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Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease among children. Our goal was to identify prognostic biomarkers in 48 primary ACCs from children (2.83 ± 2.3 y; mean age ± SD) by evaluating the tumor stage and outcome for an age of diagnosis before or after 3 years, and association with ACC cluster of differentiation 8 positive (CD8+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+-CTL) and Ki-67 immunohistochemical expression (IHC). Programmed death 1(PD-1)/Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) in ACC was analyzed in a second, partially overlapping cohort (N = 19) with a similar mean age. All patients and control children were carriers of the germline TP53 R337H mutation. Survival without recurrence for less than 3 years and death unrelated to disease were excluded. Higher counts of CD8+-CTL were associated with patients diagnosed with ACC at a younger age and stage I, whereas a higher percentage of the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and Weiss scores did not differentiate disease free survival (DFS) in children younger than 3 years old. No PD-1 staining was observed, whereas weakly PD-L1-positive immune cells were found in 4/19 (21%) of the ACC samples studied. A high CD8+-CTL count in ACC of surviving children is compelling evidence of an immune response against the disease. A better understanding of the options for enhancement of targets for CD8+ T cell recognition may provide insights for future pre-clinical studies.

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Atualmente, apesar da ampla gama de substâncias ativas existentes, progressivamente tem se limitado o arsenal terapêutico disponível na prática clínica, isto se deve, especialmente, pelo surgimento da resistência aos agentes terapêuticos utilizados no tratamento de tumores e infecções bacterianas. Em virtude das diversas propriedades farmacológicas demonstradas pelos triazenos (TZCs), avaliaram-se compostos inéditos na busca de novos agentes biologicamente ativos, estes foram denominados C1 e C2. A atividade antibacteriana foi realizada pelo método convencional da microdiluição em caldo, através da técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), frente a cepas bacterianas de referência American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) e isolados clínicos com resistência múltipla as drogas (RMD). A citotoxicidade foi analisada através do ensaio colorimétrico baseado na redução do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5?difeniltetrazólio frente a células da medula óssea de dois pacientes (P1 e P2) atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria. Os dois compostos testados apresentaram atividade antibacteriana em 26,08% (6/23) das cepas testadas, sendo ativos em 38,46% (5/13) das cepas ATCC e 10% (1/10) dos isolados clínicos RMD, apenas em espécies caracterizadas como Gram positivas. Os resultados foram satisfatórios para ambos os compostos frente à amostra P2, células mononucleares de Leucemia Mielóide Crônica, pois demonstraram indução da morte celular. Pode-se concluir que os resultados obtidos desses compostos demonstraram a existência de atividade antibacteriana, bem como, atividade antileucêmica promissora. Pesquisas complementares relacionadas a esses compostos estão em andamento.(AU)

Currently, despite the wide range of existing active substances has been progressively limited therapeutic arsenal available in clinical practice, this is, in particular, the emergence of resistance to therapeutic agents used in treating tumors and bacterial infections. Because of the diverse pharmacological properties demonstrated by triazenes (TZCs) - evaluated whether unpublished compounds in the search for new biologically active agents, they were called C1 and C2. The antibacterial activity was performed by the conventional method of broth microdilution, using the technique of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against the bacterial strains reference American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical isolates with multiple drug resistance (MDR). Cytotoxicity was analyzed by colorimetric assay based on the reduction of the bromide of 3 - (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2- yl) -2,5- diphenyltetrazolium against bone marrow cells from two patients (P1 and P2) seen at the Hospital university of Santa Maria. The two compounds tested showed antibacterial activity in 26.08% (6/23) of the strains, being active in 38.46 % (5/13) of the ATCC strains and 10 % (1/10) of clinical isolates MDR only characterized in species such as Gram positive. The results were satisfactory for both the sample compounds front P2, mononuclear cells from chronic myeloid leukemia, as demonstrated induction of cell death. It can be concluded that the results demonstrated the existence of these compounds to antibacterial activity, as well as promising antileukemic activity. Additional research related to these compounds are in progress.(AU)

