RESUMO
Radioactive lightning rods were manufactured in Brazil until 1989, when the licenses for using radioactive sources in these products were lifted by the national nuclear authority. Since then, these rods have been replaced by the Franklin type and collected as radioactive waste. However, only 20% of the estimated total number of installed rods has been delivered to the Brazilian Nuclear Commission. This situation causes concern, since there is the possibility of the rods to be disposed as domestic waste. In Brazil, 64% of the municipal solid waste is disposed at garbage dumps without sufficient control. In addition, (241)Am, the radionuclide most commonly employed, is classified as a high-toxicity element, when incorporated. In the present study, (241)Am migration experiments were performed by means of a lysimeter system, in order to evaluate the risk of contamination caused by radioactive lightning rods disposed as common solid waste. (241)Am sources removed from lightning rods were placed inside lysimeters filled with organic waste that was collected at the restaurant of the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares. The generated leachate was periodically analyzed, and characteristics such as pH, redox potential, solid content and the concentration of the radioactive material were determined. The equivalent dose for members of the public was calculated considering ingestion of contaminated drinking water as the major path of exposure. Estimated doses were about 20-times below the effective dose limit of 1 mSv year(-1) for members of the public as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This suggests the radiation risk caused by lightning rods disposed at uncontrolled garbage dumps to be low. It should be noted, however, that the number of investigated lightning rods was quite small. The results of this study might therefore not be entirely representative and should be interpreted with care. They provide, however, a very first basis for characterizing the transfer of (241)Am from lightning rods to the human food chain.
Assuntos
Amerício/análise , Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos/análise , Resíduos de Alimentos , Amerício/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Perigosas/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Humanos , Resíduos Industriais/efeitos adversos , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação , Resíduos Radioativos/efeitos adversos , Resíduos Radioativos/análise , Radioisótopos/efeitos adversos , Radioisótopos/análise , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Contaminação Radioativa da Água/efeitos adversos , Contaminação Radioativa da Água/análiseAssuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the possible association of insertion/deletion (2G/G) polymorphism at nucleotide -1607 of the MMP-1 promoter with the development and progression of renal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we genotyped 217 individuals, 99 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 118 controls without cancer. DNA specimens were extracted from epithelial buccal cells and paraffin-embedded tissue of RCC patients and from epithelial buccal cells and blood cells of healthy controls. RESULTS: The difference in frequency of 2G/2G genotype between controls (22.9%) and RCC patients (28.6%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.461). We also did not find correlation between 2G/2G and histological type of RCC. The comparison of genotype distribution and frequency of 2G allele in different populations showed a strong variability of 2G allele frequency among the different ethnic groups. This fact may influence on the collaboration of this 2G allele in RCC or others diseases. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) promoter polymorphism may not play a significant role in renal cell carcinoma patients in Brazil.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the possible association of insertion/deletion (2G/G) polymorphism at nucleotide -1607 of the MMP-1 promoter with the development and progression of renal cancer MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we genotyped 217 individuals, 99 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 118 controls without cancer. DNA specimens were extracted from epithelial buccal cells and paraffin-embedded tissue of RCC patients and from epithelial buccal cells and blood cells of healthy controls RESULTS: The difference in frequency of 2G/2G genotype between controls (22.9 percent) and RCC patients (28.6 percent) was not statistically significant (p = 0.461). We also did not find correlation between 2G/2G and histological type of RCC. The comparison of genotype distribution and frequency of 2G allele in different populations showed a strong variability of 2G allele frequency among the different ethnic groups. This fact may influence on the collaboration of this 2G allele in RCC or others diseases CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) promoter polymorphism may not play a significant role in renal cell carcinoma patients in Brazil.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) released from endothelial cells is related to the maintenance of physiological vascular tone. The impairment of endothelial NO generation brought about by gene polymorphism is considered one of the deterioration factors in progressive renal disease. In the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) intron 4 polymorphism, the presence of the aa genotype has been associated with cardiovascular and renal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of eNOS gene intron 4 polymorphism in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS: A total of 114 patients and 94 controls were studied. DNA specimens were extracted from blood and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The alleles were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype distribution and allele frequencies were compared between groups using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of the eNOS4 genotype aa was significantly different in ESRD patients and in controls (P=0.016, OR=2.07, CI 95%: 1.14-3.74). There was also a statistically significant difference between ESRD patients and controls regarding allele carriers (P=0.004; OR=2.26; CI 95%: 1.29-3.96). When the frequencies of allele carriers in the diabetic nephropathy group and in the control group were compared, a significant difference was found (P=0.034, OR=2.28; CI 95%: 1.04-5.00). CONCLUSION: This study showed a strong correlation between eNOS4a polymorphism and end-stage renal disease.