RESUMO
OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that periodontal disease is strongly related to gestational complications such as preeclampsia (PE). PE is responsible for 42% of maternal deaths worldwide and kills approximately 76 000 women a year. In addition, children born under PE conditions are at increased risk of hospitalization due to metabolic disorders, epilepsy, and other complications. Numerous reviews and clinical studies on PE have been published, but the mechanisms underlying the relationship between periodontal disease and PE and the way periodontopathogens alter vascular response in pregnant women remain unclear. METHODS: This study aims to verify whether periodontal disease induces PE by using the association of two periodontitis (PD) models: ligature and oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) W83 inoculation in Wistar rats. At gestational day 5, the ligature was placed on each mandibular first molar, which was followed by daily oral P. gingivalis inoculation for 15 days. At gestational day 19, urine was collected, and invasive arterial pressure was measured. The animals were euthanized, and plasma and tissues were collected. RESULTS: After 15 days of the association of ligature and P. gingivalis inoculation, the animals presented the characteristic symptoms of PE: altered blood pressure, proteinuria, and change in litter size (number of pups) and pup weight when compared to the control group (p < .005). The PE animals also presented greater bone porosity, trabecular separation, and reduced bone volume in the hemimandibles, as well as altered inflammatory response. The level of cytokine IL-6 was higher in the PE group than in the control group (p < .005). CONCLUSION: The association of two PD models effectively induced PE. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the oral use of P. gingivalis for PE induction. Our results support the importance of PD as a possible cause for PE development, opening an important new avenue to study cause and consequence relationships in inflammation and PE due to exposure to periodontal infection.
Assuntos
Perda do Osso Alveolar , Periodontite , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Periodontite/complicações , Projetos Piloto , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Resumo O capitalismo urbano midiático atual pervade as subjetividades, extraindo os afetos vitais, vetores de criação, através de máquinas semióticas que capturam a experiência da cooperação e inoculam nas vidas a autoexigência, a autosuficiência, a autoimaginação, na urdidura do mais individual dos mundos: o mundo sem si. Tal forma de vida se torna incubadeira das patologias do ânimo, com pregnância dos afetos de insuficiência, enquanto testemunhamos a expansão incessante das redes de solidão participada. Nesta constante convocação à dispersão pelo excesso de oferta e ânsia de velocidade, a constituição de experiência é cada vez mais precária e a mesma abundância que ora incita à demanda, pode também assombrar com o tédio. Nosso projeto O corpo sem álibi, pesquisa aberta ao convivio acadêmico da Universidade Federal Fluminense em Campos dos Goytacazes, consiste em compartilhar nossos corpos, seu poder de afetar e contrair memoria, apostando no corpo cultivo da arte como dispositivo micropolítico de resistência.(AU)
Abstract The current urban media capitalism pervade the subjectivities, extracting their vital affections, vectors of creation, through semiotics machines which catch the experience of cooperation to inoculate in the lives the self-demand, self-sufficiency, self-imagination, in a ploy of the most individualistic world that ever existed: the world without self. Such way of life form becomes incubator of many pathologies of the vitality, with the experience of inadequacy, while we testified the incessant expansion of the nets of announcing solitude. In this constant demand to the dispersion owing to the excess of the offer and wish of acceleration, the constitution of experience is more and more precarious and the same abundance that now it incites to the demand, it can also astonish with the boredom. Our research The body without alibi, which is open to the academic conviviality of the Federal Fluminense University in Campos of Goytacazes, consists of sharing our bodies, their power to affect and to make memory, betting in the body-cultivation of the art as micro politic resistance.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Afeto , Arte , Corpo HumanoRESUMO
AIM: Millions of people die each year due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). A Western lifestyle not only fuses a significant intake of fat with physical inactivity and obesity but also promotes CVD. Recent evidence suggests that dietary fat intake impairs the benefits of physical training. We investigated whether aerobic training could reverse the adverse effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the aorta. Then, we explored whether this type of exercise could reverse the damage to the heart that is imposed by fat-enriched diet (FED). METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned to two experiments, which lasted 8 weeks each. First, rats swam for 60 min and were fed either a regular diet [standard diet (STD)] or an HFD. After aortic samples had been collected, the rats underwent a histopathological analysis for different biomarkers. Another experiment subjected rats that were fed either an STD or an FED to swimming for 20 or 90 min. RESULTS: The first experiment revealed that rats that were subjected to an HFD-endured increased oxidative damage in the aorta that exercises could not counteract. Together with increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression, an HFD in combination with physical training increased the number of macrophages. A reduction in collagen fibers with an increased number of positive α-actin cells and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 occurred concomitantly. Upon analyzing the second experiment, we found that physically training rats that were given an FED for 90 min/day decreased the cardiac adipose tissue density, although it did not protect the heart from fat-induced oxidative damage. Even though the physical training lowered cholesterol levels that were promoted by the FED, the levels were still higher than those in the animals that were given an STD. Feeding rats an FED impaired the swimming protocol's effects on lowering triglyceride concentration. Additionally, exercise was unable to reverse the fat-induced deregulation in hepatic antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activities. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that an increased intake of fat undermines the potential benefits of physical exercise on the heart and the aorta.
