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This review aims to promote discussion about the situation of fasciolosis in ruminants in Brazil. The disease is still found more frequently in the South and Southeast regions, but reports outside these areas show the spread of the disease, including human cases. Many studies have been published on the diagnosis and control of fasciolosis, but development of field diagnosis methods and drugs that control all stages of the parasite is still a challenge. Studies should be carried out of new distribution areas and alternatives for control in Brazil, which depends on understanding the complex interactions between of the environment, ecosystems and hosts of this trematode.

Esta revisão tem como objetivo levantar uma discussão sobre a situação da fasciolose em ruminantes no Brasil. A enfermidade ainda se encontra mais frequentemente nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país, entretanto relatos fora dessas regiões evidenciam a expansão da enfermidade, inclusive casos em humanos. Muitos estudos têm sido publicados sobre o diagnóstico e controle da fasciolose, entretanto, o diagnóstico a campo e fármacos que combatam todas as fases evolutivas do parasito ainda são desafios. Novos estudos devem ser realizados sobre novas áreas de distribuição e alternativas de controle em condições brasileiras, o que depende da compreensão das complexas interações entre meio ambiente, ecossistemas e hospedeiros desse trematódeo.

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Many studies about fasciolosis control have been carried out, whether acting on the adult parasite or in Pseudosuccinea columella, compromising the development of the larval stages. The present study aimed to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of P. columella to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, during for 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The snails were evaluated for 21 days for accumulated mortality; number of eggs laid; hatchability rate; biochemical changes; and histopathological analysis. We found that exposure induced a reduction in glucose and glycogen levels, characterizing a negative energy balance, due to the depletion of energy reserves as a result of the direct competition established by the nematode/endosymbiont bacteria complex in such substrates. A mortality rate of 48.25% and 65.52% was observed in the group exposed for 24 h and 48 h, respectively, along with significant impairment of reproductive biology in both exposed groups in relation to the respective controls. The results presented here show that P. columella is susceptible to the nematode H. bacteriophora, with the potential to be used as an alternative bioagent in the control of this mollusk, especially in areas considered endemic for fascioliasis, in line with the position expressed by the World Health Organization Health.

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The gastropod Pseudosuccinea columella participates in the dissemination of Fasciola hepatica in the environment, acting as the main intermediate host of this parasite in Brazil. The present study sought to elucidate the possible pathogenic effects of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on P. columella, by evaluating the influence of infection on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as the concentrations of total protein, uric acid, and urea in the snail's hemolymph. For this, the snails were exposed to EPNs for 24 and 48 h, and for each exposure time, 20 snails were dissected after 7, 14 and 21 days for hemolymph collection. The primary findings suggest a significant proteolysis alongside elevated levels of uric acid and urea in P. columella infected individuals. These findings reveal that H. bacteriophora HP88 infection induced serious changes in the snail's metabolism, triggering important deleterious effects.

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This work reports an outbreak of eurytrematosis in cattle in the municipality of Ibitirama, southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Six cattle were necropsied from August to December 2019, with finding of Eurytrema coelomaticum in the pancreas. A survey of epidemiological data was carried out on the farms along with coproparasitological examination of cattle from the same herd. Parasites were found in all necropsied animals, with different degrees of parasitism, ranging from mild to massive infection (6 - 2000 specimens). Macroscopic analyses of the pancreas revealed changes in 83.33% (5/6) of the cases, and by microscopy, pancreatic fibrosis ranging from Grade I to Grade III was observed. Inspection of the grazing areas confirmed the presence of two intermediate hosts, a terrestrial snail of the Bradybaena genus, with larval forms of the trematode in histological findings, and a grasshopper of the Conocephalus genus. Although none of the cattle showed clinical signs in the coproparasitological examination, 73.80% (31/42) tested positive for E. coelomaticum eggs. This is the first record of an outbreak of eurytrematosis in cattle in Espírito Santo State, indicating the importance of carrying out diagnosis based on epidemiology and necroscopic and parasitological examinations in animals in the region so that appropriate control measures can be adopted.

