiva. A idade (p=0,001), sexo feminino (p<0,001), MELD real (p<0,001), invasão vascular (p=0,045) e o número de nódulos >2 cm (p<0,014) estiveram associados com a piora na sobrevida. Conclusões: O CMB aumentou em 8,6% as indicações de TxH e apresentou índices de sobrevida semelhantes ao CM.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado , Brasil , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Itália , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present article is aimed at reporting the author's experience with transcatheter arterial embolization using a lipiodol-ethanol mixture in three cases of unresectable symptomatic giant hepatic hemangiomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cases of three patients with giant unresectable symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas embolized in the period 2009-2010 were retrospectively reviewed. In all the cases, transarterial embolization was performed with an ethanol-lipiodol mixture. RESULTS: Symptoms regression and quality of life improvement were observed in all the cases. No complications were observed and all the patients were discharged within 12 hours after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter arterial embolization using ethanol mixed with lipiodol was a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic giant hepatic hemangiomas in this small series of patients.
OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar a experiência dos autores de embolização arterial transcateter com o uso de uma mistura de lipiodol e etanol em três casos de hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos e não ressecáveis. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Três hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos e não ressecáveis em três pacientes foram embolizados com o uso de uma mistura transarterial de etanol e lipiodol. RESULTADOS: A regressão dos sintomas e a melhora na qualidade de vida foram observadas em todos os casos. Nenhuma complicação foi encontrada e todos os pacientes receberam alta em até 12 horas após o procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O etanol misturado com o lipiodol foi um tratamento eficaz e seguro para hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos nesta pequena série de pacientes.
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Abstract Objective: The present article is aimed at reporting the author’s experience with transcatheter arterial embolization using a lipiodol-ethanol mixture in three cases of unresectable symptomatic giant hepatic hemangiomas. Materials and Methods: The cases of three patients with giant unresectable symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas embolized in the period 2009–2010 were retrospectively reviewed. In all the cases, transarterial embolization was performed with an ethanol-lipiodol mixture. Results: Symptoms regression and quality of life improvement were observed in all the cases. No complications were observed and all the patients were discharged within 12 hours after the procedure. Conclusion: Transcatheter arterial embolization using ethanol mixed with lipiodol was a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic giant hepatic hemangiomas in this small series of patients. .
Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar a experiência dos autores de embolização arterial transcateter com o uso de uma mistura de lipiodol e etanol em três casos de hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos e não ressecáveis. Materiais e Métodos: Três hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos e não ressecáveis em três pacientes foram embolizados com o uso de uma mistura transarterial de etanol e lipiodol. Resultados: A regressão dos sintomas e a melhora na qualidade de vida foram observadas em todos os casos. Nenhuma complicação foi encontrada e todos os pacientes receberam alta em até 12 horas após o procedimento. Conclusão: O etanol misturado com o lipiodol foi um tratamento eficaz e seguro para hemangiomas hepáticos gigantes sintomáticos nesta pequena série de pacientes. .
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[Purpose] To investigate the impact of gender on mobilization and mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients in an intensive care unit. [Subjects and Methods] A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of the medical records of 105 patients admitted to a general intensive care unit. The length of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, weaning, time to sitting out of bed, time to performing active exercises, and withdrawal of sedation exercises were evaluated in addition to the characteristics of individuals, reasons for admission and risk scores. [Results] Women had significantly lower values APACHE II scores, duration of mechanical ventilation, time to withdrawal of sedation and time to onset of active exercises. [Conclusion] Women have a better functional response when admitted to the intensive care unit, spending less time ventilated and performing active exercises earlier.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatitis C (HC) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a late diagnosis is the main factor for the poor survival of patients. There is an urgent need for identifying sensitive and specific biomarkers for HCC diagnosis. In the present study, plasma lipid patterns of patients with HC-HCC, HC-liver cirrhosis (LC), and chronic HC (CHC) were assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). METHODS: Plasma samples of 25 patients with HC-HCC, 15 patients with HC-LC, and 25 patients with CHC were evaluated by MALDI-MS using a Q-ToF premier (Synapt) mass spectrometer (Waters, Manchester, UK) equipped with a 200-Hz solid-state laser in the mass range between m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) of 700-1200. RESULTS: A total of 2205 ions were initially obtained and 7 ions (m/z) were highlighted as corresponding to the most important lipids to differentiate HCC patients from LC and CHC patients. The specific lipidomic expression signature generated resulted in an overall predictive accuracy of 93% of HC-HCC and HC-LC, and 100% of HC-HCC and CHC. The 7-peak algorithm distinguished HCC from LC with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 87%, and HCC from CHC with both sensitivity and specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION: MALDI-MS-specific signature peaks accurately distinguished patients with HC-HCC from those with HC-LC and CHC. The results indicate the potential of MALDI-MS and the selected peaks to improve HCC surveillance in patients with viral C cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis C.