RESUMO
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma (IMC), a neoplasia affecting women and female dogs, is considered an aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential and a low survival rate. Studies focused on the tumour microenvironment indicate that the aggressive behaviour of this tumour is primarily correlated with immunological factors as well as inflammation. The objective of this study was to analyse the possible strategies used by the tumour cells to suppress the immune response in female dogs with IMC. Forty-six female dogs were divided into three groups: control (C, n = 10), IMC (n = 14) and mammary carcinoma (MC, n = 22). Clinical-pathological evaluations, survival at follow-up, immunophenotyping of leukocytes in peripheral blood and tumours, and immunohistochemical evaluation of CD4+, granzyme B, perforin and FAS-L were performed. Clinical and pathological results showed a higher frequency of the primary form of neoplasia, solid arrays of tumor cells and a lower survival rate in the IMC group (30 days). Morphometric analysis of inflammatory infiltrate revealed more lymphocytes and macrophages in the IMC group. Immunophenotyping analysis of peripheral blood revealed a higher frequency of CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.0017), a lower frequency of CD4+ T-cells (p <0.0001), and significantly higher mean MHCI and MHCII CD14+ fluorescence intensity in the IMC group (p = 0.038 and p = 0.0117, respectively). The immunohistochemical evaluation of tumour sections showed fewer FAS-L-positive inflammatory cells in the IMC group. These results suggest the important contribution of CD8+ T-cells, macrophages and FAS-L in the aggressiveness of IMC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma , Doenças do Cão , Neoplasias Inflamatórias Mamárias , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais , Animais , Carcinoma/patologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a canid widely distributed throughout South America, considered the only representative of the gender. There is a lack of information about anatomical aspects of the species, mainly regarded of nervous system anatomy. For clinical and surgical approaches of these animals, the domestic dog is adopted as anatomophysiological model. So, the aim of the present study was to analyse origin and branches of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm of crab-eating fox compared to domestic dog. Four specimens of Cerdocyon thous and four of Canis lupus familiaris were used. The phrenic nerve originated from the ventral branches of the fifth (C5), sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical spinal nerves. Phrenic nerves were distributed in the diaphragm as lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch (100%) in the crab-eating fox, and in costosternal trunk and lumbar branch (75%) and lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch (25%) in the domestic dog. In both species, the lumbar branch innervates the diaphragm pillars, the costal branch addresses all costal region, and the sternal branch distributes in the costal ventrolateral region and the sternal part of the diaphragm, to the left and to the right.
Assuntos
Canidae/anatomia & histologia , Cães , Nervo Frênico , Animais , Brasil , Diafragma , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Frênico/anatomia & histologia , TóraxRESUMO
Resistin is associated with metabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders, and is also considered a prognostic marker in human oncology. Canine mammary tumors have epidemiological, clinical, biological, and genetic characteristics similar to those of women and are proposed as a comparative study model. Here, we evaluate the serum levels of resistin in female dogs with or without mammary carcinoma in mixed tumors (CBMT) and its correlation with the proliferative potential of the tumor, obesity, and survival. Eighty dogs grouped according to the presence (50) or absence (30) of CBMT, reproductive status and body condition were assessed for weight, fat percentage, and canine body mass index. The characteristic of the proliferative potential of the tumor (Ki-67) was evaluated. Ki-67 levels (p = 0.024), staging (p = 0.004), and grade (p = 0.016) influenced the survival of the female dogs. Through a multifactorial analysis, it could be seen that the parameters proliferation index (Ki-67) (p = 0.044) and staging (p = 0.036) influenced the survival of the animals. Neutered and overweight dogs from the control and CBMT groups showed hyperresistinemia. Ki-67 expression and resistin levels in dogs with CBMT were higher in overweight dogs than in dogs with normal weight (p = 0.0001). The survival rate of dogs with CBMT, obese and with high levels of resistin (8,400 µg L-1) was lower when compared to those with lower levels of resistin. These results showed an important relationship between hyperresistinemia, tumor proliferative potential and excessive body fat, suggesting that resistin levels may act as an interesting prognostic marker in patients with CBMT.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemias induce angiogenesis and accelerate the development and in vitro growth of breast tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the lipid and metabolic profile of female dogs with mammary carcinomas and their correlations with body condition score and degree of tumor malignancy, as well as to study the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on these animals. RESULTS: Overweight or obese dogs had more aggressive carcinomas and higher triglyceride (p = 0.0363), VLDL (p = 0.0181), albumin (p = 0.0188), globulin (p = 0.0145) and lactate (p = 0.0255) concentrations. There was no change in the lipid profile after supplementation with fish oil at any concentration. However, in relation to the metabolic profile, glucose (p = 0.0067), total protein (p = 0.0002) and globulin (p = 0.0002) concentrations were increased when 90% omega-3 fish oil was used as a dietary supplement. CONCLUSION: Obese dogs showed altered lipid and metabolic profiles and more aggressive tumors, suggesting an important relationship between dyslipidemia and tumor aggressiveness. Supplementation with fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, may alter metabolic parameters in cancer patients.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/veterinária , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Animais , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Cães , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/cirurgia , Mastectomia/veterinária , Obesidade , Ovariectomia/veterináriaRESUMO
