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Introduction. El Alférez, a village in Los Montes de María (Bolívar, Colombia) and a macro-focus of leishmaniasis, recorded its first case in 2018, evidencing changes in the distribution and eco-epidemiology of the disease, although interactions between vectors and local fauna remain unknown. Objective. To evaluate the diversity of sandflies and their blood meal sources in the community of El Alférez in the municipality of El Carmen de Bolívar (Bolívar, Colombia). Materials and methods. In 2018, sandflies were collected using LED-based light traps in domestic, peridomestic, and sylvatic ecotopes and identified at the species level. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene was used to analyze blood from the digestive tract. Results. Lutzomyia evansi was the most abundant species (71.85%; n = 485/675), followed by Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. dubitans, Lu. abonnenci, and Lu.aclydifera. Twenty-five percent of the species had blood meals from Canis familiaris (36.00%; n = 9/25), Ovis aries (36.00%; n=9:/25), Bos taurus (24.00%; n = 6/25), Sus scrofa (20.00%; n = 5/25), and Homo sapiens (8.00%; n = 2/25). Lutzomyia evansi registered the highest feeding frequency (68.00%; n = 17/25), predominantly on a single (44.00%; n = 11/25) or multiple species (24.00%; n = 6/25). Conclusion. Results indicate a eclectic feeding behavior in Lu. evansi, implying potential reservoir hosts for Leishmania spp. and increasing transmission risk. This study is a first step towards understanding the diversity of mammalian blood sources used by sandflies, that may be crucial for vector identification and formulation of effective control measures.
Introducción. En 2018, en la vereda El Alférez de Los Montes de María (Bolívar, Colombia), un macrofoco de leishmaniasis, se reportó el primer caso y se evidenciaron cambios en la distribución y ecoepidemiología de la enfermedad. No obstante, las interacciones entre vectores y fauna local aún son desconocidas. Objetivo. Evaluar la diversidad de flebotomíneos y sus fuentes de alimentación sanguínea en la comunidad de El Alférez del municipio de El Carmen de Bolívar (Bolívar, Colombia). Materiales y métodos. En el 2018, se recolectaron flebotomíneos mediante trampas de luz led ubicadas en el domicilio, el peridomicilio y en el área silvestre, y se identificaron a nivel de especie. Se utilizó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa múltiple dirigida al gen mitocondrial citocromo B para analizar la sangre del aparato digestivo. Resultados. Lutzomyia evansi fue la especie más abundante (71,85 %; n = 485/675), seguida por Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. dubitans, Lu. abonnenci y Lu. aclydifera. El 25 % (n = 25/100) de las especies analizadas tuvieron como fuentes de ingesta sanguínea a Canis familiaris (36 %; n = 9/25), Ovis aries (36 %; n = 9/25), Bos taurus (24 %; n = 6/25), Sus scrofa (20 %; n = 5/25) y Homo sapiens (8 %; n = 2/25). Lutzomyia evansi fue la especie con la mayor frecuencia de alimentación (68 %; n = 17/25), predominantemente de una sola especie (44 %; n = 11/25) o de varias (24 %; n = 6/25).
