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Stroke is the second most common cause of death and one of the most common causes of disability worldwide. The intestine is home to several microorganisms that fulfill essential functions for the natural and physiological functioning of the human body. There is an interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal system that enables bidirectional communication between them, the so-called gut-brain axis. Based on the gut-brain axis, there is evidence of a link between the gut microbiota and the regulation of microglial functions through glial activation. This interaction is partly due to the immunological properties of the microbiota and its connection with the CNS, such that metabolites produced by the microbiota can cross the gut barrier, enter the bloodstream and reach the CNS and significantly affect microglia, astrocytes and other cells of the immune system. Studies addressing the effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on glial function and the BBB in ischemic stroke are still scarce. Therefore, this review aims to stimulate the investigation of these associations, as well as to generate new studies on this topic that can clarify the role of SCFAs after stroke in a more robust manner.

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The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in the world for the prevention of tuberculosis. Its immunological capacity also includes epigenetic reprogramming, activation of T cells and inflammatory responses. Although the main usage of the vaccine is the prevention of tuberculosis, different works have shown that the effect of BCG can go beyond the peripheral immune response and be linked to the central nervous system by modulating the immune system at the level of the brain. This review therefore aims to describe the BCG vaccine, its origin, its relationship with the immune system, and its involvement at the brain level.

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As pessoas com deficiência auditiva (DA) possuem barreiras a serem descontruídas quando o assunto é acesso aos serviços de saúde. Estas se dão devido à dificuldade na comunicação, falta de profissionais qualificados, ausência de intérprete da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS) dentre outros aspectos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o acolhimento dos indivíduos com surdez na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). Trata-se de um estudo de métodos mistos com triangulação concomitante por meio de um estudo descritivo e quantitativo. O estudo foi realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Criciúma ­ Santa Catarina, participaram os gerentes das unidades de saúde, cirurgiões dentistas, enfermeiros e médicos. Foram entrevistados 43 profissionais de saúde de 44 UBS diferentes do município, dos quais os resultados apontaram frágeis condições de acolhimento e atendimento humanizado das pessoas com DA que procuram as unidades básicas de saúde. A comunicação predominante é de forma verbal e na maioria das vezes, conta com a presença de um familiar durante as consultas para facilitar essa comunicação. Alguns profissionais afirmaram que o DA não possui atendimento humanizado, inclusivo e resolutivo, e que os programas de capacitação deixariam os atendimentos mais humanizados. Em suma, existem inúmeras barreiras no acolhimento dos pacientes com DA na APS, sendo necessária a aprimoração das práticas para que seja desenvolvido um atendimento inclusivo, humanizado, acolhedor e integral.

The person with hearing loss (AD) has barriers to be deconstructed regarding access to health services. These are due to the difficulty in communication, lack of qualified professionals, and absence of interpreters of Brazilian Sign Language, among other aspects. This study aims to analyze the reception of individuals with deafness in Primary Health Care (PHC). This is a mixed methods study with concomitant triangulation through descriptive and quantitative analysis. The study was conducted in the Basic Health Units (BHU) of the municipality of Criciúma - Santa Catarina, with the participation of managers of health units, dental surgeons, nurses, and physicians. Participants were 43 health professionals from 44 different BHUs in the city, of which the results showed fragile conditions of reception and humanized care of people with AD who seek basic health units. The predominant communication is verbal and, in most cases, relies on the presence of a family member during the consultations to facilitate this communication. Some professionals stated that the DA lacks humanized, inclusive and resolutive care and that the training programs would make the care more humanized. In short, there are numerous barriers in the reception of patients with AD in PHC, and it is necessary to improve practices so that inclusive, humanized, welcoming, and integral care is developed.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of Brazilian adolescents in home cooking, estimating its associations with sex and socioeconomic status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-olds enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 835). To assess involvement in home cooking, a 12-question questionnaire was used. The content was based on the Brazilian Food Guide, which encourages the acquisition, development, and sharing of culinary skills. Pearson's χ test and Poisson regression models were carried out, without and with adjustments. RESULTS: Most of the adolescents did not usually participate in meal planning (61%), and in the choice/purchase of food and culinary ingredients (67%). Boys were less likely to know how to cook "from scratch", positively self-evaluate their culinary skills, enjoy cooking, wish to learn more about cooking and meal preparation, and to participate frequently in the planning and preparation of meals. Belonging to a lower socioeconomic status represented a greater probability of preparing meals alone for the family. CONCLUSIONS: We verified an alarming prevalence of adolescents with behaviors unaligned with Brazilian Food Guide recommendations; that is, most of them, especially boys, were not involved in home cooking. Adolescence may present a window of opportunity for the development of culinary skills, resulting in long-term benefits for the population's diet quality. Furthermore, to change a historical pattern that overloads women's daily lives, it is necessary to encourage, from an early age, the presence of boys in the kitchen.

