RESUMO
The Editorial Office was made aware of an error in Figure S1 within the original publication [...].
RESUMO
During the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented in order to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, potentially affecting the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This review evaluated the impact of NPIs on RSV-related hospitalizations in children during the lockdown (2020-2021) compared to the pre-pandemic (2015-2020) and post-lockdown (2021-2022) periods. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published in English between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2022. Additionally, we conducted hand searches of other records published between 1 January 2023 and 22 January 2024. Our target population was hospitalized children aged 0-18 years with RSV-related lower respiratory tract infections confirmed through immunofluorescence, antigen testing, or molecular assays. We focused on peer-reviewed observational studies, analyzing the primary outcome of pooled RSV prevalence. A generalized linear mixed model with a random-effects model was utilized to pool each RSV prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q and I2 statistics, while publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots and Egger's tests. We identified and analyzed 5815 publications and included 112 studies with 308,985 participants. Notably, RSV prevalence was significantly lower during the lockdown period (5.03% [95% CI: 2.67; 9.28]) than during the pre-pandemic period (25.60% [95% CI: 22.57; 28.88], p < 0.0001). However, RSV prevalence increased notably in the post-lockdown period after the relaxation of COVID-19 prevention measures (42.02% [95% CI: 31.49; 53.33] vs. 5.03% [95% CI: 2.67; 9.28], p < 0.0001). Most pooled effect estimates exhibited significant heterogeneity (I2: 91.2% to 99.3%). Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of NPIs in reducing RSV transmission. NPIs should be considered significant public health measures to address RSV outbreaks.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial , Infecções Respiratórias , Criança , Humanos , Criança Hospitalizada , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Pandemias , Prevalência , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/prevenção & controle , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , AdolescenteRESUMO
Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide, characterized by variable airflow limitation secondary to airway narrowing, airway wall thickening, and increased mucus resulting from chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Current epidemiological studies reported that hypovitaminosis D is frequent in patients with asthma and is associated with worsening the disease and that supplementation with vitamin D3 improves asthma symptoms. However, despite several advances in the field, the molecular mechanisms of asthma have yet to be comprehensively understood. MicroRNAs play an important role in controlling several biological processes and their deregulation is implicated in diverse diseases, including asthma. Evidence supports that the dysregulation of miR-21, miR-27b, miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-155 leads to disbalance of Th1/Th2 cells, inflammation, and airway remodeling, resulting in exacerbation of asthma. This review addresses how these molecular mechanisms explain the development of asthma and its exacerbation and how vitamin D3 may modulate these microRNAs to improve asthma symptoms.
Assuntos
Asma , MicroRNAs , Humanos , Colecalciferol/farmacologia , Colecalciferol/uso terapêutico , MicroRNAs/genética , Remodelação das Vias Aéreas , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/genética , Asma/complicações , Pulmão , Inflamação/complicações , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
The conversion of residual biomass from fruit seeds into biochar can be achieved using MgCl2 as an activating agent and calcining at 700 °C. The resulting MgO-biochars were employed in the aldol condensation reaction between furfural and acetone. This reaction is essential as the first step in the obtention of biofuels derived from biomass. The biochars were characterized through various physicochemical techniques, revealing that the presence of MgO nanoparticles deposited on the carbon surface modifies the structural and acidic-basic properties of the carbonaceous materials with a graphitic structure. The biochar with a surface content of MgO of 0.34 % w/w enables the achievement of 100 % of selectivity towards 4-(2-furanyl)-3-buten-2-one (I) with quantitative conversions under optimized conditions. This property highlights the potential of using this type of biochar, commonly used for CO2 capture, as a versatile acidic-basic catalyst, thereby introducing a novel approach to sustainable chemistry.
