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Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.

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Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.(AU)

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.(AU)

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Background: Two classifications are used to categorize cavitary effusions using total nucleated cell count (TNCC): protein concentration and pathophysiology of its formation. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between the TNCC values of cavitary effusions obtained in the automatic and the manual method, and also evaluating the classification methodology.Materials, Methods & Results: Cavitary effusions were analyzed for physical, chemical and cytological aspects, as well as manual and automatic cell counts for the correlation between the traditional methods and those suggested by Stockham & Scott. Bland-Altman regression and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. Of the total, 44 were abdominal effusions (73.3%), 15 thoracic (25%) and 1 pericardial (1.7%). According to the traditional classification, most of the effusions were classified as modified transudates (40%) and according to the classification of Stockham and Scott, as transudates poor in protein (31.7%). The correlation between cell counting techniques between pure, modified and exudate transudates was 0.94, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively, indicating an excellent correlation between the parameters (P = 0.95%).Discussion: Considering the concentration of proteins and CCNT, the effusions classified as modified transudate were mainly caused by neoplastic processes (carcinomas/adenocarcinomas), since there are several mechanisms of their formation, such as large variation of protein concentration. According to the Stockham & Scott classification a unique classification is considered for exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the variation of the protein concentration of the effusion does not alter its classification. In neoplastic effusions, classified as exudates, lymphomas were the most prevalent, and hypercellularity (approximately 150,000 cells / μL) allowed this classification.[...](AU)

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Background: Two classifications are used to categorize cavitary effusions using total nucleated cell count (TNCC): protein concentration and pathophysiology of its formation. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between the TNCC values of cavitary effusions obtained in the automatic and the manual method, and also evaluating the classification methodology.Materials, Methods & Results: Cavitary effusions were analyzed for physical, chemical and cytological aspects, as well as manual and automatic cell counts for the correlation between the traditional methods and those suggested by Stockham & Scott. Bland-Altman regression and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. Of the total, 44 were abdominal effusions (73.3%), 15 thoracic (25%) and 1 pericardial (1.7%). According to the traditional classification, most of the effusions were classified as modified transudates (40%) and according to the classification of Stockham and Scott, as transudates poor in protein (31.7%). The correlation between cell counting techniques between pure, modified and exudate transudates was 0.94, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively, indicating an excellent correlation between the parameters (P = 0.95%).Discussion: Considering the concentration of proteins and CCNT, the effusions classified as modified transudate were mainly caused by neoplastic processes (carcinomas/adenocarcinomas), since there are several mechanisms of their formation, such as large variation of protein concentration. According to the Stockham & Scott classification a unique classification is considered for exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the variation of the protein concentration of the effusion does not alter its classification. In neoplastic effusions, classified as exudates, lymphomas were the most prevalent, and hypercellularity (approximately 150,000 cells / μL) allowed this classification.[...]

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Background: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that allows vascular anatomical and dynamics evaluation. Each artery has flow velocity profiles and different Doppler spectrum. The purpose of this study was to determine if sedation with acepromazine and butorphanol in dogs alters Doppler velocimetric values and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries of healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy female dogs, aged 1 to 5 years, with body weight ranging from 10 to 25 kg, were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound in order to obtain: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time average medium velocity, time average maximum velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries. The same animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buthorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and the same parameters were reevaluated. The heart rate was also measured. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UFRGS, under the 25552 protocol, and the owners signed an informed consent form. Statistical analysis was performed with pared t test.The heart rate was statistically significant different, 98 ± 20.13 bpm before and 79 ± 17.74 after sedation. The exam was done before and after [...](AU)

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Background: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that allows vascular anatomical and dynamics evaluation. Each artery has flow velocity profiles and different Doppler spectrum. The purpose of this study was to determine if sedation with acepromazine and butorphanol in dogs alters Doppler velocimetric values and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries of healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy female dogs, aged 1 to 5 years, with body weight ranging from 10 to 25 kg, were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound in order to obtain: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time average medium velocity, time average maximum velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries. The same animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buthorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and the same parameters were reevaluated. The heart rate was also measured. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UFRGS, under the 25552 protocol, and the owners signed an informed consent form. Statistical analysis was performed with pared t test.The heart rate was statistically significant different, 98 ± 20.13 bpm before and 79 ± 17.74 after sedation. The exam was done before and after [...]

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Background: Hypothyroidism is a common disease in middle-aged purebred dogs and is characterized by reduced plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones. These hormones have important modulatory effects on myocardial chronotropism and inotropism, and when heart disease is linked to hypothyroidism, disease progression may be accelerated. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) often occurs in association with hypothyroidism. However, an etiologic contribution of lower thyroid hormone concentrations towards the development and progression of DCM is still unclear. The aim of this study was to describe a case of DCM in a Fila Brasileiro dog with hypothyroidism secondary to lymphocytic thyroiditis. Case: A male, 11-year-old Fila Brasileiro dog was referred to the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul due to keratoconjunctivitis sicca, weight gain, apathy, and hyporexia. A primary diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made based on clinical features of hypothermia (37.8C), bradycardia (78 bpm) with bradysphygmia, facial myxedema, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin with tail involvement associated with normocytic hypochromic anemia (RBC 4.76 x106/mm3, Ht = 29% and Hb = 9.2 g/dL), reduced concentration of biphasic free T4 (0.22 ng/mL - reference value 0.62 - 3.11 ng/mL) and high level...

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Background: Hypothyroidism is a common disease in middle-aged purebred dogs and is characterized by reduced plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones. These hormones have important modulatory effects on myocardial chronotropism and inotropism, and when heart disease is linked to hypothyroidism, disease progression may be accelerated. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) often occurs in association with hypothyroidism. However, an etiologic contribution of lower thyroid hormone concentrations towards the development and progression of DCM is still unclear. The aim of this study was to describe a case of DCM in a Fila Brasileiro dog with hypothyroidism secondary to lymphocytic thyroiditis. Case: A male, 11-year-old Fila Brasileiro dog was referred to the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul due to keratoconjunctivitis sicca, weight gain, apathy, and hyporexia. A primary diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made based on clinical features of hypothermia (37.8C), bradycardia (78 bpm) with bradysphygmia, facial myxedema, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin with tail involvement associated with normocytic hypochromic anemia (RBC 4.76 x106/mm3, Ht = 29% and Hb = 9.2 g/dL), reduced concentration of biphasic free T4 (0.22 ng/mL - reference value 0.62 - 3.11 ng/mL) and high level...(AU)

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