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Introduction. Frequent use of ultra-processed foods (UPF) leads to poor health outcomes, and the population must avoid their consumption. Objective. To assess the occurrence of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in culinary lunch menus from various institutional food services. Materials and methods. Over one month, the five institutional food services analyzed served 1,128 culinary preparations; and a total of 3,863 ingredients were classified according to the extent and purpose of processing using the NOVA classification system. Associations between the occurrence of UPFs and the type, size, and management of food service establishments were analyzed. Five institutional food services in three municipalities (Bauru, Limeira, and Campinas), Brazil. Results. We found 8.4 % up to 12.6 % UPF ingredients used in culinary preparations. The highest frequency of UPFs was associated with private cafeterias (p = 0.002). Most UPFs were part of the recipe or the main ingredient in protein dishes and desserts (p < 0.05) and in university and hospital food services, respectively. UPF use was associated with food service size and type of management (p ≤ 0.003) and was more prevalent in protein dishes (p = 0.003) and large-size institutional food services (28.8 %). Self-managed units (p = 0.03) also use high amounts of UPFs in protein dishes (20.3 %). Conclusions. The presence of UPF rounded 10%; the validity of this value needs further studies. There are no comparative data in the scientific literature regarding the use of these ingredients in institutional food service culinary preparations. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate reflection to promote healthy food habits and adequate nutrition for diners(AU)

Introducción. El uso frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados (UPF) conduce a complicaciones de salud, y la población debe evitar su consumo. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de alimentos ultraprocesados (UPFs) en los menús de almuerzos de diversos servicios de alimentación institucionales. Materiales y métodos. Durante un mes, los cinco servicios de alimentación institucionales analizados sirvieron 1.128 preparaciones culinarias; y se clasificaron un total de 3.863 ingredientes según el alcance y el propósito del procesamiento, utilizando el sistema de clasificación NOVA. Se analizaron las asociaciones entre la ocurrencia de UPFs y el tipo, tamaño y gestión de los establecimientos de servicio de alimentos. Cinco servicios institucionales de alimentación en tres municipios (Bauru, Limeira y Campinas), Brasil. Resultados. Se encontró entre un 8,4 % hasta un 12,6 % de ingredientes UPF utilizados en las preparaciones culinarias. La mayor frecuencia de UPF se asoció a cafeterías privadas (p = 0,002). La mayoría de los UPFs formaban parte de la receta o eran el ingrediente principal en platos proteicos y postres (p < 0,05) y en los servicios de alimentación universitarios y hospitalarios, respectivamente. El uso de UPFs se asoció con el tamaño del servicio de alimentación y el tipo de gestión (p≤ 0,003) y fue más frecuente en platos proteicos (p = 0,003) y servicios de alimentación institucional de gran tamaño (28,8 %). Las unidades autogestionadas (p = 0,03) también utilizan altas cantidades de UPF en platos proteicos (20,3 %). Conclusiones. La presencia de UPF ronda el 10 %; la validez de este valor necesita más estudios. No existen datos comparativos en la literatura científica sobre el uso de estos ingredientes en las preparaciones culinarias de los servicios de alimentación institucional. Por ello, es necesario estimular la reflexión para promover hábitos alimentarios saludables y una adecuada nutrición de los comensales(AU)