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Insetos Vetores , Leishmaniose , Psychodidae , Animais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Psychodidae/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Humanos , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Comportamento Alimentar , Cães , Bovinos , Citocromos b/genética , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Introducción: la diabetes mellitus se produce por la alteración en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, su prevalencia viene en aumento debido al incremento en la tasa de obesidad y los cambios en los hábitos nutricionales. En Colombia, alrededor de 8,36 % de la población padece diabetes tipo 2 y menos del 1 % diabetes tipo 1. Metodología: se seleccionaron 51 artículos sobre diabetes y diferentes escenarios clínicos, publicados en su mayoría entre los años 2015-2021. Resultados: en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica, se aumenta la resistencia a la insulina e intolerancia a la glucosa; por esto, deben ser tratados en primera instancia con metformina o insulinas. En los diabéticos el riesgo cardiovascular se incrementa tanto para infarto como para accidente cerebrovascular. En estos, se puede realizar tratamiento con metformina, empagliflozina, entre otros. Los pacientes con falla renal tienen mayor riesgo de hipoglicemia por el metabolismo prolongado de la insulina como consecuencia de la filtración glomerular, en estos son útiles medicamentos como liraglutide y sus similares. Conclusión: existen múltiples escenarios clínicos que se presentan en conjunto con la diabetes mellitus. Se deben tener en cuenta las múltiples comorbilidades de los pacientes al momento de instaurar un tratamiento y sus diferentes determinantes, para garantizar su efectividad.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is caused by alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and its prevalence is increasing due to the increase in the rate of obesity and changes in nutritional habits. In Colombia, about 8.36% of the population suffers from type 2 diabetes and less than 1% from type 1 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-one articles were selected, on diabetes and different clinical scenarios, mostly published between 2015-2021. Results: In patients with chronic liver disease, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are increased; therefore, they should be treated in the first instance with Metformin or Insulin. In diabetics, cardiovascular risk is increased for both infarction and stroke. In these patients, treatment can be performed with Metformin, Empagliflozin, among others. Patients with renal failure have a higher risk of hypoglycemia due to prolonged insulin metabolism as a consequence of glomerular filtration; medications such as Liraglutide and similar drugs are useful in these patients. Conclusion: There are multiple clinical scenarios that occur in conjunction with diabetes mellitus. The multiple comorbidities of patients should be taken into account when instituting treatment and its different determinants to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment to be appropriate for the patients.
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Humanos , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatias , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The pandemic has affected people's lives and emotions in profound ways, which governments ignore at their peril. Among the often disregarded consequences of the pandemic, especially in developing countries, are its toll on subjective well-being and its implications for health policymaking. This paper uses a battery of surveys with over 1800 observations collected in 2019 and 2020, which inform on many aspects of subjective well-being before and during the pandemic in Cali, Colombia. The results show a dramatic and widespread reduction in life satisfaction in several dimensions of well-being beyond health, and not just among those directly affected by COVID-19. This analysis focuses on differences in well-being by gender and health status, providing information about gender variances and differences in subjective well-being between those who experienced and those who did not experience physical illness (including the COVID-19 infection) during the pandemic. This analysis aims at contributing to the body of research that studies the consequences of the pandemic for life satisfaction and well-being, in the context of a city experiencing profound social unrest during the pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Emoções , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
College students face unique challenges that the consequences of COVID-19 might aggravate. To explore the pandemic's consequences on college students' well-being, we conducted an online survey with 634 students from a private university in Cali, Colombia. The study sought to assess students' well-being due to COVID-19, and to explore the mediating effects of optimism, gratitude, and emotional closeness on college students' well-being. Results showed that COVID-19 affected students' mental health and well-being. Being optimistic and grateful mediated with life satisfaction and happiness. Optimism, emotional closeness, and gratitude also mediated the negative effect of fear of infection and the pandemic's impact on students' academic performance. The results of this analysis will promote discussion of the implementation of coping strategies to help students thrive, promote resilience, and contribute to students' well-being and better mental health.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Países em Desenvolvimento , Emoções , EstudantesRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on livelihoods everywhere, but especially in the informal economy where crucial forms of protection and security are often absent. A detailed understanding of the impacts for informal workers, the public policy approaches that could most effectively respond to their needs, and the barriers to such policy, is urgently needed. This paper discusses the results of a 2021 street vendor survey in Cali, Colombia, focusing on (1) vendors' socioeconomic circumstances and (2) their political engagement and attitudes on key policy and governance issues. It argues that while the pandemic and the government responses to it negatively impacted street vendors, there are steps that government could have taken, and can still take, to address vendors' needs and priorities. To ensure a just, equitable, sustainable recovery, and to protect economically marginalized groups from future crises, informal workers must be more meaningfully included in decision-making processes.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107728.].
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This report presents survey data about the socioeconomic conditions and governance of informal workers in Cali, Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conducted with 750 street vendors via telephone, the survey explores eight interrelated topics: demographics, households and children, economic activities, income and expenses, access to financial services and debt, institutional trust, health, and subjective wellbeing. These data are valuable for two reasons. First, they allow for an analysis of the social and economic consequences of the pandemic for a population group that remains understudied and neglected by social policy. Second, they allow for an understanding of the governance of informal work during crises and possible paths to promote greater inclusion. Taken together, the data presented here provide tools for conducting academic and policy-relevant analysis about informal workers, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 in the global South, and how recovery from the pandemic can be made more inclusive and sustainable.