The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)
O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gambás/fisiologia , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , FenolsulfonaftaleínaRESUMO
The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 "and 5.22±2.92mm/15", for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.(AU)
O estabelecimento do parâmetro de produção lacrimal nas diferentes espécies é importante para o entendimento da saúde do olho e é um dos componentes da semiotécnica oftálmica. Particularidades derivadas da anatomofisiologia das espécies não domésticas induzem a busca de metodologias que sejam mais fidedignas aos parâmetros. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar e comparar a produção lacrimal de gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) e gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita) por três diferentes métodos. Quinze indivíduos de cada espécie, juvenis, hígidos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 90 dias de vida, foram contidos fisicamente para realização do teste lacrimal do vermelho de fenol (TLVF), da ponta de papel absorvente estéril e do teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm). O TLVF foi o mais difícil de ser executado devido à maleabilidade do fio, enquanto a TEPA se mostrou mais exequível para ambas as espécies. A mediana ± intervalo semi-interquartil para o TLVF foi de 19,79±2,61mm/15" e 5,22±2,92mm/15", para a TEPA foram de 16,25±1,82mm/min e 10,93±3,04mm/min, e para o TLSm foram de 0±1,63mm/min e 0±1,63mm/min, para gambás-de-orelha-branca e gambás-de-orelha-preta, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre o olho direito e esquerdo e nem quanto ao sexo. Obteve-se diferença significativa para um mesmo teste entre as espécies. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre os testes para ambas as espécies. A quantificação da porção aquosa da lágrima poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de doenças oculares nas espécies estudadas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gambás/fisiologia , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , FenolsulfonaftaleínaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The fluorescein clearance test (FCT) provides insight into the tear film dynamics. The purpose of this study was to describe an inexpensive and practical method for assessing FCT in dogs, using photography and software analysis, and to assess the retention time of 1 vs. 2 eye drops on the canine ocular surface. METHODS: (i) In vivo - Eight healthy German Shepherd dogs were recruited. Following topical anesthesia with 0.5% proxymetacaine, each eye sequentially received (1 week apart) either 1 drop (35 µL) or 2 drops (70 µL) of 0.5% fluorescein. A Schirmer strip was inserted in the ventral conjunctival fornix for 10 s at the following times: each 10 min for 100 min, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. (ii) In vitro - Schirmer strips were placed for 10 s in contact with microplate wells containing 1 or 2 drops of 0.5% fluorescein. In both experiments, the fluorescein-impregnated Schirmer strips were immediately imaged, and the area and intensity of fluorescein uptake were analyzed with ImageJ software. For the in vitro experiment, images were evaluated by the same examiner (repeatability) or two examiners (reproducibility). RESULTS: Photography-based FCT was easy to perform and showed high repeatability and reproducibility (coefficients of variation ≤2.75%). In vivo, the area and intensity of fluorescein uptake on Schirmer strips were significantly greater at 30 min and 40 min post- fluorescein instillation in the 2 drops vs. 1 drop groups (p ≤ 0.044). Compared to baseline, the residual fluorescein uptake on Schirmer strips was < 5% at 60 min and 90 min in the 1 drop and 2 drops groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Photography-based FCT is a practical and reliable diagnostic tool with various clinical and research applications in veterinary medicine. Instillation of two drops provided greater amount and longer retention on the anesthetized canine ocular surface than a single drop. Fluorescein clearance time of a single drop in dolichocephalic dogs is 60 min.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , Cães , Fluoresceína/farmacocinética , Fotografação/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Fluoresceína/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Fotografação/métodos , Fitas Reagentes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Lágrimas/fisiologiaRESUMO
Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.(AU)
As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Protocolos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/terapia , PrognósticoRESUMO
Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.(AU)
As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/terapia , Prognóstico , Protocolos AntineoplásicosRESUMO
Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.