Assuntos
Annona , Biocombustíveis , Óxido de Magnésio/química , SementesRESUMO
The reaction to obtain furan alcohols is one of the most important in the upgrading of furan derivates. An attractive route is the transfer hydrogenation of furfural using acidic-basic catalysts. In this work, mixed oxides derived from ternary hydrotalcites were employed to obtain furfuryl alcohol from furfural assisted by microwave irradiation. These materials were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and the CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (CO2 -TPD) analyses. The lamellar structure of hydrotalcite-type materials collapses during the calcination process, resulting in the loss of carbonate anions and hydroxyl groups, present in the interlayer space. This leads to the formation of mixed oxides that exhibit larger surface areas. Furthermore, these changes alter the basic nature of these materials, giving rise to the formation of strong basic sites. The reaction was studied using containing Co2+ and Ni2+ in their structure and was then optimized using distinct primary and secondary alcohols as hydrogen donor sources, as well as distinct temperatures and initial concentrations of furfural. The yields to furfuryl alcohol are strongly dependent on the type of Me2+ in layered oxides mainly due to higher basicity and to the donor employed in the reaction. The mixed oxide containing Co2+ showed complete conversion of furfural and higher yields to furfuryl alcohol (>95 %) at short times of reaction (<1â h).
RESUMO
Asthma is a heterogeneous entity encompassing distinct endotypes and varying phenotypes, characterized by common clinical manifestations, such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and variable airflow obstruction. Two major asthma endotypes based on molecular patterns are described: type 2 endotype (allergic-asthma) and T2 low endotype (obesity-related asthma). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length, currently involved in many diverse biological functions, such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, protein transport, and microRNA processing. Despite the efforts to accurately classify and discriminate all the asthma endotypes and phenotypes, if long noncoding RNAs could play a role as biomarkers in allergic asthmatic and adolescent obesity-related asthma, adolescents remain unknown. To compare expression levels of lncRNAs: HOTAIRM1, OIP5-AS1, MZF1-AS1, and GAS5 from whole blood of Healthy Adolescents (HA), Obese adolescents (O), allergic asthmatic adolescents (AA) and Obesity-related asthma adolescents (OA). We measured and compared expression levels from the whole blood of the groups mentioned above through RT-q-PCR. We found differentially expressed levels of these lncRNAs between the groups of interest. In addition, we found a discriminative value of previously mentioned lncRNAs between studied groups. Finally, we generated an interaction network through bioinformatics. Expression levels of OIP5-AS1, MZF1-AS1, HOTAIRM1, and GAS5 in whole blood from the healthy adolescent population, obese adolescents, allergic asthma adolescents, and obesity-related asthma adolescents are differently expressed. Moreover, these lncRNAs could act as molecular biomarkers that help to discriminate between all studied groups, probably through molecular mechanisms with several genes and miRNAs implicated.
Assuntos
Asma , MicroRNAs , Obesidade Infantil , RNA Longo não Codificante , Adolescente , Humanos , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Obesidade Infantil/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Asma/genética , Biomarcadores , Proliferação de Células/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-LikeRESUMO
In the modern diet, excessive fructose intake (>50 g/day) had been driven by the increase, in recent decades, of the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This phenomenon has dramatically increased within the Caribbean and Latin American regions. Epidemiological studies show that chronic high intake of fructose related to sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of developing several non-communicable diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and may also contribute to the exacerbation of lung diseases, such as COVID-19. Evidence supports several mechanismssuch as dysregulation of the renin−angiotensin system, increased uric acid production, induction of aldose reductase activity, production of advanced glycation end-products, and activation of the mTORC1 pathwaythat can be implicated in lung damage. This review addresses how these pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms may explain the lung damage resulting from high intake of fructose.
