RESUMO
Capsicum peppers are native to the Americas, with Brazil being a significant diversity center. Capsicum baccatum accessions at Instituto Federal (IF) Goiano represent a portion of the species genetic resources from central Brazil. We aimed to characterize a C. baccatum working collection comprising 27 accessions and 3 commercial cultivars using morphological traits and molecular markers to describe its genetic and morphological variability and verify the occurrence of duplicates. This set included 1 C. baccatum var. praetermissum and 29 C. baccatum var. pendulum with potential for use in breeding programs. Twenty-two morphological descriptors, 57 inter-simple sequence repeat, and 34 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used. Genetic distance was calculated through the Jaccard similarity index and genetic variability through cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, resulting in dendrograms for both morphological analysis and molecular analysis. Genetic variability was found among C. baccatum var. pendulum accessions, and the distinction between the two C. baccatum varieties was evident in both the morphological and molecular analyses. The 29 C. baccatum var. pendulum genotypes clustered in four groups according to fruit type in the morphological analysis. They formed seven groups in the molecular analysis, without a clear correspondence with morphology. No duplicates were found. The results describe the genetic and morphological variability, provide a detailed characterization of genotypes, and discard the possibility of duplicates within the IF Goiano C. baccatum L. collection. This study will foment the use of this germplasm collection in C. baccatum breeding programs.
Assuntos
Capsicum/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites , Polimorfismo Genético , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Capsicum/anatomia & histologia , Frutas/anatomia & histologia , Frutas/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , GenótipoRESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: Increasing demand of herbal products acquired in stores and markets, as well as medicinal plants collected for personal consume are a known modern tendency. In this study, the ethnomedicinal use of Tilia americana var. mexicana inflorescences as sedative and anxiolytic is reinforced by examinating inflorescences used by communities of the State of Michoacan, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental mouse models were used to evaluate the sodium pentobarbital (SP)-induced hypnosis potentiation, ambulatory activity, as well as sedative and anti-anxiety responses via oral administration of the aqueous extracts (10, 30 and/or 100 and 300mg/kg). RESULTS: All samples tested produced a lengthening in the time of SP. Moreover, a significant attenuation in the anxiety-response in the plus-maze test and a diminution in both the head dipping response and ambulatory activity were observed resembling the response to diazepam (0.3mg/kg, i.p.). TLC profiles of the samples showed similar pattern of flavonoids; HPLC-DAD exhibited peaks identified as derived of quercetin and kaempferol that may be responsible for the plant activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that inflorescences of stored specimens obtained from popular local markets show the same effectiveness with regard to sedative and anxiolytic-like actions than freshly collected samples. Since no toxicity was observed through this route of administration (up to 5000mg/kg); therefore, it suggests that this plant is secure when used as tranquilizer in folk medicine.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Medicina Tradicional , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Tilia/química , Animais , Ansiolíticos/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Diazepam/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Flavonoides/análise , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/efeitos adversos , Resposta de Imobilidade Tônica/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , México , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Pentobarbital/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
The rationale of this investigation was to examine the antinociceptive effect of an ethanol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) aerial parts, using three different experimental models: acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin test in mice; and a model of arthritic pain: "pain-induced functional impairment model in the rat (PIFIR model)". The antinociceptive efficacies were evaluated using several dose-response curves and time courses. The antinociceptive effects from RO extract were compared with the antinociceptive effect of either tramadol (TR: 3.16-50 mg/kg, i.p. in mice, and 1.0-31.62 mg/kg, i.p. in rats) or acetylsalicylic acid (AA: 31.62-562.32 mg/kg, p.o.). RO extract (10-300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the number of writhing movement induced by the i.p. administration of acetic acid solution in a dose-dependent way (ED50 = 108.84 mg/kg, whereas, TR showed an ED50 = 12.38 mg/kg). In addition, RO extract (30-300 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited licking and shaking behaviours in both early (neurogenic pain) and in the late (inflammatory pain) phases of the formalin test. These effects were like those produced by TR. Concerning the results using the PIFIR model, RO extract (30-3000 mg/kg, p.o.) like either TR or AA, produced a significant (P < 0.001) and dose-dependent antinociceptive response in rats (RO: ED50 = 222.78 mg/kg versus TR: ED50 = 11.06 mg/kg and AA: ED50 = 206.13 mg/kg). These results strongly suggest that aerial parts of RO possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, and reinforce the use of this plant in folk medicine.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Rosmarinus , Analgésicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Artrite/induzido quimicamente , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Aspirina/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Camundongos , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Medição da Dor , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tramadol/administração & dosagem , Tramadol/farmacologiaRESUMO