As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.
RESUMO
Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.
As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.
RESUMO
Mammary neoplasms are described as the third most common type of feline tumor, after haematopoietic and skin tumors, and present a challenge for clinicians because the prognosis for feline mammary tumors ranges from guarded to poor. Thus, it is necessary to define new therapeutic approaches and establish more in-depth knowledge about this disease in felines. The main aspects of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of feline mammary neoplasia were discussed, aiming to standardize the criteria and to serve as a guide for pathologists and veterinary clinicians.
As neoplasias mamárias são descritas como o terceiro tipo mais frequente de tumor em felinos (após as neoplasias hematopoiéticas e cutâneas) e apresentam um desafio para os clínicos devido ao prognóstico, que varia de reservado a ruim. Assim, é necessário conhecer melhor essa doença em felinos e definir novas abordagens terapêuticas. Discutiu-se os principais aspectos de diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento da neoplasia mamária felina, com o objetivo de padronizar os critérios e servir de guia para patologistas e clínicos veterinários.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to describe the anatomic and histologic features of the Sapajus sp. eye, comparing similarities and differences of humans and other species of non-human primates for biomedical research purposes. Computed tomography (CT) of adnexa, eye and orbit live animal, as well as formolized pieces of the same structures of Sapajus sp. for anatomical and histological study were also performed. The anatomical description of the eye and adnexa was performed using the techniques of topographic dissection and exenteration. Histological fragments were fixated in buffered formalin 10%, processed by the routine paraffin inclusion technique, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and special stains. CT scan evaluation showed no differences between the live animal and the formolized head on identification of visual apparatus structures. Anatomic and histologic evaluation revealed rounded orbit, absence of the supraorbital foramen and frontal notch, little exposure of the sclera, with slight pigmentation of the exposed area and marked pigmentation at the sclerocorneal junction. Masson's Trichrome revealed the Meibomian glands, the corneal epithelium and Bowman's membrane; in the choroid, melanocytes and Bruch's membrane were observed; and in the retina, cones and rods as well as, optic nerve, the lamina cribrosa of the nerve fibers bundles. Toluidine blue highlighted the membranes: Bowman, Descemet and the endothelium; in the choroid: melanocytes; and in the retina: nuclear layers and retinal pigment epithelium. In view of the observed results Sapajus sp. is an important experimental model for research in the ophthalmology field, which has been shown due to the high similarity of its anatomical and histological structures with the human species.
Assuntos
Olho/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Cebus , Olho/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Músculos Oculomotores/anatomia & histologia , Músculos Oculomotores/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate selected ophthalmic and physiologic parameters in rabbits submitted to retrobulbar blockade with lidocaine, morphine or ketamine. Eighteen adult rabbits, seven males and eleven females, New Zealand White breed, weighing 3.9 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to perform the retrobulbar block according to the groups: LID (2% lidocaine without a vasoconstrictor - 7 mg kg-1); MOR (1% morphine - 1 mg kg-1) or KET (10% Ketamine - 5 mg kg-1). Ophthalmic and physiologic parameters were assessed, including lacrimal production using Schirmer tear test (STT), corneal touch threshold (CTT), pupillary diameter, intraocular pressure (IOP), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), rectal temperature (RT) and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) and were evaluated every 10 minutes for 70 minutes. All drugs used in the present study promoted central positioning of the eyeball for up to one minute later the retrobulbar administration in all cases. There was a significant increase of STT values in MOR and LID, when compared to baseline, while the CTT values had a significant decrease in all groups. KET kept the IOP values unaltered at the time points and there was a significant decrease of pupillary diameter in MOR. There was no significant change in PR, RR and SpO2; however, LID presented significantly lower values of SAP. MOR had increased values for RT when compared to the other two groups. The established parameters may help in ophthalmic procedures using retrobulbar nerve blocks.