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Hepatite C Crônica/diagnóstico , Lipídeos/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/sangue , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Hepatite C Crônica/sangue , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/virologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
Introduction: There is scarce information regarding clinical evolution of HBV infection in renal transplant patients. Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of acute exacerbation in HBV-infected renal transplant patients and its association with the time after transplantation, presence of viral replication, clinical evolution, and use of antiviral prophylaxis. Materials and methods: HBV infected renal transplant patients who underwent regular follow-up visits at 6-month intervals were included in the study. The criteria adopted to characterize exacerbation were: ALT >5 × ULN and/or >3 × baseline level. Predictive factors of exacerbation evaluated were age, gender, time on dialysis, type of donor, post-transplant time, ALT, HBeAg, HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA, immunosuppressive therapy, and use of antiviral prophylaxis. Results: 140 HBV-infected renal transplant patients were included (71% males; age 46 ±10 years; post-renal transplant time 8 ±5 years). During follow-up, 25% (35/140) of the patients presented exacerbation within 3.4 ±3 years after renal transplant. Viral replication was observed in all patients with exacerbation. Clinical and/or laboratory signs of hepatic insufficiency were present in 17% (6/35) of the patients. Three patients died as a consequence of liver failure. In univariate analysis variables associated with exacerbation were less frequent use of prophylactic/preemptive lamivudine and of mycophenolate mofetil. Lamivudine use was the only variable independently associated with exacerbation, with a protective effect. Conclusions: Acute exacerbation was a frequent and severe event in HBV-infected renal transplant patients. Prophylactic/preemptive therapy with antiviral drugs should be indicated for all HBsAg-positive renal transplant patients. .
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Hepatite B Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Replicação ViralRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There is scarce information regarding clinical evolution of HBV infection in renal transplant patients. AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of acute exacerbation in HBV-infected renal transplant patients and its association with the time after transplantation, presence of viral replication, clinical evolution, and use of antiviral prophylaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HBV infected renal transplant patients who underwent regular follow-up visits at 6-month intervals were included in the study. The criteria adopted to characterize exacerbation were: ALT >5× ULN and/or >3× baseline level. Predictive factors of exacerbation evaluated were age, gender, time on dialysis, type of donor, post-transplant time, ALT, HBeAg, HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA, immunosuppressive therapy, and use of antiviral prophylaxis. RESULTS: 140 HBV-infected renal transplant patients were included (71% males; age 46 ± 10 years; post-renal transplant time 8 ± 5 years). During follow-up, 25% (35/140) of the patients presented exacerbation within 3.4 ± 3 years after renal transplant. Viral replication was observed in all patients with exacerbation. Clinical and/or laboratory signs of hepatic insufficiency were present in 17% (6/35) of the patients. Three patients died as a consequence of liver failure. In univariate analysis variables associated with exacerbation were less frequent use of prophylactic/preemptive lamivudine and of mycophenolate mofetil. Lamivudine use was the only variable independently associated with exacerbation, with a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: Acute exacerbation was a frequent and severe event in HBV-infected renal transplant patients. Prophylactic/preemptive therapy with antiviral drugs should be indicated for all HBsAg-positive renal transplant patients.
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Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Hepatite B Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Replicação Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O presente estudo busca esclarecer as indicações e limitações da utilização do sistema Invisalign® por meio de um questionário de satisfação e revisão de literatura. O questionário foi aplicado a 35 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, tratados ou em tratamento com o sistema Invisalign®, avaliando os seguintes critérios: estética, dor durante o tratamento, irritação da língua ou mucosa, dificuldade na fala, sensação de boca seca, facilidade de higienização, dor na articulação temporomandibular, satisfação com o progresso do tratamento e informação sobre o tratamento. O sistema Invisalign®, quando corretamente indicado, apresenta bons resultados ortodônticos e alto grau de satisfação, mostrando-se uma excelente opção para os pacientes que necessitam de um tratamento ortodôntico, mas não podem abrir mão da estética.