The anxiolytic and sedative effects of Tilia americana L. var. mexicana (Schltdl.) Hardin inflorescence extracts and its acute toxicity were tested. Sodium pentobarbital (SP)-induced hypnosis potentiation (SPP), as well as ambulatory activity and anti-anxiety response in three different experimental models were evaluated with hexane and methanol extracts in mice. In order to determine the proper timing of assessments and to identify the most active extract, a 100mg/kg dosage of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts were tested on SPP after 15, 30 and 60min of the administration. Then a dose-response curve was made for the hexane (10-1000mg/kg) and methanol (10-300mg/kg) extracts in all experimental models. Both extracts produced a significant and dose-dependent lengthening in the time of SP, with the methanol extract being more potent than the hexane extract at 60min after administration. Moreover, a significant and dose-dependent attenuation in the anxiety-response in the plus-maze test and exploratory cylinder activity, but also a diminution in the ambulatory activity and in the head dipping response were observed resembling the response to diazepam. Acute toxicity was observed with less dose of methanol extract (LD(50)=375mg/kg) in comparison to the hexane extract (LD(50)>2900mg/kg). Results of the present study shows that Tilia americana var. mexicana possesses depressant activity on the CNS similar to the better-studied species of European Tilia and reinforces its use as anxiolytic and sedative in traditional medicine.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Tilia/química , Animais , Ansiolíticos/química , Diazepam/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Hexanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/química , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Metanol , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Pentobarbital/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Solventes , Tilia/toxicidadeRESUMO
Magnolia dealbata Zucc. is considered to have tranquilizer and anticonvulsant properties in Mexican traditional medicine. In the present study we report the effects of a crude extract of Magnolia dealbata (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) on mouse central nervous system (CNS). Pharmacological effects were tested on ambulatory activity, anti-anxiety response, sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in comparison to honokiol, buspirone, ethosuximide and diazepam as corresponding reference drugs. No changes in spontaneous locomotor activity were produced posterior to Magnolia dealbata administration; however, a significant and dose-dependent diminution in the anxiety response was observed in experimental models such as plus-maze, head-dipping and exploratory rearing tests. Magnolia dealbata not only prolonged the time of sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis and delayed the onset of PTZ-induced mioclonus and clonus, but also hindered the presence of tonic seizures and avoided mortality. The hypnotic, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects obtained in these experiments support the hypothesis that Magnolia dealbata possesses CNS activity and reinforces the popular use in Mexican traditional medicine.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Magnolia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiolíticos/toxicidade , Anticonvulsivantes/toxicidade , Diazepam/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanol , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/toxicidade , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Pentobarbital , Pentilenotetrazol , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/prevenção & controle , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Solventes , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The highest incidence of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has been reported in countries with endemic goiter, such as in Ecuador. In this country, ATC is the third most common histologic type of thyroid cancer, following papillary and follicular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation and the results of treatment of a large consecutive series of ATC patients treated at the oncological department of a general hospital in Quito, Ecuador. This is a retrospective study of 30 patients diagnosed with ATC at the Social Security Hospital, from 1982 to 1998. Symptomatic rapidly growing neck masses were generally present. All the patients had histological diagnosis of ATC. Two patients with pulmonary metastases and pleural effusion died before treatment could be instituted. Twenty-eight patients received at least one type of treatment: surgery, radiation therapy (RT), or chemotherapy (CT). The two most frequently employed therapeutic modalities were surgery followed by RT and/or CT in 14 patients and surgery alone in 9 patients. Surgery was performed in 23 patients but a complete resection was possible in only 14 patients. RT, postoperatively or alone, was given to 17 patients. Only 5 patients received doses ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 cGy and 4 patients more than 5,000 cGy. CT was administered to 17 patients. Doxorubicin alone was given to 10 patients and different combinations to the remaining patients. Local control was obtained in 8 of 14 complete resections. The prognostic value of the following parameters was studied by univariate analysis: duration of symptoms, size of the tumor, extent of glandular involvement, type of treatment, and surgical margins. A statistically longer survival was found in cases of differentiated carcinoma with areas of ATC or tumor limited to one lobe, those patients who received a complete treatment of chemotherapy, and those patients with tumors smaller than 10 cm and with duration of symptoms longer than 4 months. Longer mean survivals were seen in patients with longer duration of symptoms and smaller lesions. Five patients with focal anaplastic lesions within a differentiated thyroid carcinoma or a lesion limited to one lobe had a significant better survival (a mean of 20 months).