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Surgeries to correct congenital heart diseases are increasing in Brazil and worldwide. However, even with the advances in surgical techniques and perfusion, some cases, especially the more complex ones, can develop heart failure and death. A retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for correction of congenital heart diseases with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a university tertiary-care hospital that died, showed infarction in different stages of evolution and scattered microcalcifications in the myocardium, even without coronary obstruction. CPB is a process routinely used during cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. However, CPB has been related to increased endogenous catecholamines that can lead to major injuries in cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms involved are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alterations induced in the ß-adrenergic receptors and GRK-2 present in atrial cardiomyocytes of infants with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical repair with CPB and correlate the alterations with functional and biochemical markers of ischemia/myocardial injury. The study consisted of right atrial biopsies of infants undergoing surgical correction in HC-FMRPUSP. Thirty-three cases were selected. Atrial biopsies were obtained at the beginning of CPB (group G1) and at the end of CPB (group G2). Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to evaluate the expression of ß1, ß2-adrenergic receptors, and GRK-2 in atrial myocardium. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and biochemical analysis (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), lactate, and cardiac troponin I). We observed an increase in serum lactate, NT-proBNP, and troponin I at the end of CPB indicating tissue hypoxia/ischemia. Even without major clinical consequences in cardiac function, these alterations were followed by a significant increase in gene expression of ß1 and ß2 receptors and GRK-2, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms responsible for the exacerbated response of cardiomyocytes to circulating catecholamines. These alterations could explain the irreversible myocardial damage and lipid peroxidation of membranes classically attributed to catecholamine excess, observed in some infants who develop heart failure and postoperative death. Although other factors may be involved, this study confirms that CPB acts as a potent inducer of increased gene expression of ß- adrenergic receptors and GRK-2, making the myocardium of these infants more susceptible to the effects of circulating endogenous catecholamines, which may contribute to the development of irreversible myocardial damage and death.
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Ponte Cardiopulmonar/efeitos adversos , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/genética , Átrios do Coração/metabolismo , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/genética , Biomarcadores/análise , Biópsia , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Feminino , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/análise , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Átrios do Coração/química , Átrios do Coração/patologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/análise , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by chronic inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix, mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Doxycycline has been reported to control the progression of AAA by regulation of MMP. We hypothesized that doxycycline pretreatment in a rat model of AAA would cause reduction in gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 and the inflammatory response in the wall of an aneurysm, consequently decreasing the formation and development of AAAs. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: aneurysm (A); control (C); aneurysm+doxycycline (A+D) and control+doxycycline (C+D), with 24 animals per group subdivided into n=6 animals at different time points [1, 3, 7, and 15 days postsurgery (dps)]. The (A) and (A+D) groups simultaneously received the injury and extrinsic stenosis of the aortic wall. The (C) and (C+D) groups received sham operation. The treated animals received doxycycline via gavage (30 mg/kg/day) from 48 h before surgery until the end of experiment. At 1, 3, 7, and 15 dps, the animals were euthanized, and the aortas were collected for morphological analyses, immunohistochemistry, and zymography. RESULTS: The animals from the (A) group developed AAAs. However, the animals treated with doxycycline showed a 85% decrease in AAA development, which was associated with a large reduction in gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9, and decreased inflammatory response (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pretreatment with doxycycline before surgery inhibited the activity of MMP-2 and -9, as well as the inflammatory response, and may play an important role in the prevention of the development of AAAs.
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Aorta Abdominal/efeitos dos fármacos , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/patologia , Doxiciclina/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Animais , Aorta Abdominal/enzimologia , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/enzimologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação/enzimologia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Progress in understanding the pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is dependent in part on the development and application of effective animal models that recapitulate key aspects of the disease. The objective was to produce an experimental model of AAA in rats by combining two potential causes of metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion: inflammation and turbulent blood flow. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups: Injury, Stenosis, Aneurysm and Control (40/group). The Injury group received a traumatic injury to the external aortic wall. The Stenosis group received an extrinsic stenosis at a corresponding location. The Aneurysm group received both the injury and stenosis simultaneously, and the Control group received a sham operation. Animals were euthanized at days 1, 3, 7 and 15. Aorta and/or aneurysms were collected and the fragments were fixed for morphologic, immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses or frozen for MMP assays. AAAs had developed by day 3 in 60-70% of the animals, reaching an aortic dilatation ratio of more than 300%, exhibiting intense wall remodelling initiated at the adventitia and characterized by an obvious inflammatory infiltrate, mesenchymal proliferation, neoangiogenesis, elastin degradation and collagen deposition. Immunohistochemistry and zymography studies displayed significantly increased expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aneurysm walls compared to other groups. The haemo-dynamic alterations caused by the stenosis may have provided additional contribution to the MMPs liberation. This new model illustrated that AAA can be multifactorial and confirmed the key roles of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in this dynamic remodelling process.
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Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/enzimologia , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/etiologia , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Animais , Aorta/lesões , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/patologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/complicações , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/complicações , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Coronary artery aneurysms, commonly atherosclerotic, are usually asymptomatic and can be diagnosed incidentally during investigation for ischemic heart disease or on autopsy. An asymptomatic giant right coronary artery aneurysm presenting as a paracardiac mass discovered on autopsy is reported here. Even though there was great concern due to its large size, complex atherosclerotic lesions, and potential obstruction of blood flow, it had no direct link to the cause of death. We also review the literature on giant right coronary artery aneurysms exceeding 5 cm in the last 10 years.