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The growing prevalence of food insecurity observed in the last years, has been favored by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to mental health issues, such as stress. We aim to analyze the prevalence of household food insecurity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with perceived stress. We analyzed data from two population-based studies conducted in 2019 and 2020-2021 in the municipality of Criciúma, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Food insecurity and perceived stress were assessed with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale. The covariables were sex, age, skin color, schooling level, income, job status, marital status, household crowding, overweight, and diet quality. Crude and adjusted associations between food insecurity and perceived stress were assessed using Poisson regression. A total of 1,683 adult individuals were assessed. Prevalence of food insecurity was 25.8% in 2019, decreasing to 21.6% in 2020. Prevalence of perceived stress was about 38% for both years. Before the pandemic, food insecurity increased the prevalence of perceived stress by 29% (PR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.63), but no association was found during COVID-19. We found a worrying prevalence of food insecurity before and after de pandemic, nonetheless food insecurity and perceived stress were associated only in 2019. An assessment of these aspects after COVID-19 is needed to ensure basic life rights for all.

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Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar a produção científica brasileira sobre empreendedorismo em enfermagem produzida de 2008 a 2020. Considera-se, como método, a crítica à ideologia proposta pelo materialismo histórico-dialético, enfocando, em particular, a problemática entre ideologia e ciência. A pesquisa conclui que os textos acadêmico-científicos reproduzem o tratamento apaziguador das contradições da forma societária do capital, pelo qual ocultam-se as relações entre empreendedorismo e exploração, bem como coloca-se a atividade empreendedora como a única e inovadora possibilidade de sobrevivência, e mesmo existência, para a classe trabalhadora.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the Brazilian scientific production on entrepreneurship in nursing from 2008 to 2020. It considers, as a method, the critique of the ideology proposed by the historical-dialectical materialism, focusing, in particular, on the problem between ideology and science. The research concludes that academic-scientific texts reproduce the appeasement treatment of the contradictions of the social form of capital, by which the relation between entrepreneurship and exploitation is hidden, as well as place entrepreneurial activity as the only and innovative possibility of survival, or even existence, for the working class.

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The growing prevalence of food insecurity observed in the last years, has been favored by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to mental health issues, such as stress. We aim to analyze the prevalence of household food insecurity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with perceived stress. We analyzed data from two population-based studies conducted in 2019 and 2020-2021 in the municipality of Criciúma, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Food insecurity and perceived stress were assessed with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale. The covariables were sex, age, skin color, schooling level, income, job status, marital status, household crowding, overweight, and diet quality. Crude and adjusted associations between food insecurity and perceived stress were assessed using Poisson regression. A total of 1,683 adult individuals were assessed. Prevalence of food insecurity was 25.8% in 2019, decreasing to 21.6% in 2020. Prevalence of perceived stress was about 38% for both years. Before the pandemic, food insecurity increased the prevalence of perceived stress by 29% (PR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.63), but no association was found during COVID-19. We found a worrying prevalence of food insecurity before and after de pandemic, nonetheless food insecurity and perceived stress were associated only in 2019. An assessment of these aspects after COVID-19 is needed to ensure basic life rights for all.

A pandemia da COVID-19 favoreceu a tendência crescente de insegurança alimentar observada nos últimos anos, causando consequências na saúde mental, como o estresse. Nosso objetivo foi analisar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar domiciliar antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e a sua associação com o estresse percebido. Analisamos dados de dois estudos de base populacional conduzidos em 2019 e 2020 a 2021 com adultos em Criciúma, Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. A insegurança alimentar e o estresse percebido foram avaliados usando a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e da Escala de Estresse Percebido. As covariáveis foram sexo, idade, raça, escolaridade, renda, situação profissional, estado civil, aglomeração domiciliar, excesso de peso e qualidade da dieta. Associações brutas e ajustadas entre insegurança alimentar e estresse percebido foram avaliadas usando a regressão de Poisson. Foram avaliados 1.683 indivíduos. A prevalência de insegurança alimentar foi de 25,8% em 2019, diminuindo para 21,6% em 2020. A prevalência de estresse percebido foi de aproximadamente 38% nos dois anos. Antes da pandemia, a insegurança alimentar aumentava a prevalência de estresse percebido em 29% (RP = 1,29; IC95%: 1,02; 1,63), mas nenhuma associação foi encontrada durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Identificamos uma prevalência preocupante de insegurança alimentar antes e depois da pandemia, no entanto, a insegurança alimentar e o estresse percebido foram associados apenas em 2019. Uma avaliação desses aspectos após a pandemia da COVID-19 é necessária para garantir direitos básicos de vida para todos.