Este trabalho objetivou relatar um caso de euritrematose em bovinos no município de Ibitirama, Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram necropsiados seis bovinos de agosto a dezembro de 2019, que apresentaram Eurytrema coelomaticum no pâncreas. Foi realizado levantamento de dados epidemiológicos nas propriedades e exames coproparasitológico em bovinos do mesmo plantel. Em todos os animais necropsiados foram encontrados parasitos, com diferentes graus de parasitismo, variando de infeção branda a maciça (6 - 2000 exemplares). Análises macroscópicas dos pâncreas revelaram alterações em 83,33% (5/6) dos casos e, na microscopia, observou-se fibrose pancreática variando de Grau I a Grau III. A inspeção das áreas de pastejo constatou a presença dos dois hospedeiros intermediários, moluscos terrestres do gênero Bradybaena com formas larvares do trematoda em achados histológicos e gafanhotos do gênero Conocephalus. Nenhum dos bovinos apresentou sinais clínicos, no entanto, no exame coproparasitológico, 73,80% (31/42) testaram positivo para ovos de E. coelomaticum. Este é o primeiro registro de surto de euritrematose em bovinos no estado do Espírito Santo, mostrando a importância da realização do diagnostico a partir da epidemiologia e de exames necroscópicos e parasitológicos em animais da região para que sejam adotadas medidas adequadas de controle.

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The risk of bovine cysticercosis is mutable over time, since population habits, local infrastructure, and bovine herd size change through the years. Hence, the aim of this study was to update the risk map of bovine cysticercosis occurrence in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, by choosing the following risk factors: inadequate sewer service; bovine population per municipality; risk of flooding; and land use and occupation, examined with a mathematical model using the GIS program ArcGis 10.5. The risk map of occurrence demonstrated that the state is composed of 12.8, 24.5, 36.2 and 26.5% of areas of very high, high, medium, and low risk, respectively. The northern area stood out for areas of very high risk, with the cities of Linhares and São Mateus accounting for 99% of the area with this classification. Of the state's 78 municipalities, 15 had a portion of their territory with very high risk, 11 had over 50% of the territory with high risk and all except Irupi (100% of low risk) had some percentage of medium risk. These findings demonstrate the areas where actions to prevent bovine cysticercosis should be preferentially conducted.

O risco de cisticercose bovina é mutável ao longo do tempo, uma vez que os hábitos populacionais, a infraestrutura local e o tamanho do rebanho bovino mudam ao longo dos anos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi atualizar o mapa de risco da ocorrência da cisticercose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, escolhendo os seguintes fatores de risco: saneamento sanitário inadequado; população bovina por município; risco de inundação; e uso e ocupação do solo, examinados com um modelo matemático usando o programa SIG ArcGis 10.5. O mapa de risco de ocorrência demonstrou que o estado é composto por 12,8, 24,5, 36,2 e 26,5% de áreas de risco muito alto, alto, médio e baixo, respectivamente. A zona norte destacou-se como área de risco muito alto, com os municípios de Linhares e São Mateus respondendo por 99% da área com essa classificação. Dos 78 municípios do estado, 15 tinham uma parcela de seu território com risco muito alto, 11 tinham mais de 50% do território com risco alto e todos exceto Irupi (100% de risco baixo) tinham algum percentual de risco médio. Esses achados demonstram as áreas onde as ações de prevenção da cisticercose bovina devem ser preferencialmente realizadas.

