RESUMO
O alecrim é planta exótica e o interesse no seu cultivo tem crescido ao longo dos anos, pois pode ser utilizado tanto para fins medicinais como aromáticos; no entanto, o conhecimento fitotécnico sobre a espécie é bastante limitado. Dessa forma, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da altura de corte e do intervalo destes sobre a produção de biomassa e no rendimento do óleo essencial de alecrim. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto Agronômico, em Campinas - SP, no período de janeiro de 2006 a julho de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas alturas de corte (20 e 40 cm) e quatro intervalos entre cortes (60, 80, 100, 120 dias) e três repetições. Foram avaliadas as características altura da planta, massa seca da parte aérea, rendimento e qualidade do óleo essencial. Observou-se que maiores intervalos entre cortes proporcionaram maior altura da planta e maior massa seca da parte aérea. O rendimento e a qualidade do óleo essencial não foram afetados ao longo do período experimental.
Rosemary is an exotic plant and the interest in its cultivation has been growing along the years, because it can be used for medicinal or aromatic ends, however the agricultural knowledge about the species is quite limited. The goal of this research was to evaluate the influence of the cutting height and of the interval of these cuts on the biomass production and on the yield of the rosemary essential oil. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomical Institute, in Campinas - SP, from January 2006 through July 2007. It was organized in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments in a 2 x 4 factorial system, with two cutting heights (20 and 40 cm) and four intervals between cuts (60, 80, 100, 120 days) and three replications. Characteristics such as plant height, dry mass of the aerial part, yield and quality of its essential oil were evaluated. It was observed that longer intervals among cuttings provided longer height of the plant and greater dried mass of the aerial part. The yield and the quality of the essential oil were not affected throughout the experimental period.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Óleos Voláteis , Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rosmarinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estruturas Vegetais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
The synthetic peptide T-20 (enfuvirtide, EFV) represents the first compound approved by the FDA known as entry inhibitors (EIs). The resistance mutations associated with this new class of antiretroviral drug are located in the first heptad repeat (HR1) region of gp41. Amino acid changes in codons G36D/S, I37V, V38A/M/E, Q39H/R, Q40H, N42T, and N43D can confer resistance to EFV. In this work we investigated the presence of resistance mutations that occur in patients never treated with EFV and failing HAART with protease inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs), and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). This knowledge can reveal whether this salvage therapy can be effective in patients failing HAART. For this, we amplified 65 samples from plasma isolates and than sequenced a fragment of 416 nt encompassing the HR1 and HR2 regions (amino acids 33-170 of gp41). The subtype distribution among the 65 isolates was 45 (69.23%) subtype B, 9 (13.85%) subtype C, 7 (10.77%) subtype F1, and 4 (6.15%) mosaics B/F1, B/C, F1/C, and C/F1/B. We found a high prevalence (7.6%) of EFV-associated mutation G36D in this cohort of patients failing HAART therapy, five isolates from subtype B (11.11% within this group). In contrast, when 1079 sequences from drug-naive patients were analyzed, only one showed the G36D substitution. This finding indicates a strong association between the selected position G36D and HAART therapy (p < 0.0001). The isolates that possess these mutations can develop resistance to EFV more rapidly. Nevertheless, more information about the impact of these mutations in salvage therapy with EFV in patients failing HAART must still be obtained.
Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Farmacorresistência Viral , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/farmacologia , Inibidores da Fusão de HIV/farmacologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Substituição de Aminoácidos/genética , Brasil , Enfuvirtida , Genótipo , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Falha de Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The major human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype circulating in Brazil is B, followed by F and C. We have genotyped 882 samples from Brazilian patients for whom highly active antiretroviral therapy failed, and we found subtype B and the unique recombinant B/F1 forms circulating. Due to codon usage variation, there is a significantly lower incidence of the substitutions L210W, Q151M, and F116Y in subtype F1 isolates than in the subtype B counterparts.
Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Códon/genética , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação , Brasil , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , Soropositividade para HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Soropositividade para HIV/virologia , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , RNA Viral/sangue , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
The cold-adaptation process was examined in preoptic-lesioned (PO, 18 rats) and adrenaldemedullated-preoptic-lesioned rats (ADPO, 16 rats). PO rats and ADPO female Wistar rats were cold acclimatized to 5 degrees C for 2 operated and then treated exactly like the lesioned rats. Lesions in the PO region caused a decrease in the ability to maintain normal body temperature in a cold environment (5 degrees C for 2 h). Their colonic temperature fell even by the end of the 2nd h of cold exposure (-1.1 degrees C for PO rats and -1.25 degrees C for ADPO rats, P less than 0.01). However, after 2 weeks of cold acclimation the PO rats, but not the ADPO rats were able to thermoregulate in the cold and showed a normal increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight (79%, P less than 0.01). These data suggest that the PO is not an essential link for cold adaptation when a mild cold-adaptation method is used. Furthermore, the data show that increased adrenal medullary activity is required for the cold adaptation process in PO rats.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Medula Suprarrenal/fisiologia , Temperatura Baixa , Área Pré-Óptica/fisiologia , Animais , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos EndogâmicosRESUMO
The cold-adaptation process was examined in preoptic-lesioned (PO, 18 rats) and adrenaldemedullated-preoptic-lesioned rats (ADPO, 16 rats). PO rats and ADPO female Wistar rats wee cold acclimatized to 5-C for 2 h a day for 2 weeks, or maintained at 25C, starting one week after the operation. Control animals (20 rats) were sham-operated and then treated exactly like the lesioned rats. Lesions int he PO region caused a decrease in the ability to maintain normal body temperature in a cold environment (5-C for 2h). Theri colonic temperature fell even by the end of the 2nd h of cold exposure (-1.1-C for PO rats and -1.25-C for ADPO rats, P<0.01). However, after 2 weeks of cold acclimattion the PO rats, but not the ADPO rats were able to thermoregulate in the cold and showed a normal increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight (79%, P < 0.01). These data suggest that the PO is not an essential link for cold adaptation when a mild col-adaptation methods is used. Furthermore, the data show that increased adrenal medullary activity is required for the cold adaptation process in PO rats