La creciente tendencia a la inseguridad alimentaria observada en los últimos años se ha visto favorecida por la pandemia de COVID-19, provocando consecuencias en la salud mental, tales como el estrés. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y su asociación con el estrés percibido. Analizamos datos de dos estudios poblacionales realizados en 2019 y 2020-2021 con adultos en Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Sur de Brasil. La inseguridad alimentaria y el estrés percibido se evaluaron con la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Las covariables fueron sexo, edad, color de piel, escolaridad, ingresos, situación laboral, estado civil, hacinamiento en el hogar, sobrepeso y calidad de la dieta. Las asociaciones crudas y ajustadas entre la inseguridad alimentaria y el estrés percibido se evaluaron mediante regresión de Poisson. Se evaluó a un total de 1.683 personas. La prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria fue del 25,8% en 2019, disminuyendo al 21,6% en 2020. La prevalencia del estrés percibido fue de alrededor del 38% en ambos años. Antes de la pandemia, la inseguridad alimentaria aumentaba la prevalencia del estrés percibido en un 29% (RP = 1,29; IC95%: 1,02; 1,63), pero no se encontró ninguna asociación con COVID-19. Encontramos una prevalencia preocupante de inseguridad alimentaria antes y después de la pandemia, aunque la inseguridad alimentaria y el estrés percibido solo se asociaron en 2019. Es necesaria una evaluación de estos aspectos después del COVID-19 para garantizar los derechos básicos vitales para todos.

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To evaluate breastfeeding in babies up to six months of age before and after frenotomy surgery in a reference hospital in a city from Santa Catarina state. Methods: An observational quality improvement study, carried out with babies up to six months of age undergoing frenotomy and their mothers in a reference hospital in southern Santa Catarina state. A questionnaire was applied to the mothers in two moments (before and after the surgery), with information regarding breastfeeding, sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioral characteristics of them and of the babies. Descriptive analyzes were performed and the association between breastfeeding and the independent variables was assessed through Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, using a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 74 children were studied, with 48 of them returning after surgery. 83.8% were breastfed before surgery and 64.9% after surgery. Before surgery, 58.1% of children effectively took the breast at once. After surgery, this prevalence was 83.3% (p=0.015). Before surgery, 75.9% of the mothers reported not feeling pain, while, after surgery, almost all of them (95.8%) reported this (p=0.004). Most mothers reported improvement in grip (83.3%), increase in the duration of breastfeeding (69.0%), improvement of baby's breathing (75.0%), and an increase in the frequency of breastfeeding (51.7%). Conclusions: There was a decrease in the prevalence of breastfeeding after frenotomy. However, there was an improvement in the babies 'grip and breathing and a reduction in the mothers' pain when breastfeeding. It is emphasized the need to implement multidisciplinary actions in both primary and hospital care to assist mothers in order to prolong the duration of exclusive breastfeeding