Assuntos
Frutose , Pneumopatias , Aldeído Redutase , Frutose/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Pneumopatias/epidemiologia , Pneumopatias/fisiopatologia , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina , Edulcorantes/efeitos adversos , Ácido ÚricoRESUMO
A higher Th17-immune response characterises obesity and obesity-related asthma phenotype. Nevertheless, obesity-related asthma has a more significant Th17-immune response than obesity alone. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) is the essential transcription factor for Th17 polarisation. Previous studies have found that adolescents with obesity-related asthma presented upregulation of RORC, IL17A, and TNFA. However, the mechanisms that cause these higher mRNA expression levels in this asthmatic phenotype are poorly understood. Methylation directly regulates gene expression by adding a methyl group to carbon 5 of dinucleotide CpG cytosine. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between RORC, IL17A, and TNFA methylation status and mRNA expression levels to investigate a possible epigenetic regulation. A total of 102 adolescents (11-18 years) were studied in the following four groups: 1) healthy participants (HP), 2) allergic asthmatic participants (AAP), 3) obese participants without asthma (OP), and 4) non-allergic obesity-related asthma participants (OAP). Real-time qPCR assessed the methylation status and gene expression levels in peripheral blood leukocytes. Remarkably, the OAP and AAP groups have lower promoter methylation patterns of RORC, IL17A, and TNFA than the HP group. Notably, the OAP group presents lower RORC promoter methylation status than the OP group. Interestingly, RORC promoter methylation status was moderately negatively associated with gene expression of RORC (r s = -0.39, p < 0.001) and IL17A (r s = -0.37, p < 0.01), respectively. Similarly, the promoter methylation pattern of IL17A was moderately negatively correlated with IL17A gene expression (r s = -0.3, p < 0.01). There is also a moderate inverse relationship between TNFA promoter methylation status and TNFA gene expression (r s = -0.3, p < 0.01). The present study suggests an association between lower RORC, IL17A, and TNFA gene promoter methylation status with obesity-related asthma and allergic asthma. RORC, IL17A, and TNFA gene promoter methylation patterns are moderately inversely correlated with their respective mRNA expression levels. Therefore, DNA methylation may regulate RORC, IL17A, and TNF gene expression in both asthmatic phenotypes.
RESUMO
Whey in large quantities can cause environmental problems when discarded, because it reduces dissolved oxygen and aquatic life. Nonetheless, it could be used as an easily available and economical alternative to reduce culture medium costs in microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). In this work, a native Sporosarcina pasteurii was isolated and then cultured by using different proportions of whey (W) in nutrient broth (NB). The solids were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TGA, and SEM. The potential applications in bioconsolidation were also studied. Whey concentration was directly related to CaCO3 production. Higher whey concentrations reduced calcium carbonate purity to nearly 80%. All experiments showed calcite and vaterite fractions, where a whey increment in the media increased calcite content and decreased vaterite content, causing a decrease in crystal size. MICP improved compressive strength (CS) in sand and fly ash. The best CS results were obtained by fly ash treated with 25 W-75 NB (37.2 kPa) and sand with 75 W-25 NB (32.1 kPa). Whey changed crystal polymorphism in biogenic CaCO3 production. Material bioconsolidation depends on the CaCO3 polymorph, thus fly ash was effectively bioconsolidated by crystallization of vaterite and sand by crystallization of calcite.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-allergic asthma caused by obesity is a complication of the low-grade chronic inflammation inherent in obesity. Consequently, the serum concentrations of adipokines such as retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) increase. No gold standard molecule for the prediction of non-allergic asthma among obese patients has been identified. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate RBP4 and PAI-1 as prognostic biomarkers of non-allergic asthma caused by obesity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study between four groups of adolescents: (1) healthy (n = 35), (2) allergic asthma without obesity (n = 28), (3) obesity without asthma (n = 33), and (4) non-allergic asthma with obesity (n = 18). RESULTS: RBP4 was higher in the non-allergic asthma with obesity group than in the obesity without asthma group (39.2 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 23.8-76.0] vs. 23.5 ng/mL [95% CI: 3.2-33.5], p < 0.01), and PAI-1 was higher in the non-allergic asthma with obesity group than in the obesity without asthma group (21.9 ng/mL [95% CI: 15.7-26.5] vs. 15.9 ng/mL [95% CI: 9.4-18.2], p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the serum RBP4 cut-off value was >42.78 ng/mL, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.741 (95% CI: 0.599-0.853, p = 0.001), considered acceptable. The PAI-1 cut-off value was >12.0 ng/mL, with an AUC of 0.699 (95% CI: 0.554-0.819, p = 0.008), considered fair. CONCLUSIONS: RBP4 may be useful to predict non-allergic asthma among obese adolescents in clinical practice.