Assuntos
Carcinoma/terapia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma/epidemiologia , Terapia Combinada , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A thyroglossal cyst (TGC) is an unusual neck lesion that is occassionally diagnosed in a general hospital that mostly attend adult patients. The aim of the current study was to analyze our experience in the management of these lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of 43 patients operated on at the Social Security Hospital in Quito (Ecuador) from 1980 to 1998 for a thyroglossal duct cyst or fistula, were reviewed. RESULTS: Distribution was similar in both sexes. Mean age was 23. Thirty-five patients presented with a cystic lesion located in the midline or slightly laterally in the neck, closely related to the hyoid bone; the other 8 patients had a cutaneous fistula at the same place. All of the patients but one, underwent a radical Sistrunk procedure; complications were minor. In 5 patients (12%), a papillary thyroid carcinoma within the TGC was reported at the histologic study. No recurrence developed after a mean 23-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A cyst or a fistula located at the level of the hyoid bone suggest a thyroglossal duct lesion. A papillary carcinoma can rarely occur within the TGC. A Sistrunk procedure is usually curative.
Assuntos
Cisto Tireoglosso/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiencies have been associated with osteopenia in both children and adults. To examine the effects of growth hormone resistance on bone mineral and body composition, we studied 11 adults (mean age 30 years) with growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD, Laron syndrome) and 11 age- and gender-matched controls from Southern Ecuador. Bone mineral and body composition were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone physiology was assessed with biochemical markers of bone turnover and dynamic bone histomorphometry. Bone size and body composition differed markedly between subjects with GHRD and controls. Affected adults were 40 cm shorter than controls, had significantly less lean body mass, and had increased percent body fat. Bone mineral content and density (BMD) at the spine, femoral neck, and whole body were significantly lower in adults with GHRD than in controls. Mean BMD Z scores were -1.5 to -1.6 at all sites in affected women and -2.2 to -2.3 in men with GHRD. Estimated volumetric bone density (BMAD) at the spine and femoral neck, however, was not reduced in GHRD. Spine BMAD was 0.210 +/- 0.025 versus 0.177 +/- 0.021 for affected women versus controls (p < 0.05) and 0.173 +/- 0.018 versus 0.191 +/- 0.025 for men with GHRD versus normals (p = 0.31). Urinary pyridinoline concentrations were significantly greater in adults with GHRD than in controls, while type I collagen C-telopeptide breakdown products and markers of bone formation did not differ. Differences in histomorphometry were limited to a reduction in trabecular connectivity; bone volume and formation rate were similar to controls. These data confirm the importance of the GH/IGF axis in regulating bone size and body composition. The contribution of these peptides to the acquisition and maintenance of bone mineral is less certain since volumetric bone density was preserved despite low levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 associated with GH resistance.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/deficiência , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/deficiência , Receptores da Somatotropina/deficiência , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Aminoácidos/urina , Estatura , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Equador , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/análise , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Pró-Colágeno/metabolismo , Receptores da Somatotropina/análiseRESUMO