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Blood transfusion is an indispensable aid to the treatmentof cancer patients. On the other hand, it involves a seriousrisk of bacterial sepsis. Platelet concentrates (PCs) arethe blood components with the highest incidence ofbacterial contamination, being responsible for mostof the septic reactions to transfusion. In this study, weassessed various conventional culture methods for thedetection of bacterial contamination in PCs. In all, 691samples of PCs (665 random donor platelets and 26apheresis platelets) from the Blood Center of the Stateof Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS), were analyzed. Weemployed qualitative, quantitative and daily growthculture techniques, which revealed that 2.32% of thesamples analyzed, all from random donor platelets, werecontaminated. The qualitative methodology performedbest. This result obliges us to reinforce the importanceof performing pre-transfusion bacteriological screeningon all samples of PCs, to reduce the risk of sepsis.

As transfusões sanguíneas retratam um suporte indispensável no tratamento de pacientes com câncer. Por outro lado, representam um sério risco de sepse bacteriana. Os concentrados plaquetários (CPs) são os hemocomponentes com a mais alta frequência de contaminação bacteriana, responsáveis pela maioria das reações sépticas transfusionais. Este estudo objetivou avaliar diferentes metodologias convencionais de cultura na detecção da contaminação bacteriana em CPs. Um total de 691 amostras de CPs (665 plaquetas randômicas e 26 plaquetaféreses), provenientes do Hemocentro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS), foi analisado. Foram empregadas técnicas de cultura qualitativa, quantitativa e de crescimento diário, com as quais evidenciamos 2,32% de contaminação bacteriana nas amostras analisadas, sendo todas provenientes de coleta pelo método randômico. A metodologia qualitativa apresentou o melhor desempenho. Esse fato nos permite reforçar a importância da realização de triagem bacteriológica pré-transfusional em todas as amostras de CPs para a redução dos riscos de sepse.

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To study the sand fly fauna, surveys were performed at four different leishmaniasis-endemic sites in Ecuador from February 2013 to April 2014. A modified and simplified version of the conventional Shannon trap was named "mini-Shannon trap" and put to multiple uses at the different study sites in limited, forested and narrow spaces. The mini-Shannon, CDC light trap and protected human landing method were employed for sand fly collection. The species identification of sand flies was performed mainly based on the morphology of spermathecae and cibarium, after dissection of fresh samples. In this study, therefore, only female samples were used for analysis. A total of 1,480 female sand flies belonging to 25 Lutzomyia species were collected. The number of female sand flies collected was 417 (28.2%) using the mini-Shannon trap, 259 (17.5%) using the CDC light trap and 804 (54.3%) by human landing. The total number of sand flies per trap collected by the different methods was markedly affected by the study site, probably because of the various composition of species at each locality. Furthermore, as an additional study, the attraction of sand flies to mini-Shannon traps powered with LED white-light and LED black-light was investigated preliminarily, together with the CDC light trap and human landing. As a result, a total of 426 sand flies of nine Lutzomyia species, including seven man-biting and two non-biting species, were collected during three capture trials in May and June 2014 in an area endemic for leishmaniasis (La Ventura). The black-light proved relatively superior to the white-light with regard to capture numbers, but no significant statistical difference was observed between the two traps.

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This work reports a comparative study about extraction methods used to obtain anthraquinones (AQs) from stems and leaves of Heterophyllae pustulata Hook (Rubiáceae). One of the conventional procedures used to extract these metabolites from a vegetable matrix is by successive Soxhlet extractions with solvents of increasing polarity: starting with hexane to eliminate chlorophylls and fatty components, following by benzene and finally ethyl acetate. However, this technique shows a low extraction yield of total AQs, and consumes large quantities of solvent and time. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) have been investigated as alternative methods to extract these compounds, using the same sequence of solvents. It was found that UAE increases the extraction yield of total AQs and reduces the time and amount of solvent used. Nevertheless, the combination UAE with benzene, plus MAE with ethyl acetate at a constant power of 900 W showed the best results. A higher yield of total AQs was obtained in less time and using the same amount of solvent that UAE. The optimal conditions for this latter procedure were UAE with benzene at 50 °C during 60 min, followed by MAE at 900 W during 15 min using ethyl acetate as extraction solvent.