The aim of this study was to clarify indications and limitations of Invisalign® system, through a patient satisfaction questionnaire and a literature review. The questionnaire was applied to 35 patients, both gender, in treatment or previously treated with Invisalign® system, assessing the following aspects: aesthetic; pain during the treatment; tongue or soft-tissues irritation; speech impairments; dry mouth sensation; effortless hygiene; temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain; satisfaction with treatment progress; and information about treatment. The Invisalign® system, when properly indicated has good orthodontic results and high satisfaction levels being an excellent alternative for patients who need orthodontic treatment and want to preserve aesthetics.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estética Dentária , Aparelhos Ortodônticos Removíveis , OrtodontiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of the lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension. METHODS: In 2005, 3,323 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years old were evaluated. Blood pressure, weight, height and smoking status were assessed following the Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Hypertensives (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy) were evaluated for awareness of their condition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, as well as use of herbal or traditional remedies. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Most of the hypertensive subjects (92.3%), and nearly half of those aware of their condition were not treated pharmacologically. Among the aware, the prevalence of untreated hypertension was higher in men {PR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (95%CI 1.10;2.36)} and was lower in subjects under non-pharmacological treatment (PR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.42;0.79); there was no significant association with traditional treatments (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.44;1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension was more frequent in men, and was not influenced by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; it could not be explained by the use of alternative treatments as herbal/traditional medicines or non-pharmacological management. It is important to understand the reasons behind the lack of management of diagnosed hypertension and to implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the gap in the access to healthcare between developed and developing countries.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Adulto , Terapias Complementares , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Thyroid metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare, and has poor prognosis. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman seen at our clinic because of the occurrence of a slightly painful abdominal mass. At that time, alpha-fetoprotein concentration was very high, reaching 49,831.7 ng/mL. Abdominal ultrasound showed a heterogeneous mass in segment IV of the liver, which was diagnosed as HCC upon MRI. The patient underwent surgical resection and histological analysis of the specimen confirmed HCC. Metastases to the thyroid were detected 17 months after liver resection. Although the presence of metastases indicates advanced disease, thyroidectomy was performed, since no other distant metastases were detected. In fact, the patient is doing well 3 years after thyroidectomy and regular imaging exams showed no tumor recurrence. Current alpha-fetoprotein concentration is 8 ng/mL. In conclusion, thyroid metastasis from HCC is uncommon and short-term survival is expected. However, surgical resection should be encouraged, especially in the case of solitary metastases.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/secundário , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/secundário , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , alfa-Fetoproteínas/análiseRESUMO
Thyroid metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare, and has poor prognosis. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman seen at our clinic because of the occurrence of a slightly painful abdominal mass. At that time, alpha-fetoprotein concentration was very high, reaching 49,831.7 ng/mL. Abdominal ultrasound showed a heterogeneous mass in segment IV of the liver, which was diagnosed as HCC upon MRI. The patient underwent surgical resection and histological analysis of the specimen confirmed HCC. Metastases to the thyroid were detected 17 months after liver resection. Although the presence of metastases indicates advanced disease, thyroidectomy was performed, since no other distant metastases were detected. In fact, the patient is doing well 3 years after thyroidectomy and regular imaging exams showed no tumor recurrence. Current alpha-fetoprotein concentration is 8 ng/mL. In conclusion, thyroid metastasis from HCC is uncommon and short-term survival is expected. However, surgical resection should be encouraged, especially in the case of solitary metastases.
As metástases de carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) em tiroide são raras e o prognóstico é ruim. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 62 anos de idade atendida em nossa clínica devido a uma massa abdominal levemente dolorida. Naquele momento, a concentração de alta-fetoproteína era muito alta, chegando a 49.831,7 ng/mL. O ultrassom de abdômen mostrou uma massa heterogênea no segmento IV do fígado, que foi diagnosticada como CHC por meio de ressonância magnética. A paciente foi submetida a uma ressecção cirúrgica, e a análise histológica do espécime confirmou o CHC. As metástases na tiroide foram detectadas 17 meses após a ressecção do fígado. Embora a presença de metástases indique doença avançada, a tiroidectomia foi feita porque não foram detectadas outras metástases distantes. De fato, três anos após a tiroidectomia, a paciente está bem e os exames de rotina mostraram não haver recorrência do tumor. A concentração atual de alfa-fetoproteína é de 8 ng/mL. Concluiu-se que as metástases de CHC em tiroide não são comuns e espera-se uma sobrevida curta. Entretanto, deve-se encorajar a ressecção cirúrgica, especialmente no caso de metástases solitárias.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/secundário , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/secundário , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Seguimentos , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , alfa-Fetoproteínas/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of the lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension. METHODS: In 2005, 3,323 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years old were evaluated. Blood pressure, weight, height and smoking status were assessed following the Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Hypertensives (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy) were evaluated for awareness of their condition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, as well as use of herbal or traditional remedies. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Most of the hypertensive subjects (92.3%), and nearly half of those aware of their condition were not treated pharmacologically. Among the aware, the prevalence of untreated hypertension was higher in men {PR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (95%CI 1.10;2.36)} and was lower in subjects under non-pharmacological treatment (PR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.42;0.79); there was no significant association with traditional treatments (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.44;1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension was more frequent in men, and was not influenced by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; it could not be explained by the use of alternative treatments as herbal/traditional medicines or non-pharmacological management. It is important to understand the reasons behind the lack of management of diagnosed hypertension and to implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the gap in the access to healthcare between developed and developing countries. .
