RESUMO
Neuropathic pain is a condition with varying origins, including reduced dietary micronutrient intake. Phytate is a polyphosphate found in seeds and grains that can act as an antinutrient due to the ability of sequester essential divalent metals. Here we tested whether moderate dietary phytate intake could alter nociceptive pain. We subjected weaning mice to a chow supplemented with 1% phytate for eight weeks. Body weight gain, glycemic responses, food ingestion, water ingestion, and liver and adipose tissue weights were not altered compared to controls. We observed a decreased mechanical allodynia threshold in the intervention group, although there were no changes in heat- or cold-induced pain. Animals consuming phytate showed reduced spinal cord tumor necrosis factor (TNF), indicating altered inflammatory process. These data provide evidence for a subclinical induction of mechanical allodynia that is independent of phytate consumption in animals with otherwise normal phenotypic pattern.
Assuntos
Hiperalgesia , Neuralgia , Camundongos , Animais , Hiperalgesia/etiologia , Ácido Fítico , Medula Espinal , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
Neuropathic pain is a condition with varying origins, including reduced dietary micronutrient intake. Phytate is a polyphosphate found in seeds and grains that can act as an antinutrient due to the ability of sequester essential divalent metals. Here we tested whether moderate dietary phytate intake could alter nociceptive pain. We subjected weaning mice to a chow supplemented with 1% phytate for eight weeks. Body weight gain, glycemic responses, food ingestion, water ingestion, and liver and adipose tissue weights were not altered compared to controls. We observed a decreased mechanical allodynia threshold in the intervention group, although there were no changes in heat- or cold-induced pain. Animals consuming phytate showed reduced spinal cord tumor necrosis factor (TNF), indicating altered inflammatory process. These data provide evidence for a subclinical induction of mechanical allodynia that is independent of phytate consumption in animals with otherwise normal phenotypic pattern.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/isolamento & purificação , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Enterobacter cloacae/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/genética , Enterobacter cloacae/enzimologia , Enterobacter cloacae/genética , Enterobacter cloacae/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Centros de Atenção Terciária , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , beta-Lactamases/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
SUMMARY Over the last decade, Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to carbapenems has emerged in many medical centres and is commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated potential mechanisms contributing to antimicrobial resistance of 58 clinical isolates of A. baumannii collected during a prolonged city-wide outbreak in five different hospitals in southern Brazil. The integrase gene was detected in 51 (87·9%) isolates of which 36 harboured class 2 integrons alone and 14 had both class 1 and 2 integrons; all carbapenem-resistant isolates displayed class 2 integrons. ISAba1 was found upstream of bla OXA-23-like only in isolates resistant to carbapenems; however, ISAba1 upstream of blaOXA-51-like was present in both susceptible and resistant isolates. This is the first report of a high prevalence of class 2 integrons in A. baumannii in southern Brazil. Moreover, our study suggests that ISAba1/blaOXA-51-like alone is insufficient to confer resistance to carbapenems.
Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/epidemiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Integrases/genética , Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Humanos , Integrons , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodosRESUMO
This study assessed risk factors for 30-day mortality in 66 patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infection or colonization during an outbreak in an intensive-care unit. Clinical and demographic characteristics were evaluated. The overall 30-day mortality was 47·0%. In the multivariate Cox regression model, septic shock [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 5·01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·32-10·01] and APACHE II score at onset of infection (aHR 1·11, 95% CI 1·04-1·18) were significantly associated with 30-day mortality. Administration of appropriate therapy was a protective factor, but it was not statistically significant (aHR 0·48, 95% CI 0·21-1·12). A sample of isolates tested (n=27) carried the blaOXA-23 gene. Severity of baseline condition and severity of infection presentation were major risk factors for mortality during the outbreak. Patients who received appropriate therapy tended to have lower mortality rates, although therapy was started late and dosage was suboptimal in most cases.
Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/mortalidade , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Surtos de Doenças , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , APACHE , Infecções por Acinetobacter/complicações , Infecções por Acinetobacter/patologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Choque Séptico/mortalidade , Choque Séptico/patologiaAssuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/enzimologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Hospital effluents are serious problems in developing countries like Brazil, and when not treated adequately, can cause mutagenic effects on live organisms. Biomonitors, like Allium cepa L., which is one of the most used plant species when monitoring effluent genotoxicity, have been used to alert the world population about environmental contamination and genotoxic chemical emissions. The Allium cepa test was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of a hospital effluent in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. During the study, chromosomal disruptions, anaphasic bridges, and micronuclei during telophase were observed, indicating environmental toxicity risk.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hospitais , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Esgotos/química , Bioensaio , Brasil , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromossomos de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Medição de Risco , Purificação da ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) is an emerging resistance mechanism among Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The prevalence of this mechanism is particularly high in Latin America. We aimed to describe the prevalence and molecular characteristics of SPM-1-like, IMP-1-like and VIM type MBLs among ceftazidime and/or imipenem-resistant nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates. METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates resistant to ceftazidime and/or imipenem recovered from hospitalized patients from two teaching hospitals from Porto Alegre, Brazil, were prospectively selected. Isolates were tested for MBL production using two phenotypic screening tests. Those isolates with positive results were further tested for the presence of MBL genes (SPM-1-like, IMP-1-like and VIM type) and submitted to molecular typing. RESULTS: A total of 92 isolates were analyzed and 33 (35.9%) were presumptively MBL producers by phenotypic tests. The SPM-1-like gene was found in 18 isolates and IMP-1-like in 5 isolates. In ten isolates the MBL type could not be identified. Three IMP-1-like isolates were susceptible to imipenem. SPM-1-like isolates comprised a single clone, and IMP-1-like isolates another single clone. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MBL production among ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates is relatively high in both hospitals. Infection control measures have been challenged and further improvements in such measures are required to prevent dissemination of these isolates among hospitals. This is the first report of IMP-1-like MBLs in P. aeruginosa in southern Brazil.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ceftazidima/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Imipenem/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/transmissão , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Using isolates collected in three counties of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, the goals of this work were to determine (i) the pattern of virulence or avirulence of the isolates to 25 Pc resistance genes, (ii) the similarity in virulence among Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae isolates considering their pattern of virulence or avirulence, (iii) the race code for each isolate by the North American system of nomenclature, and (iv) the supplemental Pc genes potentially useful as local differentials for P. coronata f. sp. avenae races. The results indicate that the southern Brazilian rust isolates presented a high level of virulence, because 66% of inoculations manifested the high infection type. Only the Pc 68 gene was effective against all tested isolates. In general, each isolate presented a different pattern of virulence or avirulence, which indicates the high variability for virulence that the fungus presents at the sampled sites. However, the North American system of nomenclature was not completely sufficient in distinguishing southern Brazilian races. Thus, the genes Pc 36, Pc 53, Pc 55, and Pc 63 represent a possible gene combination to be incorporated into the North American system of nomenclature.
RESUMO
The prevalence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial isolates from a Brazilian teaching hospital was determined. A total of 512 P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 245 patients during a 10-month period. Ninety-four (38.4%, 95% CI 32.2-44.8%) isolates were MBL producers. Most resistance to beta-lactams was mediated by MBL. Forty-one (16.7%) were resistant to all drugs except polymyxin B and 33 (80.5%) of these were MBL producers. Clonal dissemination, documented by DNA macrorestriction, played a major role for the spread of MBL isolates. The blaSPM-1 gene was demonstrated by PCR in 14 randomly selected MBL isolates. The extremely high prevalence of MBL production found challenges the choice of therapeutics for P. aeruginosa, and measures to control horizontal dissemination of MBL producers are urgently required.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/enzimologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The interference of the saline concentration of fluids for peritoneal dialysis and concentrates for hemodialysis on the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for endotoxins was investigated. The experiments were carried out individually with each substance that compose fluids for hemodialysis, to determine the possible inhibition or enhancement effects that they could cause on the LAL assay. The compositions were also assayed to investigate the possibility of synergistic effect. They were assayed by the gel-clot method from two different suppliers, and the samples that showed inhibition effect were also assayed by the chromogenic method. The samples were analysed at successive dilutions, with different LAL sensitivities, to satisfy the endotoxin limits of 5 EU/ml for the concentrate and 0.25 EU/ml for the fluid for dialysis peritoneal. The results showed that the major interference on the gel-clot assay occurs in presence of acetic acid and in concentrates containing acid acetic, even the pH being adjusted between 6.5 and 7.5. However, the test, after an adequate dilution, could be validating for all samples. Chromogenic test can be used for peritoneal dialysis fluids considering a limit of 0.25 EU/ml and sample dilution of eight times, but it cannot be used for concentrates for hemodialysis without further dilution. Considering the results and that the chromogenic is a more time-consuming method, endotoxins in fluids for hemodialysis can be satisfactorily assayed by the gel-clot method.