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BACKGROUND: An instrument to assess Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in adult patients was developed in Spain. No validated instrument is currently cross-culturally adapted for use in daily practice to assess HRQL in AR patients in Colombia. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement performance of an AR-HRQL specific questionnaire, ESPRINT-15 (Cuestionario ESPañol de Calidad de Vida en RINiTis), in Colombian adult patients with AR using the Classic Test Theory (CTT) and the Generalizability theory (G-theory) frameworks. METHODS: We conducted the cross-cultural adaptation in 2 stages. In stage 1, we evaluated comprehensibility, acceptability, and feasibility of ESPRINT-15 in healthy adults and adult patients with AR. In stage 2, we examined both reliability and validity of ESPRINT-15 scores using CTT and overall reliability applying the G-theory in adult patients with AR. RESULTS: For feasibility and acceptability, all items showed a higher than 95% level of understanding, and modifications in the original questionnaire were unnecessary. Reliability and validity using CTT showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and Mc McDonald's omega = 0.95) and test-retest reliability (scores from 0.70 to 0.76). The overall reliability score using G-theory was 0.75, and G-coefficients scores associated with internal consistency and test-retest reliability measures were 0.96 and 0.61, respectively. Validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified 2 factors instead of the original ESPRINT-15 4 domains. However, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed good fit regarding the original model. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed cross-cultural adaptation of ESPRINT-15 showed good reliability and validity measures. Additionally, it was easy to use and administer. ESPRINT-15 can be used clinically and for research in Colombian adults' patients with AR. CTT and the G-theory can be used in epidemiological studies to adapt AR-HRQL questionnaires cross-culturally in adult patients with AR.
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Increasing attention has been given to the role of green space in reducing health disparities. However, robust evidence to support decision making is lacking in the global South. We investigate the relationship between green space and health as well as its underlying mechanism in Cali, Colombia. Results indicate that neighbourhood greenness is associated with enhanced self-rated 'good' health and reduced physical and mental distress. The health benefits of green space appear to be stronger for people living in wealthier neighbourhoods than those in poor neighbourhoods. Results highlight the importance of considering health disparities for future green infrastructure planning in the global South context.
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Transtornos Mentais , Parques Recreativos , Colômbia , Humanos , Características de Residência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
This analysis presents data collected through an online survey about the quality of life, health, subjective wellbeing, and government perception in four cities in Colombia during the COVID-19 crisis. Four universities and a local newspaper promoted the survey to assess how the pandemic affected the population's quality of life in a broad range of social and economic aspects. Respondents were adults (+18 years old) living in the largest Colombia cities: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla, totaling 1637 complete observations. Researchers used snowballing sampling strategy, social networks, a web page, and an advertisement in the partner newspaper for data collection. This data set helps to conduct social research and policy reports about the consequences of the pandemic. The data enclosed in this paper includes socioeconomic variables, income reduction, employment, household composition, teleworking, indebtedness, physical and mental health, physical activity behavior, subjective wellbeing, affective and communal relationships, institutional trust, and perception of government performance during COVID-19. We aim at contributing to a better understating of the consequences of the pandemic in Colombia and general in the Global South through the collection and dissemination of data for academic and policy purposes.
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Abstract Introduction Multimodal enhanced recovery programs are a new paradigm in perioperative care. Objective To evaluate the certainty of evidence pertaining to the effectiveness and safety of the multimodal perioperative care program in elective colorectal surgery. Data source: A search was conducted in the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, up until February 2020. Eligibility criteria Systematic reviews that take into account the perioperative multimodal program in patients with an indication for colorectal surgery were included. The primary outcomes were morbidity and postoperative deaths. The secondary outcome was hospital length of stay. Study quality and synthesis method The reviews were evaluated with AMSTAR-2 and the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE methodology. The findings are presented with measures of frequency, risk estimators, or differences. Results Six systematic reviews of clinical trials with medium and high quality in AMSTAR-2 were included. Morbidity was reduced between 16 and 48%. Studies are inconclusive regarding postoperative mortality. Hospital length of stay was reduced by an average of 2.5 days (p <0.05). The certainty of the body of evidence is very low. Limitations The effect of the program, depending on the combination of elements, is not clear. Conclusions and implications Despite the proven evidence that the program is effective in reducing global postoperative morbidity and hospital stay, the body of evidence is of very low quality. Consequently, results may change with new evidence and further research is required.