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Five different kinds of sutures which can be used for closure of the rectal stump in Hartmann's operation are evaluated in the same animal. They are compared at six different phases of the cicatrization process: 7-30-45-60-90 and 150 days. In the analysis, the degree of complete cicatrization is considered as well as the thickness of the cicatriced tissue, and other factors such as persistence of suture material and the result of it. All of the sutures involved accomplished the goal of a good joint of the planes of intestinal suture. Although, two of them, the metal stapler and Polyglactin (Vicryl) in extramucosal surgery fulfill almost in an ideal way the goals concerning security, rare reaction to suture material, and consequently less thickness in the cicatriced tissue (2 x 2 and 1 x 1 mm respectively) as well as complete cicatrization in ninety days. Stapler is performed quicker and in a more aseptic way, but the scar resulting from Polyglactin is smaller. In separate extramucosal points, silk produces a more important tissue reaction with a thicker scar (3 x 3 mm) coming to an end in 150 days. "Albert Lembert" type suture is really far away from being a good mean because it creates an important tissue reaction with a thick scar (3 x 3 mm), with late consolidation (150 days) and granulomatous reaction. Resorbable stapler--Polisorb--has a considerable volume and it causes an important tissue reaction which determines a very thick (4.5 x 4.5 mm) and "unfinished" scar within 150 days; really far away for practical use.

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Se hizo un estudio para detectar infección bacterinana en lesiones leishmaniásicas sospechosas de individuos habitantes de la floresta tropical densa y húmeda de 2 áreas endémicas en la costa del Pacífico del Ecuador. De los 82 pacientes examinados, 80 (97.6 por ciento) fueron positivos para infecciones bacterianas. Las bacterias más frecuentes fueron el estafilococo, Staphylococus aureus y S. epidermis, micrococos y bacilos Gram positivos. La importancia de tal estudio de las áreas endémicas del Nuevo Mundo fue discutida brevemente.

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Five different kinds of sutures which can be used for closure of the rectal stump in Hartmanns operation are evaluated in the same animal. They are compared at six different phases of the cicatrization process: 7-30-45-60-90 and 150 days. In the analysis, the degree of complete cicatrization is considered as well as the thickness of the cicatriced tissue, and other factors such as persistence of suture material and the result of it. All of the sutures involved accomplished the goal of a good joint of the planes of intestinal suture. Although, two of them, the metal stapler and Polyglactin (Vicryl) in extramucosal surgery fulfill almost in an ideal way the goals concerning security, rare reaction to suture material, and consequently less thickness in the cicatriced tissue (2 x 2 and 1 x 1 mm respectively) as well as complete cicatrization in ninety days. Stapler is performed quicker and in a more aseptic way, but the scar resulting from Polyglactin is smaller. In separate extramucosal points, silk produces a more important tissue reaction with a thicker scar (3 x 3 mm) coming to an end in 150 days. [quot ]Albert Lembert[quot ] type suture is really far away from being a good mean because it creates an important tissue reaction with a thick scar (3 x 3 mm), with late consolidation (150 days) and granulomatous reaction. Resorbable stapler--Polisorb--has a considerable volume and it causes an important tissue reaction which determines a very thick (4.5 x 4.5 mm) and [quot ]unfinished[quot ] scar within 150 days; really far away for practical use.