RESUMO

Schistosoma mansoni is a heteroxenous parasite, meaning that during its life cycle needs the participation of obligatory intermediate and definitive hosts. The larval development occurs in aquatic molluscs belonging to the Biomphalaria genus, leading to the formation of cercariae, which emerge to infect the final vertebrate host. For this reason, studies for control of the diseases caused by digenetic trematodes often focus on combating the snail hosts. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila embryos to the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolate Pc-10). The entire experiment was conducted in duplicate, with five replicates for each repetition (five egg masses/replicate), utilizing a total of 100 egg masses, with 20-30 eggs/egg mass. At the end of 15 days, the egg masses were evaluated under a stereomicroscope to analyze the hatching of B. tenagophila embryos in both experimental groups. After days of interaction, the exposure to the fungal hyphae bodies significantly impaired the viability of the B. tenagophila eggs, inhibiting the embryogenesis process by 83.7% in relation to the control group. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic images revealed relevant structural alterations in the egg masses exposed to the hyphae action of the fungus, interfering in the development and hatching of the young snails under analysis. These results indicate the susceptibility of B. tenagophila embryos to the fungus P. chlamydosporia (isolate Pc-10) and suggest the potential of Pc-10 to be used in the control of intermediate host, for its ovicidal capacity and for being an ecologically viable option, but in vivo experiments become necessary.

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Biological control is considered one of the most used alternative measures to combat helminths of relevance in veterinary medicine and public health. Among these parasites, Toxocara canis stands out for its high prevalence and worldwide distribution, in addition to being the main cause of visceral larva migrans in man. The present work aimed the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolate Pc-10) on eggs of T. canis. In order to do this, fertile nematode eggs were obtained by dissection of adult females fertilized specimens. After obtaining the eggs, they were inserted into 24 well plates previously À lled with different concentrations of enzymatic extract of the fungus (100, 200, 400 and 500 µL). In addition, the behavior of P. chlamydosporia hyphae on Toxocara canis eggs was also observed in 2% wateragar medium (2% WA+ fungal isolate) when compared to the control group (2% WA + water). It was veriÀ ed ovicidal activity with the enzymatic extract of P. chlamydosporia at concentrations of 400 and 500 µL. At the same time, after 12 days of exposure of the T. canis eggs to P. chlamydosporia mycelia it was possible to observe the fungus action on eggshells, including penetration of the hyphae and colonization of the egg inside. The results conÀ rm the ovicidal potential of the fungus and suggest its applicability in toxocariasis control programs.(AU)

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Commercial synthetic acaricides have selected resistant populations of Rhipicephalus microplus, and generate residues in the environment or in milk/cattle products. In this study, aqueous extracts (AE) from Melia azedarach (Maz), Allium sativum, Capsicum chinense, Nicotiana tabacum (Nta) and Dysphania ambrosioides were evaluated for the bioactivity against the cattle tick. The treatment using Nta or Maz AE resulted in the lowest egg hatching rate (34.0 ± 11% and 25.0 ± 19%), and in the values of reproduction inhibition ranging from 89.0% to 85.3%. Phytochemical screening associated to RP-HPLC/DAD analysis suggested the presence of alkaloids for Nta and gallic acid derivatives and catechins, for Maz. Such results highlighted that the use of Nta and Maz AE can be a promising source of bioactive compounds for the control of infections caused by the cattle tick.

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Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, known as santa maria herb, is a medicinal plant used on pest control and to treat parasitic diseases. Due to its potential for pest control, the aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of D. ambrosioides essential oil and evaluate its molluscicidal effect on Biomphalaria tenagophila, which is an intermediate host for the Schistosoma mansoni trematode, that is responsible for causing human schistosomiasis. The essential oil extracted from its leaves showed 87% of (Z)-ascaridole and 100% of mortality against B. tenagophila at 10 ppm after 24 h of experiment. LC50 and LC90 values were, respectively, 2.40 (1.90-2.99) ppm and 8.75 (6.39-14.12) ppm. D. ambrosioides essential oil proved to be a promising natural molluscicide against schistosomiasis when compared with commercial products.

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The objective of this study was to provide the first report of resistance of Haemonchus contortus to monepantel in sheep in Espírito Santo. The study was conducted in a property with history of monepantel use since 2014 and register of low efficacy in studies conducted over the past few years with fecal egg count reduction test. Lambs born on the property (males and females aged approximately 100 days) were selected and after eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis on fecal samples, these were divided into two groups: a group treated with monepantel (2.5 mg / Kg) and a control group without anthelmintic treatment. Seven days later, the animals were euthanized to recover parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. The efficacy of the treatment was 61.35% against H. contortus, thus proving that anthelmintic resistance to monepantel was present.