Resumen Introducción Los programas multimodales de cuidado perioperatorio son nuevos paradigmas de atención en salud, particularmente en el paciente quirúrgico. Objetivo Evaluar la certeza en la evidencia de la efectividad y seguridad del programa multimodal perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal electiva. Fuente de datos Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, EMBASE y Cochrane hasta febrero de 2020. Criterios de elegibilidad Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas que consideraron como intervención el programa multimodal perioperatorio en pacientes con indicación de cirugía colorrectal. Los desenlaces primarios fueron morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria. El desenlace secundario fue estancia hospitalaria. Evaluación de los estudios y método de síntesis La calidad de las revisiones fue evaluada con AMSTAR-2 y la certeza de la evidencia con la metodología GRADE. Los hallazgos se presentan con medidas de frecuencia, estimadores de riesgo o diferencias. Resultados Se incluyeron seis revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos de media y alta calidad en AMSTAR-2. La morbilidad se redujo entre el 16 y el 48 %. Para la mortalidad postoperatoria no se reportan diferencias a favor del programa. La estancia hospitalaria se redujo en promedio 2,5 días (p < 0,05). La certeza del cuerpo de la evidencia es muy baja. Limitaciones El efecto del programa en función de combinación de elementos no es claro. Conclusiones e implicaciones A pesar de que la evidencia sugiere que el programa es efectivo en la reducción de morbilidad postoperatoria global y estancia hospitalaria, el cuerpo de la evidencia es de muy baja calidad, por lo que los resultados podrían cambiar con nueva evidencia. Se requieren nuevas investigaciones.
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Humanos , Cirurgia Colorretal , Assistência Perioperatória , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica , Resultado do Tratamento , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Recuperação Pós-Cirúrgica MelhoradaRESUMO
Ciclovía Recreativa is a program in which streets are closed off to automobiles so that people have a safe and inclusive space for recreation and for being physically active. The study aims were: (1) to compare participant's spatial trajectories in four Ciclovía Recreativa programs in Latin America (Bogotá, Mexico City, Santiago de Cali, and Santiago de Chile) according to socioeconomic characteristics and urban segregation of these cities; and (2) to assess the relationship between participants' physical activity (PA) levels and sociodemographic characteristics. We harmonized data of cross-sectional studies including 3282 adults collected between 2015 and 2019. We found the highest mobility for recreation in Bogotá, followed closely by Santiago de Cali. In these two cities, the maximum SES (socioeconomic status) percentile differences between the neighborhood of origin and the neighborhoods visited as part of the Ciclovía use were 33.58 (p-value < 0.001) and 30.38 (p-value < 0.001), respectively, indicating that in these two cities, participants were more likely to visit higher or lower SES neighborhoods than their average SES-of-neighborhood origin. By contrast, participants from Mexico City and Santiago de Chile were more likely to stay in geographic units similar to their average SES-of-origin, having lower overall mobility during leisure time: maximum SES percentile difference 1.55 (p-value < 0.001) and -0.91 (p-value 0.001), respectively. PA levels of participants did not differ by sex or SES. Our results suggest that Ciclovía can be a socially inclusive program in highly unequal and segregated urban environments, which provides a space for PA whilefacilitat physical proximity, exposure to new communities and environments, and interactions between different socioeconomic groups.