OBJETIVO: Analisar os determinantes da falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 3.323 moçambicanos de 25 a 64 anos em 2005. A pressão arterial, peso, altura e tabagismo foram avaliados segundo o estudo Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance . Os hipertensos (pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg e/ou terapia anti-hipertensiva) foram avaliados para verificar se eram conscientes de sua hipertensão, se recebiam tratamento farmacológico ou não farmacológico e se usavam ervas ou remédios tradicionais. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (PR) para hipertensão não tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular e tratamento não farmacológico. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos hipertensos (92,3%) e quase metade dos conscientes de sua hipertensão não eram tratados com fármacos. Entre os que sabiam ser hipertensos, a hipertensão sem tratamento era mais frequente em homens (PR = 1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) e não podia ser explicada pelo uso de tratamento não farmacológico (PR = 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); não havia associação significativa com os tratamentos tradicionais (PR = 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSÕES: A falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão, mais frequente em homens, não se explica por outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, nem pelo uso de tratamentos tradicionais ou tratamento não farmacológico. É importante entender as razões da falta de tratamento da hipertensão diagnosticada e implementar medidas corretivas apropriadas, para reduzir as diferenças ...
OBJETIVO: Analizar los determinantes de la falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión. METODOS: Se evaluaron 3.323 mozambicano de 25 a 64 años en 2005. La presión arterial, peso, altura y tabaquismo fueron evaluados según el estudio Stepwise Approach to Chronic Risk Factor Surveillance. Los hipertensos (presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica 90 mmHg y/o terapia anti-hipertensiva) fueron evaluados para verificar si eran conscientes de su hipertensión, si recibían tratamiento farmacológico o no farmacológico, y si usaban hierbas o remedios tradicionales. Se calcularon los cocientes de prevalencia (PR) para hipertensión no tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y tratamiento no farmacológico. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los hipertensos (92,3%) y casi la mitad de los conscientes de su hipertensión no eran tratadas con fármacos. Entre los que sabían ser hipertensos, la hipertensión sin tratamiento era más frecuente en hombres (PR =1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) y no podía ser explicada por el uso de tratamiento no farmacológico (PR= 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); no había asociación significativa con los tratamientos tradicionales (PR= 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSIONES: La falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres, no se explica por otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, ni por el uso de tratamientos tradicionales o tratamiento no farmacológico. Es importante entender las razones de la falta de tratamiento de la hipertensión diagnosticada e implementar medidas correctivas apropiadas, para reducir las diferencias en el acceso a ...
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Terapias Complementares , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Adesão à Medicação , Moçambique/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a high prevalence among hemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Data regarding genotype distribution in these populations are scarce and are still under investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of HBV genotypes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)-patients and renal transplant patients and to compare with the distribution observed in immunocompetent patients from the same geographic region. From a population of 213 patients evaluated initially, 120 patients with detectable HBV-DNA were included in the study and submitted to genotype determination by amplification of S gene by nested PCR followed by sequencing method. Among 41 hemodialysis patients the most frequent genotype was D (83%), followed by genotype A (10%), C (5%), and F (2%). Genotype D was also the most prevalent (73%) among 33 renal transplant patients, followed by genotype A (18%), F (6%), and B (3%). This distribution was similar in these two groups of patients and for the comparative analysis they were considered in the kidney disease group. Compared to immunocompetents, patients with kidney disease (ESRD and renal transplant patients) showed a distinct distribution, with a higher prevalence of genotype D (78% vs. 17%, P < 0.001) whereas genotype A was the most prevalent among immunocompetent patients (70% vs. 14%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the higher frequency of genotype A in immunocompetent patients and of genotype D in patients with renal disease suggest a higher capacity of environmental transmission or a better adaptability of this genotype in patients with a different pattern of immunologic response.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/virologia , Nefropatias/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Genótipo , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Nefropatias/terapia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Biogenic amines are widely characterized in pathways evaluating reward and punishment, resulting in appropriate aversive or appetitive responses of vertebrates and invertebrates. We utilized the honey bee model and a newly developed spatial avoidance conditioning assay to probe effects of biogenic amines octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) on avoidance learning. In this new protocol non-harnessed bees associate a spatial color cue with mild electric shock punishment. After a number of experiences with color and shock the bees no longer enter the compartment associated with punishment. Intrinsic aspects of avoidance conditioning are associated with natural behavior of bees such as punishment (lack of food, explosive pollination mechanisms, danger of predation, heat, etc.) and their association to floral traits or other spatial cues during foraging. The results show that DA reduces the punishment received whereas octopamine OA increases the punishment received. These effects are dose-dependent and specific to the acquisition phase of training. The effects during acquisition are specific as shown in experiments using the antagonists Pimozide and Mianserin for DA and OA receptors, respectively. This study demonstrates the integrative role of biogenic amines in aversive learning in the honey bee as modeled in a novel non-appetitive avoidance learning assay.