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Birds are affected by many parasites, and at wildlife animals are less vulnerable to the changes caused by parasitism, nevertheless in captivity their vulnerability may increase by different factors, including precarious hygiene and management. Birds of the order Psittaciformes frequently live together with people, and it may causes health and environment threats. Then, the objective of the current study was to accomplish parasitological exams in captive Psittaciformes birds aiming to know their parasitological fauna, and evaluate the results with the type of management and the environment where they are, to adopt appropriate prophylaxis measures. This work was authorized by the Ethics Commission in the Use of Animals at UFES from Alegre, and by the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) of ICMBio. There were analyzed 200 birds of four breedings in Espírito Santo state, being that 63 couple of cockatiels are from domestic breedings in the county of Alegre and 74 individuals of parrots from the Zoo Park da Montanha Zoo, in Marechal Floriano. The fecal samples were collected and processed by the Simple Fluctuation Centrifugal technique in parasitology lab of HOVET-UFES, and the parrots and cockatiels feathers were analyzed in the stereomicroscope. The environment and heath aspects where the birds were living were analyzed. The obtained data were summarized by descriptive statistics. The parasites found were Eimeria sp., with a frequency of 9,52% and the lice Neopsittaconirmus sp., with frequency of 4,76% in cockatiels; Capillaria sp. and Ascaridia sp. with a frequency of 75,6 % and 39%, respectively, in parrots, which 36,5% are mixed infection (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). It was also found the mite Neorthydelasma sp. with a frequency of 73,3% in mutualism with parrots. The prophylactic and control recommendations were made based on the results of this study and on the...(AU)

As aves são acometidas por diversos parasitos e, na natureza são menos suscetíveis às alterações causadas pelo parasitismo, todavia em cativeiros a susceptibilidade às infecções e infestações pode aumentar por diversos fatores, como por higiene e manejo precários. As aves da ordem Psittaciformes possuem um convívio frequente com pessoas, podendo impor riscos ambientais e sanitários. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer as espécies de endo e ectoparasitos presentes em criações de aves pertencentes a ordem Psittaciformes em dois municípios do Espírito Santo, além de relacionar os resultados com o tipo de manejo e ambiente em que as aves se encontram, para que os proprietários adotem medidas adequadas de profilaxia. Este trabalho foi autorizado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da UFES de Alegre, e pelo Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) do ICMBio. Foram analisadas 200 aves de quatro criações no estado do Espírito Santo, sendo 63 casais de calopsitas de criações domésticas no município de Alegre e 74 indivíduos de espécies de psitacídeos do Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha, em Marechal Floriano. As fezes foram recolhidas e processadas pela técnica de Centrífugo Flutuação Simples no laboratório de Parasitologia do HOVET-UFES, e as penas e penugens das calopsitas e psitacídeos foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio. Foram analisados o ambiente e os aspectos sanitários aos quais as aves eram submetidas. Os dados obtidos foram sumarizados por estatística descritiva. Os parasitos encontrados foram Eimeria sp., com 9,52% de frequência e o piolho Neopsittaconirmus sp., com 4,76% de frequência em calopsitas, Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp, com 75,6 % e 39% de frequência, respectivamente, em psitacídeos, e destes, 36,5% são de infecção mista (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). Foi encontrado também o ácaro...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Birds are affected by many parasites, and at wildlife animals are less vulnerable to the changes caused by parasitism, nevertheless in captivity their vulnerability may increase by different factors, including precarious hygiene and management. Birds of the order Psittaciformes frequently live together with people, and it may causes health and environment threats. Then, the objective of the current study was to accomplish parasitological exams in captive Psittaciformes birds aiming to know their parasitological fauna, and evaluate the results with the type of management and the environment where they are, to adopt appropriate prophylaxis measures. This work was authorized by the Ethics Commission in the Use of Animals at UFES from Alegre, and by the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO) of ICMBio. There were analyzed 200 birds of four breedings in Espírito Santo state, being that 63 couple of cockatiels are from domestic breedings in the county of Alegre and 74 individuals of parrots from the Zoo Park da Montanha Zoo, in Marechal Floriano. The fecal samples were collected and processed by the Simple Fluctuation Centrifugal technique in parasitology lab of HOVET-UFES, and the parrots and cockatiels’ feathers were analyzed in the stereomicroscope. The environment and heath aspects where the birds were living were analyzed. The obtained data were summarized by descriptive statistics. The parasites found were Eimeria sp., with a frequency of 9,52% and the lice Neopsittaconirmus sp., with frequency of 4,76% in cockatiels; Capillaria sp. and Ascaridia sp. with a frequency of 75,6 % and 39%, respectively, in parrots, which 36,5% are mixed infection (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). It was also found the mite Neorthydelasma sp. with a frequency of 73,3% in mutualism with parrots. The prophylactic and control recommendations were made based on the results of this study and on the...