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo estabelecer parâmetros oftálmicos e hemodinâmicos em coelhos submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína, morfina ou cetamina. Dezoito coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, adultos, sete machos e onze fêmeas, com peso de 3,9 ± 0,7 kg foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para realização de bloqueio retrobulbar de acordo com os seguintes grupos: LID (lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstrictor 7 mg/kg); MOR (morfina 1% - 1 mg/kg) ou KET (cetamina 10% 5 mg/kg). Os seguintes parâmetros oftálmicos e hemodinâmicos foram avaliados: produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), limiar de sensibilidade corneana ao toque, diâmetro pupilar, pressão intraocular (PIO), frequência de pulso (FP) e respiratória (FR), saturação da oxihemoglobina (SpO2), temperatura retal (TR) e pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média (PAS, PAD e PAM). Todos os fármacos utilizados no presente estudo promoveram centralização do bulbo do olho em até um minuto após a sua administração retrobulbar em todos os casos. Houve um aumento significativo do TLS no grupo MOR e LID, quando comparados aos valores basais, enquanto o limiar de sensibilidade corneana reduziu significativamente em todos os grupos. O grupo KET manteve os valores da PIO inalterados em todos os tempos e houve uma redução significativa do diâmetro pupilar no grupo MOR. Não houve alteração significativa dos valores de FP, FR e SpO2. No entanto, o grupo LID apresentou valores significativamente menores de PAS. O grupo MOR apresentou maiores valores de TR quando comparado aos demais grupos. Os parâmetros estabelecidos no presente estudo podem servir como base para a realização de procedimentos oftálmicos que requerem o uso de bloqueio retrobulbar.
Assuntos
Coelhos , Olho , Analgésicos Opioides , Ketamina , Lidocaína , Morfina , LagomorphaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidural anesthesia is indicated to decrease other anesthetic requirements, prolong analgesia, and reduce side effects. In primates, its use has been scarcely described. The aim was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and dexmedetomidine (DEX) or morphine (MOR). METHODS: Ten female capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) received epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and DEX or MOR under general anesthesia. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in heart rate with DEX and in blood pressure in all groups, with no changes in SpO2 . There was a significant reduction in rectal temperature over time. A stable cardiac rhythm was observed; however, there was a prolonged QT interval with DEX. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural anesthesia with access to the lumbosacral space was safe and easy to perform. DEX decreased heart rate. All groups promoted a decrease in rectal temperature with respiratory and cardiac rhythm stability; however, hypotension should be considered.
Assuntos
Analgésicos não Narcóticos/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Locais/efeitos adversos , Cebinae/fisiologia , Dexmedetomidina/efeitos adversos , Lidocaína/efeitos adversos , Morfina/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Anestesia Epidural/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Inalatórios/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Corporal , Cebinae/cirurgia , Dexmedetomidina/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoflurano/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Região Lombossacral/cirurgia , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Esterilização TubáriaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria). A total of 52 animals, approximately 20-30 years old, were studied. METHOD: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included culturing of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in summer and winter, evaluation of tear production using Schirmer tear test (STT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test in two different environmental temperatures (EAPPTT-1 at 32 °C and EAPPTT-2 at 18 °C), cytology of conjunctival cells, B-mode ultrasonography, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), and applanation tonometry (in two different positions). RESULTS: In both seasons, Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Median (± IQR/2) STT was 12.0 ± 3.5 mm/min, EAPPTT-1 was 15.9 ± 0.7 mm/15 s, and EAPPTT-2 was 15.4 ± 0.4 mm/min (OD) and 17.8 ± 1.0 mm/min (OS). Anterior chamber depth was 1.0 ± 0.1 mm, lens axial length was 2.3 ± 0.1 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 4.3 ± 0.2 mm, and axial globe length was 7.7 ± 0.3 mm. PFL was 11.7 ± 1.7 mm. Intraocular pressure was 11.5 ± 2.8 mmHg for males and 14.0 ± 3.5 mmHg for females (dorsoventral position) and 18.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and 24.1 ± 3.0 mmHg for females (ventrodorsal position with inclination of 45°). The ophthalmic parameters reported here can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria).