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Exercício Físico , Inclusão Social , Adulto , Chile , Cidades , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , América Latina , México , Características de Residência , Classe SocialRESUMO
La donación de sangre es un procedimiento muy común en medicina, por eso tiene relevancia el estudio de las complicaciones frecuentes en los donantes y en especial las asociadas con la ferropenia. El procedimiento reporta beneficios tanto por la utilidad futura del producto como por los efectos favorables para la salud del donante; sin embargo, se han descrito complicaciones recurrentes derivadas tanto de la extracción de sangre total como de sus componentes por separado. En este artículo de revisión se encuentra la información relacionada con los factores de riesgo asociados con esta práctica y las principales complicaciones que pueden aparecer como es la depleción de hierro, con el fin de ilustrar al lector sobre los factores predisponentes en donantes iniciales y habituales. Se concluye que las reacciones más frecuentes son las vasovagales y algunas otras que pueden conllevar a síntomas indeseados, pero es la disminución de los niveles de hierro una de las complicaciones más alarmantes. Hay evidencia de factores como sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico, dieta y tipo de sangre que favorecen la probabilidad de desarrollar complicaciones por deficiencia de hierro en los donantes.
Blood donation is a very common medical procedure, thus, it is important to review the most frequent complications indonors, especially blood-donation-induced iron deficiency. The procedure is beneficial both for the future usefulness of blood and blood products as well as the favorable health effects for the donors; however, recurrent complications derived from the collection of whole blood and blood components separately, have been described. This review article contains information related to the risk factors associated with this practice and the main complications that may appear, such as iron depletion, in order to enlighten the reader on the predisposing factors among first-time and repeat donors. It was concluded that vasovagal reactions are the most frequent reactions as well as other reactions that can lead to unwanted symptoms, but the decrease in iron levels is one of the most alarming complications. Sex, age, socioeconomic level, diet and blood type have been evidenced as factors that favor the probability of developing complications due to iron deficiency in donors.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Coleta de Amostras Sanguíneas , Anemia Ferropriva , Doadores de Sangue , Plaquetoferese , Síncope VasovagalRESUMO
This paper presents three data sets about the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and subjective wellbeing in Colombia for three population subgroups: adults (+18 years old), college students, and informal workers. The data was gathered using three different online surveys in Colombia, South America. Each online survey had a different collection process. For adults and informal workers, we use a snowballing sampling strategy. For college students, we use social networks and students associations' platforms. In total 2253 individuals participated in the data collection. The surveys aims at informing policymakers and academics about the consequences of COVID-19 in the wellbeing of three population groups. The datasets available in this report includes sociodemographic variables, standardized measures of subjective wellbeing, questions concerning to the pandemic and the quarantine, and emotional closeness with friends and keen. Information of informal workers includes a wide range of information about economic outcomes, like job stability, alternative income, financial inclusion, government welfare, and consumption patterns. This paper presents descriptive and correlation analysis of the variables included in the surveys. The information of this report aims at contributing to a broader discussion, beyond the epidemiological side, of the consequences of the pandemic on the population health. This data in brief is valuable by contributing records from a country in the global South, a region where information for policymaking and academic research is usually scarce. Before the pandemic unfolded, there were reports of high subjective wellbeing in Latin America, by studying subjective wellbeing in the middle of a crisis, is possible to examine how a crisis of this dimension affects the population wellbeing and resilience.
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This study aims to identify factors associated with the probability of trash pickers feeling physically or mentally ill and assesses differences by gender. To achieve these, we estimated multivariate regression models by using data from a census' update of 3109 trash pickers in Cali-Colombia in 2015. Outcomes are defined by two binary variables for whether the trash picker reports 14 or more days during the last month with physical and mental illness. Factors included demographic, family, psychological, socioeconomic and job characteristics. We found gender differences in several risk factors. Also a strong link between physical and mental health was found. Trash picker women are more vulnerable than men, public policy interventions aimed at prevention and treatment of mental health problems will have a positive side effect on their physical and mental health.
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Nível de Saúde , Saúde Ocupacional , Eliminação de Resíduos , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/prevenção & controle , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This paper describes a dataset about institutional and interpersonal trust, life satisfaction and health in Cali, one of the major cities in Colombia, South America. Data was collected with the purpose of monitoring trust levels in the population and to serve as baseline information to monitor changes in population trust after the implementation of government interventions aimed at increasing institutional trust. Data was collected in 2017 with subsequent waves in 2018 and 2019, this manuscript presents data collected in 2017, which corresponds to the data analyzed in the paper related to this manuscript. The information was gathered through a population survey to over 1200 adults' city residents, randomly selected in face to face interviews. Data described also reports information on life satisfaction, physical and mental health, and socioeconomic characteristics. This information is useful for policy making purposes insofar as allow the monitoring of outcomes that are relevant for local and national governments that implement programs that affect trust, subjective well-being and health. Taken as a whole, data also allow to build composite indicators for interpersonal and institutional trust and social capital. This research was fully financed by Universidad Icesi through the Observatorio de Políticas Públicas -POLIS- to monitor citizens' perceptions of a different array of government interventions that affect the outcomes in which data was collected. Measures on trust, life satisfaction, and health follow international measurement standards set by the OEDC and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to allow international comparisons.