As aves são acometidas por diversos parasitos e, na natureza são menos suscetíveis às alterações causadas pelo parasitismo, todavia em cativeiros a susceptibilidade às infecções e infestações pode aumentar por diversos fatores, como por higiene e manejo precários. As aves da ordem Psittaciformes possuem um convívio frequente com pessoas, podendo impor riscos ambientais e sanitários. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer as espécies de endo e ectoparasitos presentes em criações de aves pertencentes a ordem Psittaciformes em dois municípios do Espírito Santo, além de relacionar os resultados com o tipo de manejo e ambiente em que as aves se encontram, para que os proprietários adotem medidas adequadas de profilaxia. Este trabalho foi autorizado pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da UFES de Alegre, e pelo Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) do ICMBio. Foram analisadas 200 aves de quatro criações no estado do Espírito Santo, sendo 63 casais de calopsitas de criações domésticas no município de Alegre e 74 indivíduos de espécies de psitacídeos do Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha, em Marechal Floriano. As fezes foram recolhidas e processadas pela técnica de Centrífugo Flutuação Simples no laboratório de Parasitologia do HOVET-UFES, e as penas e penugens das calopsitas e psitacídeos foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio. Foram analisados o ambiente e os aspectos sanitários aos quais as aves eram submetidas. Os dados obtidos foram sumarizados por estatística descritiva. Os parasitos encontrados foram Eimeria sp., com 9,52% de frequência e o piolho Neopsittaconirmus sp., com 4,76% de frequência em calopsitas, Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp, com 75,6 % e 39% de frequência, respectivamente, em psitacídeos, e destes, 36,5% são de infecção mista (Capillaria sp. e Ascaridia sp.). Foi encontrado também o ácaro...

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Sixty-two fecal samples of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) living in eight conservation units (CUs) across the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were assessed for the presence of eggs of liver flukes via sedimentation. Fasciola hepatica eggs were found in 37.1% (23/62) of the samples. Positive samples were found in six CUs (75%), three CUs located in the southern region of the state and three others in the metropolitan region of the capital city of Vitória. Identification of Fasciola hepatica eggs collected from capybara fecal samples were based on morphology, and confirmed using molecular methods. Our results suggest that capybaras may serve as a wild reservoir host for F. hepatica, possibly contributing to the epidemiology and geographic range expansion of this zoonotic parasite across its vast range of distribution in South America.

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Dioctophyme renale is the largest parasitic nematode of animals. It is most often found in the right kidney, but can also occur in the urinary system, ears, free abdominal cavity, mammary gland, thoracic cavity, and more rarely in subcutaneous tissue. The genus Dirofilaria has specific parasitic characteristics according to its location, and may parasitize the respiratory tract or even the skin, varying according to species. This report describes a case of Dioctophyme renale and Dirofilaria sp. in the subcutaneous tissue of a cat in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. An adult male mongrel cat showed physical enlargement in the left inguinal region, diagnosed as a subcutaneous nodule. Surgical excision and histopathological evaluation of the nodule were performed, and Dioctophyme renale and Dirofilaria sp. were found inside. Dioctophymosis and heartworm disease are present in Brazil and most other countries, but this is the unprecedented case of the association of Dioctophyme renale and Dirofilaria sp. in the subcutaneous tissue of a cat.