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O cenário da pandemia da COVID-19 convoca à rápidas mudanças no modo de trabalho, as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), além de potencializar as ações no campo da pesquisa reafirmam seu papel para a comunidade, especialmente quando se trata de Universidades comunitárias. Este artigo caracteriza-se como relato de experiência sobre as ações utilizadas para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 pela Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), do município de Criciúma ­ SC, uma Universidade comunitária. As ações da UNESC foram intensificadas durante o cenário pandêmico, trazendo ações inovadoras como implantação de Sala de Situação Covid-19, teleatendimentos como SOS UNESC Covid-19 e Acolher UNESC Covid-19, Programa de Rastreamento do Coronavírus, Comitê e Análise de Gestão da Covid-19 e várias ações realizadas para além dos espaços da IES. Este artigo marca o importante papel das Universidades comunitárias e seu compromisso com o desenvolvimento regional, ações, intervenções e parcerias com impacto direto na saúde da população local. A UNESC, enquanto Universidade comunitária, desenvolve ações pautadas nas melhores evidências científicas e valoriza o cuidado com a vida das pessoas. Palavra-chave: Coronavírus, Epidemiologia, Gestão de Riscos, Vigilância em Saúde Pública, Instituições de Ensino Superior.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the culinary content of key messages contained in food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) available at the global online repository of the FAO of the UN. DESIGN: Document analysis was conducted in August 2021 with data extraction of key messages explicitly related to cooking present in FBDG. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. SETTING: The FAO's global repository of FBDG. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. RESULTS: Just over half (n 39; 53·4 %) of the seventy-three FBDG analysed included at least one key message about cooking. The Latin American and Caribbean FBDG presented the greatest amount and variety of content about cooking in the key messages, whereas the Near East and North America placed less emphasis on cooking. We identified three themes: (i) healthy food preparation (n 35; 61·4 % of the fifty-seven culinary key messages identified); (ii) food hygiene (n 14; 24·6 %) and (iii) the promotion of culinary practices (n 7; 12·3 %). Albania's key message covered two themes (food hygiene and healthy food preparation) (n 1; 1·8 %). CONCLUSION: FBDG are official documents that express recommendations for a healthy diet. As most of these recommendations throughout the world include foods that must be cooked prior to consumption, culinary content should gain more visibility and be presented more broadly in these official documents.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características dos usuários e dos atendimentos realizados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Criciúma/SC. Foram avaliados todos atendimentos realizados no ano de 2018, através da coleta de dados secundários no sistema de informação em saúde (CELK Saúde) do município. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, escolaridade, situação de moradia, encaminhamentos realizados à atenção secundária, classificação e tipos de atendimentos registrados durante as consultas e os principais procedimentos executados. Foram realizadas análises descritivas das variáveis estudadas, com a apresentação das frequências absolutas e relativas. Dentre os 452.605 atendimentos avaliados, observou-se que 64,57% dos atendimentos foram realizados pelo sexo feminino e pelos indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais. A maior prevalência de atendimentos foi na classificação saúde mental. Em relação aos tipos de atendimento, notou-se predominância de consulta médica em todos os distritos. Quanto aos encaminhados realizados à atenção secundária, os mais prevalentes foram a oftalmologia e a ortopedia. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo podem orientar os gestores em saúde no desenvolvimento de estratégias e alternativas de intervenções efetivas na atenção básica, melhorando a qualidade e otimizando os serviços públicos ofertados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of users and services provided at Basic Health Units in the municipality of Criciúma/SC. All consultations performed in 2018 were evaluated, through the collection of secondary data in the health information system (CELK Saúde) of the municipality. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, education, housing situation, referrals to secondary care, classification and types of care recorded during consultations and the main procedures performed. Among the 452,605 consultations evaluated, it was observed that 64.57% of the visits were made by females and by individuals aged 60 or older. The highest prevalence of appointments was in mental health classification. Regarding the types of care, there was a predominance of medical appointments in all districts. As for those referred to secondary care, the most prevalent were ophthalmology and orthopedics. The results found in this study can guide health managers in the municipality, in developing strategies and alternatives for effective interventions in primary care, improving quality and optimizing the public services offered.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características de los usuarios y la atención realizada en las Unidades Básicas de Salud del municipio de Criciúma/SC. Toda la atención brindada en 2018 fue evaluada a través de la recolección de datos secundarios en el sistema de información de salud (CELK Saúde) del municipio. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, escolaridad, situación habitacional, derivaciones a atención secundaria, clasificación y tipos de atención registrados durante las consultas y los principales procedimientos realizados. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de las variables estudiadas, con la presentación de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Entre las 452.605 visitas evaluadas, se observó que el 64,57% de las visitas fueron realizadas por mujeres e individuos de 60 años o más. La mayor prevalencia de atención fue en la clasificación de salud mental. En cuanto a los tipos de atención, hubo un predominio de la consulta médica en todos los distritos. En cuanto a los referidos a cuidados secundarios, los más prevalentes fueron oftalmología y ortopedia. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio pueden orientar a los gestores sanitarios en el desarrollo de estrategias y alternativas para intervenciones eficaces en atención primaria, mejorando la calidad y optimizando los servicios públicos ofrecidos.