Assuntos
Asma/sangue , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/sangue , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/análise , Adolescente , Asma/etiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade Infantil/sangue , Prognóstico , Curva ROCRESUMO
Obesity is associated with a unique non-T2 asthma phenotype, characterised by a Th17 immune response. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) is the master transcription factor for Th17 polarisation. We investigated the association of TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression levels with the non-T2 phenotype. We conducted a cross-sectional study in adolescents, subdivided as follows: healthy (HA), allergic asthma without obesity (AA), obesity without asthma (OB), and non-allergic asthma with obesity (NAO). TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression in peripheral blood leukocytes were assessed by RT-PCR. NAO exhibited higher TNFA mRNA expression levels than HA or OB, as well as the highest IL17A and RORC mRNA expression levels among the four groups. The best biomarker for discriminating non-allergic asthma among obese adolescents was RORC mRNA expression levels (area under the curve: 0.95). RORC mRNA expression levels were associated with the non-T2 asthma phenotype, hinting at a therapeutic target in obesity-related asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/complicações , Asma/imunologia , Interleucina-17/genética , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Adolescente , Asma/genética , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interleucina-17/sangue , Leucócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Obesidade/genética , Fenótipo , RNA Mensageiro/sangue , Células Th17/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic and international health emergency by the World Health Organization. Patients with obesity with COVID-19 are 7 times more likely to need invasive mechanical ventilation than are patients without obesity (OR 7.36; 95% CI: 1.63-33.14, p = 0.021). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the main causes of death related to COVID-19 and is triggered by a cytokine storm that damages the respiratory epithelium. Interleukins that cause the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of obesity, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant peptide (MCP)-1, and, in particular, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also play very important roles in lung damage in ARDS. Therefore, obesity is associated with an immune state favourable to a cytokine storm. Our hypothesis is that serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-17A are more elevated in patients with obesity and COVID-19, and consequently, they have a greater probability of developing ARDS and death. The immunobiology of IL-17A and TNF-α opens a new fascinating field of research for COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , Interleucina-17/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/mortalidade , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/etiologia , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/imunologia , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/mortalidade , Humanos , Modelos Imunológicos , Obesidade/imunologia , Pandemias , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/imunologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/mortalidade , Mucosa Respiratória/imunologia , Mucosa Respiratória/lesões , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The search for catalysts with features that can improve coke resistance and decrease byproduct formation is a current goal in H2 production from renewable sources. In this work, the effect of the presence of Ni nanoparticles over Co/La-Ce oxides on the ethanol decomposition reaction was studied. Catalysts were synthetized using as precursor a La0.8Ce0.2NixCo1-xO3 perovskite-type material to ensure a low segregation of phases and a high dispersion of metals. After reduction at 873 K, the perovskite structure was destroyed, and metal Co-Ni particles were supported over a lanthanum-cerium oxide. The materials were characterized by different techniques before and after reaction. Solids exhibited metal particle sizes between 5 and 15 nm demonstrating the advantages of the preparation method to obtain Ni-Co alloys. Although the results of adsorption of ethanol followed by diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) showed acetate species strongly adsorbed on the catalyst's surface, the material (Ni0.7Co0.3/La0.8Ce0.2) with the lowest particle size was the most stable system leading to the lowest amount of carbon deposits during ethanol decomposition. This catalyst showed the better performance, with a higher ethanol conversion (98.4%) and hydrogen selectivity (75%). All catalysts exhibited carbonaceous deposits, which were an ordered and disordered carbon phase mixture.
RESUMO
Obesity is a serious public health problem worldwide and has been associated in epidemiological studies with a unique type of non-atopic asthma, although the causal association of asthma and obesity has certain criteria, such as the strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, coherence, analogy and experimentation; nevertheless, the biological plausibility of this association remains uncertain. Various mechanisms have been postulated, such as immunological, hormonal, mechanical, environmental, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Our hypothesis favours immunological mechanisms because some cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-17A, are responsible for orchestrating low-grade systemic inflammation associated with obesity; however, these cytokines are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as gene promoter methylation.