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This paper assesses whether two factors of wellbeing, social capital (interpersonal trust and social networks) and subjective well-being are associated with frequent mental distress and if there are any mediating effects by gender in a city of high urban violence. This paper relies on data that comes from a sample of over 1300 people representative by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic breakdown of the city of Cali in Colombia, which was collected in 2017 through face-to-face surveys. Our study uses logistic regression with fixed-effects at the district level to control for unobserved time-invariant factors. At the individual level, our analyses account for social and demographic context variables. The dependent variable is mental distress, defined as having 14 or more days feeling mentally ill in the previous 30-day period. Independent variables of interest are "interpersonal trust in unknown people" measured in a scale 0-10 and, social networks measured using the number of family members and close friends and subjective well-being through a question about life satisfaction in a scale 0-10. We find risk factors for mental health distress were low trust in unknown people, low life satisfaction, high levels of depression, living in cohabitation, being female, not having children, and living in middle socio-economic status. The odds of feeling mentally ill decreased as trust in unknown people increased by each unit in the trust scale (OR: 0.92). There were gender differences, with women's mental health being less likely to be affected by lack of interpersonal trust (OR: 0.94) than men (OR: 0.76). Our study suggests that actions aimed at fostering interpersonal trust in unknown people could positively affect mental health distress for both males and females. In the context of high urban violence, our study shows that men are more likely to benefit from such actions.
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This paper presents data about the indebtedness of the poor, in particular, street vendors from Cali, Colombia. In Latin America, as in many other developing regions, the poor have no access to credit from regulated institutions. Bank fees, transaction costs and lack of durable assets to back up indebtedness, exclude the poor form the banking system and their only resort for credit are moneylenders who charge predatory interest rates. In order to assess the economic implications of payday loans, information about indebtedness was collected amongst street vendors in Cali, Colombia. A random sample of 300 street vendors was surveyed at two large street vending sites in the city in 2016. Respondents were inquired about income, expenses, household composition, and access to banking services, credit, and indebtedness. This data in brief presents the value of the gathered information, the general characteristics of this research and the methodology used. Data of this manuscript is associated with the publication Martinez, L., & Rivera-Acevedo, J. D. (2018).
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This data article describes two data sets about the socioeconomic conditions of recyclers in Cali, the third largest city in Colombia, South America. Data collected were aimed at understanding the social and economic conditions of this population in order to provide information for crafting policy alternatives for poverty alleviation. Information was collected in two waves in 2013 and in 2015. The first data collection (2013) was focused on a subgroup of recyclers and the second data collection (2015) was a census. In total, more than 3000 direct surveys to recyclers were conducted at individual and family level. In both data collection rounds, information about socioeconomic factors, health, working conditions, access to welfare programs and family composition was gathered. Both data rounds were financed by the local government as an input to design policy interventions to improve the recyclers' quality of life in the city. The data of this manuscript is associated with the publication (Estrada et al., 2017).
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Characteristics of melanoma cells have been deciphered by studies carried out in two dimensional cell cultures growing as adherent monolayers on the bottom of plastic flasks. Melanoma cells can be cultured with a considerable degree of success, and, depending on the further use of the cells obtained in the culture, methodologies have to be adjusted to obtain reliable results. Although there are many melanoma continuous cell lines, in vitro 2D and 3D melanoma primary cell culture may be a more useful model to investigate interactions between cancer cells and immune system, as well as the effect of cytotoxic treatments and personalized medicine in environments more similar to the physiological conditions.Here, we described a protocol which employs many strategies to obtain primary 2D and 3D melanoma cultures as a model to study cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions that must be considered to properly design personalized cancer treatments, as well as for testing novel anticancer drugs and drug delivery vehicles.