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , Olho/anatomia & histologia , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for selected diagnostic tests, and to describe the orbital anatomy and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman. METHOD: A total of 35 Caiman latirostris that were free of obvious ocular diseases were used to measure the parameters in this investigation. Ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests were conducted, including evaluation of tear production with Schirmer Tear test-1 (STT1), culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, applanation tonometry, conjunctival cytology, nictiating membrane incursion frequency test (NMIFT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), palpebral fissure length measurement (PFL) and B-mode ultrasonography. Adnexal histology and skull samples were studied. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) STT1 was 3.4 ± 3.6 mm/min (95% confidence interval of 2.01-4.78 mm/min), intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.9 ± 6.2 mmHg, NMIFT was 6.0 ± 3.5, EAPPTT was 17.1 ± 2.5 mm/min, PFL was 28.9 ± 3.0 mm, anterior chamber depth was 3.1 ± 0.3 mm, lens axial length was 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 7.9 ± 0.7 mm and axial globe length was 19.9 ± 1.3 mm. For all animals evaluated, Bacillus sp., Diphteroids and Staphylococcus sp. were predominant.
Assuntos
Jacarés e Crocodilos/anatomia & histologia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , Olho/anatomia & histologia , Glândula de Harder/anatomia & histologia , Membrana Nictitante/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos/anatomia & histologia , Pressão Intraocular , Pressão Arterial , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Tramadol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The present study aimed at describing ovarian arterial venous complex (OVAC) obliteration technique consisting in tying a knot over its own axis. It also aimed at evaluating the efficacy of this hemostatic technique in queens ovariosalpingohisterectomy, as well as checking partial OVAC obliteration time and total procedure time. After previous training based on alternative methods for the demanded surgical skills acquisition, in vivo surgical procedures were conducted. Once gathered the necessary skills, an experimental study was carried in order to compare this technique with the linking technique in which three hemostatic clamps are used. In vivo training, firstly applied in healthy queens, and later in uterine affection carriers, helped consolidating the dexterity previously acquired through alternative practice methods, and also contributed to the feasibility verification of the described technique, which showed to be effective. Comparative study did not reveal any significant statistic difference between both groups on total surgical elapsed time (p =0.2848) and time spent for the right OVAC obliteration (p=0.1036), however significant difference was observed on the left OVAC obliteration (p=0.0001). The results obtained during trans-operatory observation led to the conclusion that the described technique is feasible and provides appropriate OVAC hemostasis.(AU)
O estudo objetivou descrever a técnica de obliteração do complexo arteriovenoso ovariano (CAVO) por meio da confecção de um nó sob seu próprio eixo, além de avaliar a eficácia desta técnica hemostática na ovariosalpingohisterectomia de gatas, bem como averiguar os tempos parciais de obliteração dos CAVOs e o tempo total do procedimento. Após treinamento prévio, com auxílio de métodos alternativos para ganho de habilidade cirúrgica, foram realizados procedimentos cirúrgicos in vivo. Realizou-se estudo experimental com finalidade de comparar a técnica proposta com a técnica de ligadura com três pinças hemostáticas. O treinamento in vivo, inicialmente em gatas hígidas e, posteriormente, em portadoras de afecções uterinas, serviu para consolidar a destreza adquirida por meio de métodos alternativos e para averiguar a exequibilidade da técnica descrita, que se mostrou eficaz. No estudo comparativo não houve diferença estatística significativa entre o tempo cirúrgico (p=0,2848) e a obliteração do CAVO direito (p=0,1036) entre os dois grupos, porém foram observadas diferenças significativas no tempo de obliteração do CAVO esquerdo (p=0,0001). Diante dos resultados obtidos a partir das avaliações realizadas no período de observação transoperatória, podemos inferir que a técnica descrita é exequível e promove adequada hemostasia do CAVO.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gatos , Técnicas Hemostáticas/veterinária , Histerectomia/veterinária , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/veterinária , Ovariectomia/veterinária , OvárioRESUMO
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmic procedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressure stable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform local anesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animal received an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposed anesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure, invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting the time of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacaine promoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentos oftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressão intraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através do bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associada ao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL. Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbo do olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolos anestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressão arterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Os anestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico que ocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.