Assuntos
Asma/etiologia , Metilação de DNA , Interleucina-17/genética , Modelos Imunológicos , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Obesidade/complicações , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Células Th17/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Asma/genética , Asma/imunologia , Causalidade , Criança , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação , Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/fisiologia , Obesidade/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/fisiologiaRESUMO
Background The beneficial effects of treating hypertriglyceridemic adults with omega-3 fatty acids have been reported. However, information regarding omega-3 treatment of pediatric patients is limited. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of administering omega-3 fatty acids (3 g/day for 12 weeks) to children/adolescents with obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study involving pediatric patients (10-16 years old) with obesity and hypertriglyceridemia was conducted. The National Center for Health Statistics (CDC) defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI) ≥95th percentile. Subjects with triglyceride concentrations ranging from 150 to 1000 mg/dL were randomized into two groups: those receiving omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) (n = 65) and those receiving a placebo (n = 65) for 12 weeks. Serum triglyceride concentrations were always measured from 8 to 9 am after a 12-h fast. Results By the end of treatment, triglyceride concentrations had decreased by 39.1% in the omega-3 group and 14.6% in the placebo group (p < 0.01). The incidence of adverse gastrointestinal events (e.g. flatulence, belching) was 41.2% and 6.2% in the omega-3 and placebo groups, respectively (p < 0.01). There were no serious drug-related adverse events. Conclusions Supplementation with 3 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids is a safe and effective option for treating hypertriglyceridemia in children and adolescents with obesity.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Hipertrigliceridemia/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Criança , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hipertrigliceridemia/sangue , Hipertrigliceridemia/etiologia , Masculino , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Resultado do Tratamento , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Se estudió la hidrogenación enantio selectiva de 4-metoxiacetofenona sobre catalizadores de Pt/TiO2 reducidos a 773K y modificados con cinconidina (CD). Los catalizadores se caracterizaron por fisiadsorción de N2, quimiadsorción de H2, DRX y XPS. Las transformaciones se llevaron a cabo en un reactor tipo STR a distintas concentraciones de cinconidina (CD) con el propósito de evaluar la incidencia de algunos parámetros de reacción como el orden de adición del modificador y la presión de hidrógeno. Se demostró que a bajas concentraciones de CD es posible obtener excesos enantioméricos cercanos al 30%. Se encontró que la estructura de la molécula puede afectar el comportamiento observado.
The enantioselective hydrogenation of 4-methoxyacetophenone over Pt/TiO2 catalyst reduced to 773 K in the presence of cinchonidine (CD) was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, XRD and XPS. The reactions were carried out in a STR reactor at various concentrations of CD. The effect of several reaction parameters was investigated, such as the addition order of the modifier and hydrogen pressure. Lower concentrations of CD can produce an enantiomeric excess near to 30%. The structure of the molecule can influence the behavior observed.
Neste trabalho, foi estudada a hidrogenação enantioselective do 4-metoxiaceto-fenona em catalisadores Pt/TiO2 reduzidos a 773 K e modificados com cinconidina (CD). Os sólidos foram caracterizados por adsorção de nitrogênio a 77K, quimisorção de hidrogênio a temperatura ambiente, DRX, TEM e XPS. As reações foram realizadas em um reator STR a diferentes concentrações de CD. Alem de isso o efeito de vários parâmetros de reação foi estudado, como ordem de adição do modificador e pressão do hidrogênio. Baixas concentrações do CD podem produzir excesso enantiomêricos próximos aos 30%. A estrutura da molécula pode influenciar o comportamento obtido.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite certain contradictions, an association has been identified between adherence to drug treatment and the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. The contradictions observed emphasize the importance of using different methods to measure treatment adherence, or the association of psychological precursors of adherence with quality of life. For this reason, we have used an indirect method to measure adherence (pill count), as well as two adherence behaviour precursors (attitude and knowledge), to assess the association between adherence and the quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study on a random sample of 238 type 2 diabetic patients was carried out over one year in four family medicine