RESUMO

Five different kinds of sutures which can be used for closure of the rectal stump in Hartmanns operation are evaluated in the same animal. They are compared at six different phases of the cicatrization process: 7-30-45-60-90 and 150 days. In the analysis, the degree of complete cicatrization is considered as well as the thickness of the cicatriced tissue, and other factors such as persistence of suture material and the result of it. All of the sutures involved accomplished the goal of a good joint of the planes of intestinal suture. Although, two of them, the metal stapler and Polyglactin (Vicryl) in extramucosal surgery fulfill almost in an ideal way the goals concerning security, rare reaction to suture material, and consequently less thickness in the cicatriced tissue (2 x 2 and 1 x 1 mm respectively) as well as complete cicatrization in ninety days. Stapler is performed quicker and in a more aseptic way, but the scar resulting from Polyglactin is smaller. In separate extramucosal points, silk produces a more important tissue reaction with a thicker scar (3 x 3 mm) coming to an end in 150 days. [quot ]Albert Lembert[quot ] type suture is really far away from being a good mean because it creates an important tissue reaction with a thick scar (3 x 3 mm), with late consolidation (150 days) and granulomatous reaction. Resorbable stapler--Polisorb--has a considerable volume and it causes an important tissue reaction which determines a very thick (4.5 x 4.5 mm) and [quot ]unfinished[quot ] scar within 150 days; really far away for practical use.

RESUMO

Four cases of colonic endometriosis are reported. Three of them had combined treatment: surgical resection followed by hormonal therapy. The remaining one, just pharmacological treatment. The results were considered satisfactory. The authors had reviewed the disease, the diagnostic procedures, advising for the colonic involvement surgical resection plus hormonal therapy. Danazol is considered the pharmacological agent of choice. They concluded that endometriosis involves the digestive system in 12% of the patients, with good prognosis if properly treated.

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In 31 duodenal ulcer patients treated with ranitidine at regular doses, during four weeks we could prove: a) by endoscopy, the ulcer "epithelization" in 13 patients (41.93%) and a positive response in the other cases; b) a high increase in the intragastric pH after the treatment, with an increase rate of pH 3.288 over the initial medium levels. The clinical-endoscopical response as well as an important increase in the intragastric pH, show the effectiveness of the ranitidine in the treatment of the duodenal ulcer.

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Veinte ninos con diagnostico de insuficiencia renal cronica (IRC) fueron evaluados en su estado nutricional. En cada uno de los pacientes se efectuo una valoracion antropometrica incluyendo peso, talla, pliegue subcutaneo del triceps, circunferencia del brazo; se determinaron los niveles sericos de albumina, hemoglobina y linfocitos; se investigo la hipersensibilidad cutanea retardada; se valoro la aparicion neta de urea (ANU) y se testifico el cumplimiento de la dieta indicada. Aunque el grupo estudiado fue heterogeneo en cuanto a la edad y causa de insuficiencia renal se obtuvieron resultados consistentes: el crecimiento en talla estaba poco afectado; en cambio se encontro mayor afectacion en el peso, masa muscular y tejido adiposo en relacion directa con el grado de insuficiencia renal.La mayoria de los pacientes presentaron anemia y defecto en la inmunidad celular alteraciones atribuibles a la misma uremia. No se encontro correlacion entre el grado de IRC y la albuminemia. Los valores de ANU indicaron balances nitrogenados estables demostrando la correcta medicacion dietetica y su cumplimiento a pesar de lo cual no fue posible prevenir la desnutricion

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Se presenta una serie de 50 casos de megaesofago funcional o acalasia tratados mediante la operacion de Heller, haciendose consideraciones con respecto al criterio intervencionista y de orden tecnico operatorio. Se concluye que por ausencia de mortalidad, de complicaciones significativas y/o secuelas, y por los resultados muy buenos y buenos en el 86% de los casos, el tratamiento quirurgico merece indicarse como recurso terapeutico primario

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In 31 duodenal ulcer patients treated with ranitidine at regular doses, during four weeks we could prove: a) by endoscopy, the ulcer [quot ]epithelization[quot ] in 13 patients (41.93

) and a positive response in the other cases; b) a high increase in the intragastric pH after the treatment, with an increase rate of pH 3.288 over the initial medium levels. The clinical-endoscopical response as well as an important increase in the intragastric pH, show the effectiveness of the ranitidine in the treatment of the duodenal ulcer.