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BACKGROUND: The consumption of ultra-processed foods has increased worldwide and has been related to the occurrence of obesity and other non-communicable diseases. However, little is known about the environmental effects of ultra-processed foods. We aimed to assess the temporal trends in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), water footprint, and ecological footprint of food purchases in Brazilian metropolitan areas, and how these are affected by the amount of food processing. METHODS: In this time-series study, we used data from five Brazilian Household Budget Surveys (1987-88, 1995-96, 2002-03, 2008-09, 2017-18) to calculate GHGE, water footprint, and ecological footprint per 1000 kcal of food and beverages purchased. Food items were classified into NOVA food groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (G1); processed culinary ingredients (G2); processed foods (G3); and ultra-processed foods (G4). We calculated the proportion each NOVA food group contributes to daily kcal per person. Linear regression was performed to evaluate trends of the environmental impacts across the years. FINDINGS: Between 1987-88 and 2017-18, diet-related GHGE increased by 21% (from 1538·6 g CO2 equivalent [CO2e] per 1000 kcal [95% CI 1473·3-1604·0] to 1866·0 g CO2e per 1000 kcal [1788·0-1944·0]; ptrend<0·0001), diet-related water footprint increased by 22% (from 1447·2 L/1000 kcal [95% CI 1400·7-1493·8] to 1769·1 L/1000 kcal [1714·5-1823·7]; ptrend<0·0001), and diet-related ecological footprint increased by 17% (from 9·69 m2/1000 kcal [95% CI 9·33-10·05] to 11·36 m2/1000 kcal [10·91-11·81]; ptrend<0·0001). We found that the change in the environmental indicators over time varied between NOVA food groups. We did not find evidence of a change in the environmental indicators for G1 foods over time. GHGE from G2 foods decreased by 18% (ptrend<0·0001), whereas GHGE from G4 foods increased by 245% (ptrend<0·0001). The water footprint from G2 foods decreased by 17% (ptrend<0·0001) whereas the water footprint from G4 foods increased by 233% (ptrend<0·0001). The ecological footprint from G2 foods decreased by 13% (ptrend<0·0001), whereas the ecological footprint from G3 foods increased by 49% (ptrend<0·0001) and from G4 foods increased by 183% (ptrend<0·0001). We found no significant change in contribution by any other NOVA food groups to any of the three environmental indicators over the study period. INTERPRETATION: The environmental effects of the Brazilian diet have increased over the past three decades along with increased effects from ultra-processed foods. This means that dietary patterns in Brazil are becoming potentially more harmful to human and planetary health. Therefore, a shift in the current trend would be needed to enhance sustainable healthy food systems. FUNDING: Science and Technologies Facilities Council-Global Challenges Research Fund.

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This study identified adults' cooking practices patterns and tested their associations with children's consumption of ultra-processed foods. Cross-sectional study conducted with 551 adult-child pairs from São Paulo, Brazil. Children's food consumption was collected through dietary recalls. Adults' cooking practices were identified using a questionnaire developed for the Brazilian's context. Principal Component Analysis has been employed to identify cooking patterns and linear regression models (crude and adjusted for sociodemographic variables) have been used to test associations between pattern's scores and contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy at dinners. Three cooking patterns were identified: "Healthy", "Usual" and "Convenience". The first two patterns reflected behaviors of people who mostly cook "from scratch". Only the Healthy pattern (confidence to cook several meals using fresh foods and natural seasonings; healthier cooking techniques) was inversely associated with ultra-processed food consumption (ß = -4.1; p = 0.002), whereas the Convenience pattern (less frequency and time to cook, using microwave and ready-to-heat meals) was positively associated with (ß = 3.6; p = 0.008). Our results suggest that cooking at home, as an isolated action, is not enough to protect the consumption of ultra-processed foods. To promote healthy eating among children, the adults' cooking practices should be aligned with the preparation of meals made "from scratch", taking into account the healthiness of what is being cooked.

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Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and α1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.(AU)

Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida α1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and α1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.(AU)

Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida α1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p 0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and 1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.

RESUMO: Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p 0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida 1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Joint attention abilities of preterm and full-term Brazilian infants were assessed at 12- and 18-months, age corrected for prematurity. Results showed that preterm infants displayed significantly lower levels of correct responses to others' bids for joint attention at both time-points, compared to full-term infants. Both groups improved their responding to joint attention from 12 to 18 months of age. Contrastingly, prematurity did not impact infants' initiating joint attention behaviors, which remained stable over time for both groups. Findings were discussed in terms of the specific mental processes involved in distinct behavioural dimensions of joint attention.

Assuntos