RESUMO

The city of Guarapari, known as "Healthy City", has as its main tourist attraction radioactive sands known as monazite sands. There are many studies aimed at quantifying radiation, but little is known about an influence of radiation levels on the life cycle of parasites with zoonotic potential, since many owners take their animals to beaches facilitating a maintenance of their cycle. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the association of the sand radiation of the beaches of the municipality of Guarapari and the presence of eggs and larvae of zoonotic potential parasites. To determine the influence of the radiation on the parasites, sand and faeces samples were collected from the beaches of Praia do Morro, Areia Preta, Castanheiras, Setiba and Santa Mônica, and how to analyze, use the simple centrifugal-flotation technique. The beaches of the present study were classified as low, medium and high radioactivity according to the dose limits that a human being can receive. The samples of sand and faeces were grouped according to a classification of the beaches where they were collected as samples. After obtaining the result, a Chi-square statistical test was performed at a significance level of 95% to evaluate an association between radiation classes and parasite presence. In general, monazitic sands have an influence on the maintenance of the cycle of zoonotic parasites found in beach sand, their correlation being inversely proportional.

O município de Guarapari, balneário conhecido por "Cidade Saúde", possui como principal atrativo turístico as areias radioativas conhecidas como areias monazíticas. Há muitos estudos direcionados a quantificação da radiação, mas pouco se sabe sobre a influência dos níveis de radiação sobre o ciclo de vida dos parasitos com potencial zoonótico, uma vez que muitos proprietários levam seus animais as praias, facilitando a manutenção desses ciclos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação da radiação da areia monazítica das praias do município de Guarapari e a presença de ovos e larvas de parasitos de potencial zoonótico. Para determinar a influência da radiação sobre os parasitos, coletou-se amostras da Praia do Morro, Areia Preta, Castanheiras, Setiba e Santa Mônica, a partir de areias e de fezes, para a análise utilizou a técnica de centrifugo-flutuação simples. As praias deste estudo foram classificadas em baixa, média e alta radioatividade de acordo com as doses limites que um ser humano pode receber. As amostras de areia e fezes foram agrupadas de acordo com a classificação das praias onde foram recolhidas as amostras. Após obtenção do resultado, foi feito teste estatístico Qui-quadrado a um nível de significância de 95% para avaliar a associação entre as classes de radiação e a presença dos parasitos. Em geral, as areias monazíticas têm influência na manutenção do ciclo de parasitas zoonóticos encontrados na areia da praia, sendo sua correlação inversamente proporcional.

RESUMO

Abstract The objective of this study was to provide the first report of resistance of Haemonchus contortus to monepantel in sheep in Espírito Santo. The study was conducted in a property with history of monepantel use since 2014 and register of low efficacy in studies conducted over the past few years with fecal egg count reduction test. Lambs born on the property (males and females aged approximately 100 days) were selected and after eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis on fecal samples, these were divided into two groups: a group treated with monepantel (2.5 mg / Kg) and a control group without anthelmintic treatment. Seven days later, the animals were euthanized to recover parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. The efficacy of the treatment was 61.35% against H. contortus, thus proving that anthelmintic resistance to monepantel was present.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer o primeiro relato de resistência de Haemonchus contortus ao monepantel em ovinos no Espírito Santo. O estudo foi conduzido em uma propriedade com histórico de uso de monepantel, desde 2014, e registro de baixa eficácia em estudos conduzidos nos últimos anos, utilizando-se testes de redução de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Cordeiros nascidos na propriedade (machos e fêmeas com idade aproximada de 100 dias) foram selecionados e, após contagem de OPG, foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo tratado com monepantel (2,5 mg / kg) e um grupo controle, sem tratamento com anti-helmíntico. Após 7 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados para a recuperação dos parasitos no trato gastrointestinal. O tratamento apresentou eficácia de 61,35% para H. contortus, comprovando que a resistência anti-helmíntica ao monepantel foi presente.