units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Treatment adherence was measured using the indirect method of pill count to assess adherence behaviour, obtaining information at two home visits. In the first we recorded the medicine prescribed and in the second, we counted the medicine remaining to determine the proportion of the medicine taken. We also assessed two adherence behaviour precursors: the patients' knowledge regarding their medical prescription measured through a structured questionnaire; and attitudes to treatment adherence using a Likert scale. Quality of life was measured through the WHOQOL-100 (the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire). Information concerning both knowledge and attitude was obtained through interviews with the patients. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to establish the relationship between each quality of life domain and the variables related to adherence, controlling for covariates. RESULTS: There was no association between quality of life and treatment adherence behaviour. However, the combination of strong knowledge and a positive attitude was associated with five of the six quality of life domains. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is important to explore psychological precursors of treatment adherence behaviour in type 2 diabetic patients. Indeed, we consider that it will be useful to carry out interventions that change negative attitudes towards treatment adherence and that promote medical prescription knowledge, which may help to improve the quality of life of such patients.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Cooperação do Paciente , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
En este trabajo se estudió la hidrogenación selectiva de citronelal sobre sistemas de Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2, e Ir soportado en óxidos mixtos (Ir/TiO2-SiO2) reducidos a 473 y 773 K. Se analizó el efecto de la adición de TiO2 al soporte y de las temperaturas de reducción de los catalizadores para evaluar el posible efecto de especies TiOx parcialmente reducidas, sobre la actividad y selectividad de la reacción. Los sólidos resultantes se caracterizaron por quimisorción de hidrógeno a temperatura ambiente, adsorción de nitrógeno a 77 K, DRX, TEM y XPS. Los resultados indican que los catalizadores reducidos a alta temperatura (HT: 773 K) favorecen la producción del alcohol insaturado debido al efecto de interacción fuerte metal-soporte conocido como SMSI. Los catalizadores reducidos a baja temperatura (LT: 473 K) llevan a la ciclización del anillo produciendo isopulegol. Estos catalizadores mostraron una alta actividad y una menor selectividad hacia el alcohol insaturado.
Catalytic hydrogenation of citronellal over Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2, and Ir supported on mixed oxides (Ir/TiO2/SiO2) reduced at 473 y 773 K was studied. The effects of the partially reducible support species, the reduction temperatures (473 K or 773 K) and the successive TiO2 addition were analyzed. The catalysts were characterized by H2 chemisorption at room temperature, N2 adsorption at 77 K, XRD, TEM and XPS. The results showed that the high temperature reduction treatment (HT: 773 K) favored the production of the unsaturated alcohol, which can be explained in terms of the so-called strong metalsupport interaction (SMSI) effect. Catalysts reduced at low temperature (LT: 473 K) mainly led to a cyclization reaction producing isopulegol. These catalysts showed high activity but low selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol.
Nesse trabalho, foi estudada a hidrogenação seletiva do citronelal em catalisadores Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2 e Ir suportado em óxidos mistos (Ir/TiO2-SiO2) reduzidos a 473 e 773 K. Foi analisado o efeito da adição da TiO2 no suporte e das temperaturas de redução dos catalisadores para evaliar o possível efeito das espécies TiOx parcialmente reduzidas, sobre a atividade e seletividade da reação. Os sólidos resultantes foram caracterizados por quimisorção de hidrogênio a temperatura ambiente, adsorção de nitrogênio a 77 K, DRX, TEM e XPS. Os resultados indican que os catalisadores reduzidos a alta temperatura (HT: 773 K) favorecem a produção do álcool insaturado pelo efeito da interação forte metal-suporte conhecido como SMSI. Os catalisadores reduzidos a baixa temperatura (LT: 473 K) conduzen para a ciclização do anel produzindo isopulegol. Esses catalisadores mostraram uma alta atividade e uma baixa seletividade para álcool insaturado.
RESUMO
Este trabajo compara, mediante potenciales provocados auditivos del tallo cerebral (PEAT), las diferencias funcionales entre especies que representan cuatro grupos taxonómicos de vertebrados terrestres (Anfíbios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos). Se observaron dos ondas, de mayor latencia en Rana catesbeina, cuatro en el Sceloporus torcuatus, cuatro de latencia corta en Columba livia, y siete en humanos con una latencia relativamente mayor. Los umbrales aduditivos descienden conforme se avanza en la escala filogenética