GH insensitivity due to GH receptor deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition, characterized by deletions or mutations of the GH receptor gene. Patients are refractory to both endogenous and exogenous GH, resulting in severe growth retardation. Therapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) can bypass the defect in the GH receptor and potentially stimulate growth. We previously identified a genetically homogeneous group of patients in southern Ecuador, thus providing a patient base for a controlled clinical trial of rhIGF-I therapy. Seventeen prepubertal patients were entered in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects received either a 12-month course of rhIGF-I (120 micrograms/kg, sc, daily) or 6 months of placebo followed by 6 months of rhIGF-I. Subjects receiving rhIGF-I showed a significant increase in growth rate, which was sustained over the 1-yr course of therapy (from 2.9 +/- 0.6 to 8.6 +/- 0.4 cm/yr). Incidents of hypoglycemia were equal in frequency in the placebo and rhIGF-I groups. One recipient of rhIGF-I developed papilledema, which resolved spontaneously. rhIGF-I therapy did not alter serum IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations. rhIGF-I treatment is effective in stimulating skeletal growth in GH receptor deficiency. Although the therapy proved to be safe, the potent metabolic actions of rhIGF-I and the persistently low levels of serum IGF carrier protein necessitate continued careful observation for side-effects.
Assuntos
Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/uso terapêutico , Receptores da Somatotropina/deficiência , Adolescente , Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte/sangue , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Proteínas de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a Insulina , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Proteínas Recombinantes , Somatomedinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Auxological and body composition changes were studied in three adolescent patients (2 female, 1 male) with growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD) given insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), 120 micrograms/kg s.c. twice daily, plus a monthly intramuscular injection of 7.5 mg of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue. Preliminary results from the first 12 months of the study show that height velocity was increased compared with the pretreatment values. This increase was probably due to the IGF-I therapy, as the LHRH analogue would have suppressed gonadotrophins and gonadal steroid production. There was a reduction in percentage body fat, and increases in lean mass and the lean:fat ratio, whole body mineral content and body calcium content, even when expressed per kg body weight. There was also a trend towards increased bone mineral density of the whole skeleton, lumbar spine and femoral structures, as well as a maturation of facial features. These preliminary results indicate that concomitant therapy with IGF-I and an LHRH analogue is safe and efficacious in inducing growth without advancing bone age in patients with GHRD.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/farmacologia , Receptores da Somatotropina/deficiência , Adolescente , Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Criança , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/administração & dosagem , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/uso terapêutico , Transtornos do Crescimento/terapia , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/administração & dosagem , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Cardiac function was measured in 16 prepubertal Ecuadorean patients with growth hormone receptor deficiency given insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during part of a clinical trial. The IGF-I was given subcutaneously twice daily at a dose of 40 micrograms/kg on days 1 and 2, 80 micrograms/kg on days 3 and 4, and 120 micrograms/kg thereafter. Heart rate was determined at baseline (pretreatment) and on days 1-7 by repeated palpation of the radial artery and at baseline and on days 2, 4 and 7 by continuous portable Holter monitoring. Heart rate measured by both methods rose progressively with increasing doses of IGF-I. The mean palpated pulse exceeded baseline on each treatment day and was significantly higher on day 5 than day 4 and significantly higher on day 3 than day 2. The mean Holter heart rate was significantly higher on day 4 than on day 2 and significantly higher on day 2 than at baseline. Non-significant glucose and electrolyte changes did not appear to be associated with the cardiac events.
Assuntos
Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/farmacologia , Receptores da Somatotropina/deficiência , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
About 100 cases of carcinoma arising in thyroglossal remnants have been reported in the world literature. Five additional cases were discovered incidentally on histopathological examinations of specimens following Sistrunk's operation for removal of thyroglossal cysts and are now reported. The possibility of preoperative clinical diagnosis and the modalities of treatment are discussed.