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RESUMO

Fasciolosis has been diagnosed in cattle, goats, sheep and horses in southern and southeastern Brazil. Effective alternative treatments are the targets of study. One promising alternative is the use of plant extracts. The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical analysis of extracts of Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens, and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these extracts on ovicidal activity in Fasciola hepatica. Plant extracts were analyzed for phytochemical properties. F. hepatica eggs were collected directly from the gallbladders of animals diagnosed as positive for fasciolosis on post mortem examination. One hundred eggs were incubated with 3 ml of each extract at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%, albendazole 0.50% (positive control) or tap water (negative control). To determine anti larval efficacy of each plant extract, hatched eggs were counted and the averages were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenes in most extracts. E. uniflora L. extract was 100% effective at 0.10%, H. procumbens was effective at 0.25% and P. guajava L. and S. adstringens extracts were 100% effective at all concentrations tested. Taken together, the data suggested that ovicidal activity in F. hepatica is due to the presence of these bioactive compounds.(AU)

A fasciolose tem sido diagnosticada em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equinos no sul e sudeste do Brasil, sendo que tratamentos alternativos mais eficazes são alvos de estudo. Umas das alternativas promissoras é o uso de extratos vegetais no controle dessa e outras enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. e Stryphnodendron adstringens, além de avaliar a eficácia in vitro desses extratos na atividade ovicida em Fasciola hepatica. Os extratos vegetais foram obtidos e analisados para determinação fitoquímica. Ovos de F. hepatica foram coletados diretamente das vesículas biliares de animais diagnosticados como positivos para fasciolose no exame post mortem. Cem ovos foram incubados com três mililitros de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0,10%, 0,25% e 0,50%, de albendazol a 0,50% (controle positivo) e água de torneira (controle negativo). Para determinar a eficácia de cada extrato vegetal os ovos eclodidos foram contados, e a média utilizada para os cálculos de eficácia. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e terpenos na maioria dos extratos. O extrato de E. uniflora L. apresentou eficácia de 100% na concentração de 0,10%, o de H. procumbens a 0,25% e os extratos de P. guajava L. e S. adstringens apresentaram 100% de eficácia em todas as concentrações testadas. Assim, sugere-se que a atividade ovicida em F. hepatica seja devido à presença desses compostos bioativos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Fasciolosis has been diagnosed in cattle, goats, sheep and horses in southern and southeastern Brazil. Effective alternative treatments are the targets of study. One promising alternative is the use of plant extracts. The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical analysis of extracts of Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens, and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these extracts on ovicidal activity in Fasciola hepatica. Plant extracts were analyzed for phytochemical properties. F. hepatica eggs were collected directly from the gallbladders of animals diagnosed as positive for fasciolosis on post mortem examination. One hundred eggs were incubated with 3 ml of each extract at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%, albendazole 0.50% (positive control) or tap water (negative control). To determine anti larval efficacy of each plant extract, hatched eggs were counted and the averages were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenes in most extracts. E. uniflora L. extract was 100% effective at 0.10%, H. procumbens was effective at 0.25% and P. guajava L. and S. adstringens extracts were 100% effective at all concentrations tested. Taken together, the data suggested that ovicidal activity in F. hepatica is due to the presence of these bioactive compounds.