Assuntos
Soluções para Diálise/análise , Endotoxinas/análise , Teste do Limulus , Diálise Renal , Géis/análise , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Indicadores e Reagentes , Diálise Peritoneal , Padrões de Referência , Sais/análiseRESUMO
A method is described for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes. Clomazone was separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (65:35, v/v) at pH 4.0 and a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of clomazone in surface water, at the limit of 0.1 mcirog/l set by the European Union drinking water directive, with a 400-fold preconcentration.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Isoxazóis/análise , Oxazolidinonas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Calibragem , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
Deltamethrin (S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl) (1R,3R)-3-(2, 2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate is classified as a pyrethroid pesticide that is largely used as an acaricide and scabicide. For bovines, especially, the treatment is done with the aid of dipping baths of the pyrethroid solution. Analytical control of the concentration of deltamethrin in these baths must be done periodically in order to guarantee treatment efficacy. In the proposed procedure, the sample is prepared by centrifugation followed by filtration and measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection at 275 nm. Separation is done in a Nucleosil C-18 column with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. A calibration curve was constructed with external standards, and a detection limit of 0.2 mg L(-)(1) was obtained. In the samples analyzed, only ca. 20% of the total deltamethrin content was found in the solution. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of the described procedure for the determination of deltamethrin in animal baths.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Inseticidas/análise , Piretrinas/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Nitrilas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
We investigated the effects of lead exposure during the pre- and postnatal period on the neurobehavioral development of female Wistar rats (70-75 days of age, 120-150 g) using a protocol of lead intoxication that does not affect weight gain. Wistar rats were submitted to lead acetate intoxication by giving their dams 1.0 mM lead acetate. Control dams received deionized water. Growth and neuromotor development were assessed by monitoring daily the following parameters in 20 litters: body weight, ear unfolding, incisor eruption, eye opening, righting, palmar grasp, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance and startle reflex. Spontaneous alternation was assessed on postnatal day 17 using a T maze. The animals' ability to equilibrate on a breaker rim was measured on postnatal day 19. Lead intoxication was confirmed by measuring renal, hepatic and cerebral lead concentration in dams and litters. Lead treatment hastened the day of appearance of the following parameters: eye opening (control: 13.5 +/- 0.6, N = 88; lead: 12.9 +/- 0.6, N = 72; P < 0.05), startle reflex (control: 13.0 +/- 0.8, N = 88; lead: 12.0 +/- 0.7, N = 72; P < 0.05) and negative geotaxis. On the other hand, spontaneous alternation performance was hindered in lead-exposed animals (control: 37.6 +/- 19.7; lead: 57.5 +/- 28.3% of alternating animals; P < 0.05). These results suggest that lead exposure without concomitant undernutrition alters rat development, affecting specific subsets of motor skills.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Destreza Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Intoxicação por Chumbo/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
We investigated the effects of lead exposure during the pre- and postnatal period on the neurobehavioral development of female Wistar rats (70-75 days of age, 120-150 g) using a protocol of lead intoxication that does not affect weight gain. Wistar rats were submitted to lead acetate intoxication by giving their dams 1.0 mM lead acetate. Control dams received deionized water. Growth and neuromotor development were assessed by monitoring daily the following parameters in 20 litters: body weight, ear unfolding, incisor eruption, eye opening, righting, palmar grasp, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance and startle reflex. Spontaneous alternation was assessed on potnatal day 17 using a T maze. The animals'ability to equilibrate on a beaker rim was measured on postnatal day 19. Lead intoxication was confirmed by measuring renal, hepatic and cerebral lead concentration in dams and litters. Lead treatment hastened the day of appearance of the following parameters: eye opening (control: 13.5 + 0.6, N= 88; lead: 12.9 + 0.6, N=72; P<0.05), startle reflex (control: 13.0 + 0.8, N= 88; lead: 12.0 + 0.7, N=72; P<0.05) and negative geotaxis. On the other hand, spontaneous alternation performance was hindered in lead-exposed animals (control: 37.6 + 19.7; lead: 57.5 + 28.3 percent of alternating animals; P<0.05). These results suggest that lead exposure without concomitant undernutrition alters rat development, affecting specific subsets of motor skills.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Gravidez , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Destreza Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso ao Nascer , Intoxicação por Chumbo/fisiopatologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Dimercaprol is a compound used in the treatment of mercury intoxication, however with low therapeutic efficacy. It is assumed that dimercaprol acts by reactivating target sulfhydryl-containing proteins. In the present investigation we studied the inhibitory effect of mercuric chloride treatment (3 days with 2.3 or 4.6 mg/kg HgCl2, sc) in mice on cerebral, renal and hepatic delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, and a possible reversal of the effect of mercury by dimercaprol (0.25 mmol/kg, 24 hr after the last mercury injection). Mercuric chloride did not inhibit cerebral ALA-D at the doses injected. Dimercaprol treatment did not restore the normal enzyme activity of the liver after the 25% inhibition caused by 4.6 mg/kg HgCl2. In the kidney, dimercaprol enhanced the inhibitory effect of 4.6 mg/kg mercuric chloride (from 35% after mercury treatment alone to 65% after mercury plus dimercaprol treatment). Mercury content increased in kidney after exposure to 2.3 or 4.6 mg/kg and the levels attained were higher than in any other organ Mercury accumulated in liver only after exposure to 4.6 mg/kg HgCl2, and dimercaprol further increased mercury deposition. Dimercaprol treatment also increased the levels of mercury in brain of animals exposed to 4.6 mg/kg HgCl2 The enzymes from all sources presented similar sensitivity to the combined effect of HgCl2 and dimercaprol in vitro. In the absence of preincubation, 0-500 muM dimercaprol potentiated the inhibitory effect of HgCl2 on ALA-D activity. In the presence of preincubation, and 100 and 250 muM dimercaprol enhanced ALA-D sensitivity to mercury, whereas 500 muM dimercaprol partially protected the enzyme from mercury inhibition. Dimercaprol (500 muM) inhibited renal and hepatic ALA-D when preincubated with the enzymes. These data suggested that the dimercaprol-Hg complex may have a more toxic effect on ALA-D activity than Hg2+. Furthermore, the present data show that dimercaprol did not acts by reactivating mercury-inhibited sulfhydryl-containing ALA-D, and that indeed it may have an inhibitory effect per se depending on the tissue.