RESUMO: A fasciolose tem sido diagnosticada em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equinos no sul e sudeste do Brasil, sendo que tratamentos alternativos mais eficazes são alvos de estudo. Umas das alternativas promissoras é o uso de extratos vegetais no controle dessa e outras enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. e Stryphnodendron adstringens, além de avaliar a eficácia in vitro desses extratos na atividade ovicida em Fasciola hepatica. Os extratos vegetais foram obtidos e analisados para determinação fitoquímica. Ovos de F. hepatica foram coletados diretamente das vesículas biliares de animais diagnosticados como positivos para fasciolose no exame post mortem. Cem ovos foram incubados com três mililitros de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0,10%, 0,25% e 0,50%, de albendazol a 0,50% (controle positivo) e água de torneira (controle negativo). Para determinar a eficácia de cada extrato vegetal os ovos eclodidos foram contados, e a média utilizada para os cálculos de eficácia. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e terpenos na maioria dos extratos. O extrato de E. uniflora L. apresentou eficácia de 100% na concentração de 0,10%, o de H. procumbens a 0,25% e os extratos de P. guajava L. e S. adstringens apresentaram 100% de eficácia em todas as concentrações testadas. Assim, sugere-se que a atividade ovicida em F. hepatica seja devido à presença desses compostos bioativos.

RESUMO

Abstract Currently, albendazole is one of the most commonly used drugs because of its affordability. The objective was to evaluate the histopathology of Fasciola hepatica specimens. For this, the efficacy test was performed on sheep treated with albendazole at the dose recommended for F. hepatica, in which the helminths recovered at necropsy were counted and separated for histology. Spermatogenic cells from parasites recovered from treated and control sheep were examined by microscopy. The fecal egg-count reduction test revealed 97.06% efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of F. hepatica. Changes in testicular tubule cells started 48 hours after treatment and became evident within 72 hours, at which point it became difficult to identify cell types. Primary and secondary spermatogonia became increasingly rare and intercellular vacuolization was more evident. Signs of apoptosis, with pycnotic nuclei and evidence of keriorrexia were observed at all times. Cell debris was identified 96 hours after treatment. The results indicated that parasitic spermatogenesis was severely affected by albendazole and demonstrated the importance of the use of histopathology for the diagnosis of therapeutic efficacy in field strains.

Resumo Na atualidade, o albendazol é uma das drogas mais usadas devido à sua acessibilidade econômica. O objetivo foi avaliar a histopatologia dos espécimes de Fasciola hepatica. Para isso, foi realizado o teste de eficácia em ovinos tratados com albendazol na dose recomendada para Fasciola hepatica, no qual os helmintos recuperados em necropsia foram contabilizados e separados para histologia. As células espermatogênicas de parasitas recuperados de ovinos tratados e controle foram examinadas por microscopia. O teste de redução de ovos por grama de fezes revelou 97,06% de eficácia do albendazol no tratamento de F. hepatica. As alterações nas células dos túbulos testiculares iniciaram-se 48 horas após o tratamento e tornaram-se evidentes em 72 horas, altura em que tornou-se difícil identificar os tipos de células. As espermatogônias primárias e secundárias tornaram-se cada vez mais raras e a vacuolização intercelular foi mais evidente. Sinais de apoptose, com núcleos picnóticos e evidência de cariorrexia foram observados em todos os momentos. Os detritos celulares foram identificados 96 horas após o tratamento. Os resultados indicaram que a espermatogênese parasitária foi severamente afetada pelo albendazol e demonstrou a importância do uso da histopatologia para o diagnóstico de eficácia terapêutica em cepas de campo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Currently, albendazole is one of the most commonly used drugs because of its affordability. The objective was to evaluate the histopathology of Fasciola hepatica specimens. For this, the efficacy test was performed on sheep treated with albendazole at the dose recommended for F. hepatica, in which the helminths recovered at necropsy were counted and separated for histology. Spermatogenic cells from parasites recovered from treated and control sheep were examined by microscopy. The fecal egg-count reduction test revealed 97.06% efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of F. hepatica. Changes in testicular tubule cells started 48 hours after treatment and became evident within 72 hours, at which point it became difficult to identify cell types. Primary and secondary spermatogonia became increasingly rare and intercellular vacuolization was more evident. Signs of apoptosis, with pycnotic nuclei and evidence of keriorrexia were observed at all times. Cell debris was identified 96 hours after treatment. The results indicated that parasitic spermatogenesis was severely affected by albendazole and demonstrated the importance of the use of histopathology for the diagnosis of therapeutic efficacy in field strains.

Assuntos